how broadband and internet can help reduce global warmingfontana/greeninternet/slides/bill st...

How Broadband and Internet can help reduce global warming

Bill St. Arnaud

CANARIE Inc – www.canarie.ca

[email protected]

Unless otherwise noted all material in this slide deck may be reproduced,

modified or distributed without prior permission of the author

The Climate Change Imperative

> One of , if not, the greatest threat to our future society and economy is global warming.

> 15-30% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 will be needed to keep the temperature increase under 2 °C, and a deeper reduction by 60-80% may be needed by 2050.*

> Past IPCC assessments have underestimated the pace of change> Latest data indicates we are at the high end of projections

> It will be necessary to go beyond incremental improvements in energy efficiency, current life-styles and business practices. Significantly more drastic measures will need to be undertaken

*International Panel on Climate Change

j

j

26 tons/person

1 ton/person

2008 2050j

2100

2 tons/person

Source: Stern 2008

Our Challenge

ICT and CO2 emissions*

> It is estimated that the ICT industry alone produces CO2 emissions that is equivalent to the carbon output of the entire aviation industry.

> ICT emissions growth fastest of any sector in society, doubling about every 4 years

> One small computer server generates as much carbon dioxide as a SUV with a fuel efficiency of 15 miles per gallon

> Average utilization of servers is less than 6%.

> Typical university produces 200,000 – 500,000 metric tons CO2 per year of which 100,000 – 300,000 tons is from Cyber-infrastructure and ICT

*An Inefficient Truth: http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/event_detail.aspx?eid=2696e0e0-28fe-4121-bd36-3670c02eda49

ENERGY MANAGEMENT 1965 - 2008SFU

� Projected GHGs are based on Planned Growth in Ten Year Capital Plan

Source: SFU Facilities Services

University GHG emissions

SFU

TASC2 Research Building

CI major cause of GHG emissions

UCSD GreenhouseGas Emission

Measuring Our Footprint

The Problem

> Compute energy/rack : 2 kW (2000) to 30kW today

> Cooling and power issues now a major factor in CI design

> But academic CI is often too small: departmental closets and server huggers

> Energy use of departmental facilities is growing exponentially creating crises of space, power, and cooling

> Unfortunately, almost nothing is known about how to make these shared virtual clusters energy efficient, since there has been no financial motivation to do so

*Source: Tom DeFanti GreenLight

Why ICT and Internet is critical to reducing CO2

> Direct emissions of Internet and ICT are important at 2-3% of world emissions but, in order of impact, the most significant contribution we can make is through leveraged, or indirect, emissions reductions.

> According to SMART 2020 these represent as much as a 15% reduction opportunity in global emissions.

> (And SMART 2020 is one of the most conservative reports on the topic. Others identify even higher potential for savings).

Source: European Commission Joint Research Centre, “The Future Impact of ICTs on Environmental Sustainability”, August 2004

Virtualization andDe-materialization

Universities and regional optical networks are key

> Bits and optical bandwidth are virtually carbon free

> Optical networks (as opposed to electronic routed networks) havemuch smaller carbon footprint

> Significant reduced CO2 impacts are possible through use of cyber-infrastructure tools like virtualization, clouds, SOA, grids, Web 2.0, etc.

> Research needed in new “zero carbon” computer and network architectures needed to connect remote computers, databases and instruments will be essential

> New zero carbon applications and “gCommerce”

Energy consumption versus GHG emissions

> Number one problem facing the planet is climate change

– Lots of confusion between Green IT, energy consumption, energy efficiency, Clean ICT, sustainable IT, Corporate social responsibility

> Turning off the lights or computers may not be the answer

– Also misleads people into thinking problem is easy to solve

> Our focus should be on how ICT can reduce GHG emissions

– NOT energy consumption or energy efficiency

– NOT Clean ICT such as computer waste etc

– NOT sustainable IT

– NOT Corporate Social Responsibility

The Falsehood of Energy Efficiency

> Lots of confusion between energy efficiency and consumption versus CO2 emissions

> Most current approaches to reduce carbon footprint are focused on increased energy efficiency of equipment and processes

> This approach is doomed to failure because of Khazzoom-Brookes postulate (aka Jevons paradox)– Greater energy efficiency reduces overall cost and therefore promotes

increased usage

> We need a “zero carbon” strategy because increased usage due to decreased cost from efficiency will not change emission equation

– Anything times zero is zero

The Carbon Economy

> Global carbon market expected to grow 58% in 2008 to $92

billion

> $57 trillion - Carbon Disclosure Project signatories, 1000s of

companies participating, expanding to supply chain

accounting

> $500 billion - Value of low-carbon energy markets by 2050

> $100 billion - Demand for projects generating GHG

emissions credits by 2030

> UK carbon abatement is estimated to be 900m Euro

> Carbon economy has potential to pay for several bank bail-

out’s and 3 or 4 Iraq like wars

Source: ClimateCheck

What does a price of $100 per tonne of CO2 imply?

•$40 more on a barrel of crude oil

•$1.00 more on US gallon of gas (€0.20 on a litre of petrol)

•$.08/kwh more on electricity from coal

•Effectively doubling price of electricity from coal

•$0.03/kwh more on electricity from gas

•$100 more on a return air ticket from New York to Chicago

Sources: Dr Chris Hope, Cambridge

Primer on the Carbon Economy

• In general, there are two types of emission trading schemes:

• Cap and Trade

• Baseline and Credit

• Emission trading schemes can be:

• Regulated (mandated by a government or regional authority)

• Voluntary (entered into on an individual transaction basis, or though ongoing contractual arrangements)

• To participate in carbon market you must join a registry• ACX – Australian Climate Exchange


How the carbon economy worksVoluntary and Regulated Markets – Open System

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

GHG emission reduction calculated as the

difference between the actual emissions from

an activity and the emissions of the projects

baseline scenario

Actual GHG Emissions through use

of ICT, etc

Baseline GHG Emissions

Time


Baseline and Credit

• GHG projects create credits by either:

• Reducing the amount of GHG emissions released to the atmosphere from one or more GHG sources, or

• Increasing the amount of GHG removed from the atmosphere.

• For ICT sector most emission reductions are indirect (Scope 2) through the reduction in consumption of electricity

• Amount of credit available depends on type of fossil fuel used to generate electrical power (coal, gas, oil, etc) and whether it is base load or peak load

• Credits are purchased by emitters in voluntary markets for reasons including corporate social responsibility, green branding, and carbon neutral product claims


> Purchasing green power locally is expensive with significant transmission line losses

– Demand for green power within cities expected to grow dramatically– If data center produces 200,000 mT of CO2 @ $100 per ton =$20m

> Data center facilities DON’T NEED TO BE LOCATED IN CITIES–-Cooling also a major problem in cities

“Zero Carbon” Data Centers can provide significant carbon credits

Data Islandia

Digital Data Archive

Iceland

GigaCenter

Kelowna, BC

AISO Solar Powered

Data Center, California

Your carbon inventory

14062 life cycle operation 5 years coal

> Optical Switch 4 tons 20 tons

> Router 16 tons 500 tons

> Optical Amplifiers 2 tons 40 tons

> Computer server 12 tons 40 tons

> Ethernet switch 8 tons 20 tons

> PC 20 tons 5 tons

> Travel to install and repair - 100 tons

> Virtualized network and computers can save 50% of your carbon emissions!

Do your carbon inventory NOW!!

> You can not earn credits until you do an inventory and calculate baseline emissions

> Next year carbon cap price will be $100 per ton in Europe

> At European cap price the cost of GHG emission could be as much $10 - $50 million per year for university in the next decade

– This is money that must be paid into a carbon trust or exchange

– A lot depends on details of Australia’s cap and trade

> Conversely university could earn $10 - $50 million per year if a university is zero carbon

– No revenue potential if university is carbon neutral

American College & UniversityPresident’s Climate Commitment

“Signatories agree to…

Create institutional structures

Select & implement tangible actions to reduce greenhouse gases

Complete a comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory

Develop a climate-neutral action plan

Make information publicly available”

UK – JISC study

> Why the future's green for IT at universities– http://education.guardian.co.uk/link/story/0,,2278356,00.html

> Green IT is best achieved through the collaboration of IT and campus facilities management – power, heat and real estate

– Most researchers are not aware of true costs of computation such as power, cooling, and specialized buildings.

> Increased energy and computing costs can be offset by technologies such as grid computing and virtualization.

– "Eighty to 90% of a computer's capacity is wasted.

> Cardiff University solution to the cost of running super computers for research projects by centralizing departments' IT budgets and transferring byte-hungry number-crunching to clusters of smaller high-performance computers.

Greening the Internet Economy Workshop

> On January 22-23, Calit2 will co-host with the California Public Utilities Commission a two-day workshop to bring together policy makers, industry, and academics to discuss opportunities for collaboration to use ICT to meet AB32 goals.

> Topics to be addressed:

– California’s AB 32 and ICT

– Power Hungry and Greening Data Center

– Reducing Your ICT Footprint

– Advances in Energy Sector and Emerging Technology

– ICT and Smart Buildings

– ICT Based Intelligent Transportation

> See http://greeninternet.calit2.net

Green IT MoU

> Initial Signatories: UCSD, UBC, PROMPT

> To share best practices in reducing GHG emissions and baseline emission data for cyber-infrastructure and networks as per ISO 14064,

> To explore carbon reduction strategies by new network and distributed computing architectures such as PROMPT G-NGI, OptiPuter and CineGrid.

> To work with R&E network to explore relocation of resources to renewable energy sites, virtualization, etc.

>

> To explore the potential for a “virtual” carbon trading systems

> To explore the creation of a multi-sector pilot of a generalized ICT carbon trading system including stakeholders from government, industry, and universities.

> To collaborate with each other and with government agencies and departments and other organizations

The GreenLight Project:

> World Accessible Instrument

o Sensors and data available via Web Services integrated into Service Oriented Architecture

> Architectural Instrumentation for Power/Temperature

o Each data center will have 7 rack spaces devoted to 1 type of cluster plus one rack for switches.

> Hardware Platform And Software Tools For Hosting Alternative Architectures:

o Clusters With Multi-core Processors, Processor/Arithmetical Logic Unit (ALU) Arrays, Specialized Processing Units Such As Graphics Processing Units (Gpgpus), Reconfigurable Co-processing Units Using Field-programmable Gate Arrays (Fpgas), And Hybrid Processing Options Tbd

> Instrumented Process Units, Memory, Disk Drives, and Network Interfaces

PROMPT – Next Generation Internet to

Reduce Global Warming

�Research on router, optical, W/W-less and

distributed computing architectures,

applications, grids, clouds, Web services,

virtualization, dematerialization, remote

instrumentation and sensors, etc.

�Share infrastructure & maximize lower cost

power by “following wind & sun” networks.

Sources: GENI and Inocybe

>Virtual carbon trading systems where carbon offsets are traded for access to grid computational cycles, wide area network bandwidth, research funding and or other virtual services;

>Creation of a multi-sector pilot of a generalized ICT carbon trading system including government, industry, and universities;

Innovative Research funding model

Technologies du bâtiment

Nouvelles technologies énergétiques

Procédésbiotechnologiques

Technologies de l’information et des communications









Strong Interest worldwide

• Over $15M commitments by 11 companies, 15 Canadian universities

& institutions and 11 international organizations;

• Open initiative: Expanding MOU across California, Canada & ROW.

Policy approaches to reducing CO2

> Carbon taxes– Politically difficult to sell

> Cap and trade– Useful for big emitters like power companies

– Addresses only supply side of CO2

> Carbon offsets– Immature market with no standards

– But addresses demand side of CO2 by businesses and consumers

> Carbon Neutrality imposed by law– Growing in popularity especially as protests over gas tax escalates

> But there may be an additional approach….

Carbon Rewards rather carbon taxes

> Although carbon taxes are revenue neutral, they payee rarely sees any direct benefit

– No incentive other than higher cost to reduce footprint

> Rather than penalize consumers and businesses for carbon emissions, can we reward them for reducing their carbon emissions?

> Carbon rewards can be “virtual” products delivered over broadband networks such movies, books, education, health services etc

> Carbon reward can also be free ICT services (with low carbon footprint) such as Internet, cellphone, fiber to the home, etc

Other sectors (40%) (e.g. manufacturing, coal mining, export transport)

Emissions under direct consumer control (35%)

Consumer influenced sectors (25%)(e.g. retail, food and drink, wholesale, agriculture, public sector)

Heatin

g

Private cars

ElectricityOther transport

Consumers control or influence 60 per

cent of emissions

http://www.cbi.org.uk/pdf/climatereport2007full.pdf

Carbon Reward Strategy for last mile infrastructure

> Provide free high speed Internet and fiber to the home with resale of electrical and gas power (ESCOs)

> Customer pays a premium on their gas and electric bill

> Customers encouraged to save money through reduced energy consumption and reduced carbon output

> Customer NOT penalized if they reduce energy consumption– May end up paying substantially less then they do now for gas + electricity +

broadband + telephone + cable

> Network operator gets guaranteed revenue based on energy consumption rather than fickle triple play

Carbon savings with FTTh

> For the first 15 years of a given network implementation, greenhouse gas emission savings per user are approximately 330 kg eq. C02 or the equivalent of the emissions caused by a car travelling 2,000 kilometers.

– Carbon offset value about 5 mT @ $100 = $500 per user

> This more than offsets cost of deploying VDSL for national broadband

– Does not include significant power required for VDSL

– For National Broadband with VDSL Australia will need 5 new power plants??

Sources: http://www.ftthcouncil.eu

Thank you

> More information

> http://green-broadband.blogspot.com

> http://free-fiber-to-the-home.blogspot.com/

>

how broadband and internet can help reduce global warmingfontana/greeninternet/slides/bill st...

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