how are the news decisions made?
DESCRIPTION
Main characteristics, differences and explanatory potentials of the organizational and the psychological approaches.TRANSCRIPT
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How are tHe news decisions made?Main characteristics, differences and explanatory potentials of the organizational and the psychological approaches
Yulia AnPablo Correa
present
Communicator Research Prof. Andreas Schwarz
WS 2013/1405.02.2014
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The journalist’s work and behavior in every newsroom are influenced by his personal beliefs, opinions and attitudes, role perception and organizational patterns.
Organizational approach
Psychological approach
3 levels
3 vertices
Social-psychological concept
Cognitive-psychological concept
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The journalist’s work and behavior in every newsroom are influenced by his personal beliefs, opinions and attitudes, role perception and organizational patterns.
Organizational approach}Psychological approach
3 levels
3 vertices
Social-psychological concept
Cognitive-psychological concept
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The journalist’s work and behavior in every newsroom are influenced by his personal beliefs, opinions and attitudes, role perception and organizational patterns.
Organizational approach
} Psychological approach
3 levels
3 vertices
Social-psychological concept
Cognitive-psychological concept
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Organizational approach to journalism
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Internal structureWork routinesWork flow } Predetermined
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3 levels of organizational approach
}Journalist Newsroom
1.
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3 levels of organizational approach
}News organization Other organizations
2.
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3 levels of organizational approach
}News organization Society
3.
🔗
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structures in the newsroom } organization content
structuresmanagement
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vertex one: organization } prior function is
to coordinate and motivate the work and the tasks of its members.
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vertex two: structure } distribution of roles
division of departments work routines
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vertex three: management } influence on
what journalists reportswhat editor writeswhat to publish
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Structuresinterplay of rules and resources
Structurization TheoryGiddens (1984)
}
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proceedings and methodologies
– Turner, J.H. (1986)
Structurization Theory
Rules }
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material equipment and organizational capacities
– Turner, J.H. (1986)
Structurization Theory
Resources }
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findings } structural changescross-departmental teamsflattened hierarchiescomputerizationnew competition
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findings } Gade (2004): organizational change Altmeppen, et al.(1998): skills and knowledgeEsser (1998): organizational patternsWu and Chen (2005): organizational charts
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Psychological approach to journalism
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Severe time constraintsPressure of competitionLack of objective criteriaRisk of public failure
} News decisions
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1: socio-psychological concept of social validation of judgments through social interaction
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2: cognitive-psychological concept of stabilizing existing attitudes and cognitions
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...an opinion, a belief or an attitude is ‘correct’, ‘valid’ and ‘proper’ only to the extent to which it is anchored in a group of people with similar beliefs, opinions and attitudes.
– Donsbach, W. (2004)
Social Comparison
TheoryFestinger, L. (1954)
1: socio-psychological
“
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...shared reality is the product of the motivated process of experiencing a commonality of inner states about the world.
– Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T. & Levine, J. M. (2009)
Shared Reality Theory
Hardin, C.D. & Higgins, E.D. (1996)
1: socio-psychological
“
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Perception is a process of gaining information from the environment as well as from the cognitive and physical system.
– Donsbach, W. (2004)
Psychology of Perceptions
2: cognitive-psychological
“
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Psychology of Perceptions
Degree of Selectivity
2: cognitive-psychological
i. Selective attention}
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Psychology of Perceptions
Degree of Selectivity
2: cognitive-psychological
ii. Selective perceptionHypothesis theorySchema theory}
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Psychology of Perceptions
Degree of Selectivity
2: cognitive-psychological
iii. Selective retention}
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Dissonance avoid situations and informationseek consonant information
Psychology of Perceptions
Theories of Consistency
2: cognitive-psychological
}
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Events which support the position of either one of the protagonists in a conflict are called instrumental. The publication of information on these events is called instrumental actualization.
– Kepplinger, H.M., Brosius, H., & Staab, J.F. (1991)
Theory of Instrumental Actualization
Kepplinger, H.M. (1991)
2: cognitive-psychological
“
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2: cognitive-psychological
Kepplinger, Brosius, & Staab (1991)
editorialsagainst trade unions – for employers
editorialsfor trade unions – against employers
news stories
against trade unions – for employers
news stories
for trade unions – against employers
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Organizational or psychological approach?
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Donsbach, W. (2004). Psychology of news decisions: Factors behind journalists’ professional behavior. Journalism, 5(2), 131-157.
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T. & Levine, J. M. (2009). Shared reality: Experiencing commonality with others’ inner states about the world. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 496-521.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Hardin, C.D., & Higgins, E.T. (1996). Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In R.M. Sorrentino & E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context, 3, 28–84. New York: Guilford.
Kepplinger, H.M., Brosius, H. & Staab, J.F. (1991). Instrumental actualization: A theory of mediated conflicts. European Journal of Communication, 6, 263-290.
Turner, J.H. (1986). The Theory of structuration. American Journal of Sociology, 4, 969-977.
Illustrations used in presentation:
www.wtek79.deviantart.comwww.el-karamelo.deviantart.comwww.ainitolonen.deviantart.com
References
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Questions and Commentscontact details:[email protected]@tu-ilmenau.de
Communicator Research
Institute of Media and Communication ScienceTechnische Universität Ilmenau