how are the three types of rock related to the theory of plate tectonics? the rock cycle
TRANSCRIPT
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HOW ARE THE THREE TYPES OF ROCK RELATED TO THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS?
The Rock Cycle
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Plate Tectonic Theory – The Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of rigid plates that are
moving relative to one another.
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Review of Plate Tectonics
REVIEW OF PLATE TECTONICS
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What moves the Plates?
Slab Pull Mantle Push
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Types of Plate Boundaries
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
Mid-ocean RidgesWhere Oceanic Crust is
Made!
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Youthful Oceanic Crust
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Basalt – Rock Typeof the OceanicCrust
Remember:Melting the mantle makesmafic magma!! Always
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Continental Rifting The creationof new ocean basins
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Horst and Horst and Graben FormationGraben Formation
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Convergent Boundaries
Ancient Continental Crust
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Convergent Boundaries- Where the Action Is!!
Ocean-Continent
Continent - Continent
Ocean - Ocean
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
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Mt. St. HelensMay 18, 1980
Consequences of ConvergenceExplosive Volcanism
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Consequences of ConvergenceMountain Building & Rock Deformation
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Consequences of ConvergenceEarthquakes
Banda Ache, Dec. 26, 2004
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OROGENESIS
The Culmination
of Convergence
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San Francisco EarthquakeApril 18, 1906 Mag 7.8Transform
Boundaries
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Mantle
Hotspots
Creation of over-thickened oceanic
crust
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Famous Hotspots
Hawaii
Yellowstone?
Iceland
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What does this have to do with rocks?
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CREATED BY VOLCANIC ACTIVITY- THINK OF LAVA (SURFACE) AND MAGMA (INTERIOR) AS ITS
PARENTS
Igneous Rocks
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Igneous Rocks
IGNEOUS ROCK - A aggregate (pile) of minerals crystallized (solidified) from molten rock (magma).
Major distinctions in rock type are based on: WHERE THEY FORMED- If they cooled slowly inside the earth- intrusive –
large visible crystals Or, if they cooled quickly on earth’s surface-
extrusive- crystals made be small or not all all there
WHAT THEY ARE MADE OF- Light-colored/low density- felsic Dark/heavy- mafic
NOW, find examples of each of the above types in your specimens.
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Igneous Rocks
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Fine-grained Fine-grained = Volcanic= Volcanic
Coarse-grained Coarse-grained = Plutonic= Plutonic
Igneous Environments
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Creation of Igneous Rocks at Various Geologic (Tectonic) Creation of Igneous Rocks at Various Geologic (Tectonic) SettingsSettings
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Metamorphic Rocks
TAKES ALREADY FORMED ROCKS AND CHANGES THEM – CAUSED BY INCREASED HEAT AND
PRESSURE
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DefinitionMetamorphism- changes in the mineral
assemblage and textures of igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks due to prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and pressures (or increased grades of metamorphism)
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Types of Metamorphism1) Contact metamorphism - High temperatures
from surrounding to igneous intrusions- bodies of magma in the earth
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Types of Metamorphism2) High-pressure metamorphism – Forms
because of gigh pressures at convergent plate boundaries boundary zones.
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Types of Metamorphism3) Regional metamorphism -Variable T, mod-high
differential P; characteristic of over-thickened plates (i.e., mountain belts) above convergent boundaries; affects large areas
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Why do we see high grade metamorphic rocks at the earth’s surface?
Isostatic Rebound
“Rapid” erosion of mountain belts of “dry” rocks
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Textural Response to MetamorphismReflects the intensity and directionality of pressure (or stress). Increased grain size - During prograde metamorphism or at a
particular grade that is maintained for a long period of time, minerals will tend to increase in size.
Foliation - As new platy minerals grow, they will align themselves perpendicular to the maximum stress direction. For clay mineral and fine-grained micas, the planar fabric that results is referred to as a slaty cleavage. In higher grade rocks, coarser grained mica minerals are said to impart a schistosity to the rock.
Gneissic Banding - In very high grade rocks, the dark minerals tend to segregate from the lighter colored minerals (feldspar and quartz) resulting in banded rock..
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Summary of Metamorphic Rock Types
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Sedimentary Rocks
THINK SEDIMENT LIKE LITTLE PARTICLES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS ALL PILED UP
(DEPOSITED), SQUISHED (COMPACTED) AND GLUED TOGETHER (CEMENTATION)
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Sedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCK - Compacted and cemented accumulations of sediment, which can be of two general types - clastic and chemical.
Clastic - composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered, eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or mass movement to a site of deposition.
Chemical -composed of minerals precipitated from water due to evaporation or to bodily processes of of organisms.
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Clastic Sedimentary RocksComposed of fragments of pre-existing rock
that have been weathered, eroded, and transported
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Environments of Chemical Sedimentation
Evaporites
Coal
Limestone
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What Tectonic Settings Cause This?