housingsingaporeaud12.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Yangon, in the Context of UrbanizationProcess in Myanmar Trends, Problems & Future
ANDAMAN SEA
Pathein
Bago
Mawlamyaing
Lashio
Pyinmana
Taunggyi
Hinthada
Sitwe Magwe
Myeik
Maungywa
Meiktila
Myingyan
Sagaing
Loikaw
Pyi
Myitkyina
Main Poles
States/Division Capitals
Secondarypotential centrestowns
Pa-an
Haka
Yangon
Mandalay
Administrative centre
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Gist of presentation
1. Yangon in Myanmar context2. Population & Housing3. The Infrastructure (Water, electricity, drains & waste
disposal systems)4. Transportation, Traffic Congestion, Road Network and
Environmental Pollution5. Employment & Industries6. Problem of CBD & its location7. Heritage Conservation & City Character8. The Future Scenarios & Urbanization pattern
9. Legal & Institutional Set-up10. The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning & Urban
Development
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Urban Centres over 150 000 population in 2004
43.17
8.75
2.61 2.35 2.06 1.70 1.53
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
Urban population 2004 (Lakhs)
Urban population 2004 (Lakhs)
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Yangon, 4.32, 28%
All Towns Over 150 000(Excluding Yangon), 3.29,
21%
Other Urban Centres, 7.79,51%
Urban Population formation, (Total urban population in2004 is 15.4 million)
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Population & Housing
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Population & Housing Yangon in 2012 has around 5.1 mill. Population, 1.2
mill. households, amounting to 4.2 persons perHousehold
1.02 mill. housing units, indicating that 15 % ofhouseholds are sharing dwelling units with others
There are 6261 Housing Units, 6332 Householdsliving in squatters, indicating 0.9% of populationliving in squatters
Shelter-less people have are not officially registered
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1.99 %
3.40 %
2.61 %
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
1983-93 1993-2003 2003-2013
Decadal Population Growth Rates of Yangon(Annual %)
Decadal Population Growth Rates of Yangon (Annual %)
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C a enges o Yangon n Hous ngSector
h ll f
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Challenges of Yangon in Housing SectorIn the last 20 years, inhumane housingunits were built in thousands
These residential areas hadno:Childrens playground
No Car ParkingNo Proper waste disposalsystems
Above all: no proper buildingdistances and too high FAI
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Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector(Inhumane dwellings of the last 2
decades)
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Housing EstateDeveloped in 1996
Walk-up apartments8 storey
Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector (Inhumanedwellings of the last 2 decades)
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n enera u w ou anyPlanning at all
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Present Endeavours in Housing Sector
Development of planned and affordableHousing Estates for lower middle andmiddle income groups
To Develop Housing Financing Mechanism(Partial saving of the people, and gradualrepayment)
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Improved Bo Min Yaung Housing Estate with greenareas & parking (approved, soil-testing)
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Improved Bo Min Yaung Housing Estate with green & play areas(approved, soil-testing)
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Yangon water supply system
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(Infrastructure) Yangon water supply system
YCDC supplies with 160 mill. Gallons (730 mill.Litres) daily.
Mainly from 4 reservoirs, Hlawga, Gyobyu, Pygyi,
Ngamoe Yeik But also from Nyaung Hne Pin, The Pyu, & Yangon
Pauk in the south of Dala
160 mill. Gallons daily should be enough for 5 mill.population, however there are large wastage, sothat only 65% of the population enjoys YCDC water
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T o N a u n g D o n
0g;wpf &m
r*Fvm' Hk
N
Water supply network Yangon
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Sewage & Waster water system
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Yangon from a distance
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Common SewerageSystem
7%
Septic Tank System19%
Pour Flush System28%
Fly Proof Latrines18%
ConventionalUnsanitary Latrine28%
No Latrine0.3%
Sanitary systems in YCDC area in 2002 (from U Thein Min, YCDC)
(Infrastructure) Waste Water Disposal
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The garbage usually block thedrains
M h ll g t k th
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Many challenges to keep theenvironment clean
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Electricity
Danger 10 000
Volts
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(Infrastructure) Electricity
YCDC receives 700 Megawatt (Ministry of Electric Energy, Jan.2012)
Amounting to 140 Watts per person on the average
However large unaccounted energy
Ministry promised to increase supply up to 1000Megawatt by 2015
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Traffic & Transport
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(Infrastructure) Road Network and Traffic
Average driving speed, partially outside CBD &partially in CBD, is between 15 to 18 miles/ hr (23to 30 km/hr. )
There are around 280 000 vehicles in YCDC area,amounting to 900 vehicles / sq. ml. (340vehicles/sq.km)
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0.18
0.230.24
0.260.27
0.28
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Y 2007 Y 2008 Y 2009 Y 2010 Y 2011 Y 2012 (June)
V e h i c
l e s
( L a k
h s )
Years
Total Vehicles in Yangon (million)
Vehicles in Yangon, increase in the recent years
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206 175 208
864795
1169
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Y2009 Y2010 Y2011
i n n u m
b e r s
Years
Deathly accidents Total acidents in YCDC
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Deathly accidents comparison in ASEANcountries (Worlds average is 93) (Source: WHO report)
19.8
871.4
1,238.50
30.4
210.4
36.5 67.30
606.1
118.8
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Deathly Accidents /100 000 vehicles / year
Deathly Accidents /100 000 vehicles / year
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Public Transport
Estimated about 4 million trips per day, usingpublic transport
Out of which barely 1 % is taken over by traintransport
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Road network traffic congestion not yet
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Road network, traffic congestion, not yetserious, but it is coming
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Source: Calculated based on:- 1 . Traffic and Car Accident Statistics for Thailand,(www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asp)downloaded on 24th June 2011 2. The Jakarta Post, (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/12/22/stuck-jakarta-traffic-is-gridlock-coming-early.html) Friday 24Th June 2011 3. Metro Manila, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila) Read on
24th June, 2011 4. New Light of Myanmar (September 22, 2009) via Ma Khine Kywe San, M.Arch.Thesis, Thanlwin GTU,December 2009 Notes: *Bangkok means Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok Metropolitan Area)
361.1
2147.1
2702.7
3096.0
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
Yangon Bangkok* Jakarta Manila
Car Density Comparison in Selected ASEAN Cities
Car density (Cars /Sq.Km)
http://www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asphttp://www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asphttp://www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asphttp://www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asp -
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Immediate Actions of YCDC to improve infrastructuresituation
1. Water supply, (To cover deprived areas, to exploremore water resources, improvement of pipingsystem, reduce unaccounted water, now assisted
by JICA)2. Improvement of sewage and drainage situation,
and pilot project to improve Kandawgyi Lake,assisted by JICA)
3. Fly-overs at important junctions, underconstruction
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Present Endeavours of YCDC to improve infrastructuresituation
1. Improvement and extension of circular rail-system
2. Creating parking facilities at the entrance of CBD(Working together with Railway Ministry)
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v u f &Sd&ef u kefNrdKYawmf pn fyi f o m, ma&;au mf rwDe, f edrdwf
&n f n Tef ;csu f
wHwm;ae&mrsm; t q dk jyKMono-Rail
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Employment & Industries
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Employment & Industries (under study)
SecondarySector
0.4019%
PrimarySector
0.20
10%TertiarySector
0.8038%
Tertiary,Irregular
Employment0.7033%
Employment in Mill.
Employment & Industries
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Employment & Industries
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Endeavours to improve employment situation
1. Many enterprises are still under study
2. The development of Special Economic Zone at
Thilawa might create more job opportunities inthe industrial sector
3. The increase electric supply might create more jobopportunities in the industrial sector
P bl f CBD & i l i
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Problem of CBD & its location(Imbalanced landuse pattern)
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1.Ahlone2.Botataung
6.Pabedan7.Seikan
3.Kyaktada4.Lanmadaw5.Latha
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6% of Yangons population live on 1 % of citys area
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Travelling speed in CBD is sometimes 6 miles (9.5 km)per hour
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Traffic congestion in CBD
A d C i h 150 ( 60 H ) i
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T o N a y P
y i D a w /
M a n d l y
0 5 10 15mile mile
0 5 10 15km km20 M.Aca.
T o N a u n g D o n
Present YCDC boundary
Approx. 230 sq. miles / 597 sq. kmPossib le
Secon da ry Cent er
A secondary Centre with 150 acres (ca 60 Ha) isbeing planned
f d
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Portion of secondary centre
Portion of secondary centre
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Portion of secondary centre
Issue of Heritage conservation
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Issue of Heritage conservation
Shwe Dagon Pagoda
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Shwe Dagon Pagoda
OLD VISUAL AXIS, GYA TAW YA ROAD
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,
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WHERE IS THE PAGODA ?
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WHERE IS THE PAGODA ?
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LOST VISUAL AXIS TO SHWEDAGONE FROM HNIN ZI GON
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LOST VISUAL AXIS TO SHWEDAGONE FROM HNIN ZI GON
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CULTURAL HERITAGE VISUAL SUPREMACY
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CULTURAL HERITAGE,VISUAL SUPREMACY
THERE ARE SOME ACHIEVEMTS
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Since about 2011 there were somemeasures adopted by YCDC
Since about 2011 some zoning regulations
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Since about 2011 some zoning regulationswere adopted by YCDC
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Concerning the architecturalconservation, YCDC has officially
earmarked 189 buildings
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The recommended tasks for Yangon city andurbanization pattern of Myanmar
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urbanization pattern of Myanmar
Expansion & reorganization of the city Transportation & road network improvement Infrastructure improvement in general Country-wide urban planning & development Reconsidering the polar systems
Changes in Land:Man Ration in Myanmar
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1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003
Rural population (mill) 14.93 18.10 21.94 26.61 32.26 38.92
Total agricultural land (mill. acres) 21.19 23.91 24.58 25.28 24.83 26.36
14.93
38.92
21.19
26.36
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Changes in Land:Man Ration in Myanmar
Population Estimate for Yangon city area
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4.215.44
6.86
8.64
10.89
2.033.01
7.74
10.37
13.89
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Y1973 Y1983 Y1993 Y2003 Y2013 Y2023 Y2033 Y2043
M i l l . P o p u
l a t i o n
Decadal Population with 2 Scenarios
Yangon Population Estimate with 2.6% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.)
Yangon Decadal Population Estimate with 3.3% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.)
p g y
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Areas of selected ASEAN cities (sq km)
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792.5
1569.0
740.0646.0
809.2
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
Yangon (YCDC2010)
Bangkok (BMA2010)
Jakarta (2010) Manila (NCR in2007)
Ho Chi MinhCity (2009)
Areas of selected ASEAN cities (sq.km)
Metropolitan area (sq.km)
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7066.25 7151.75
12945.95
17884.56
8851.62
1943.37
0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
12000.0014000.00
16000.00
18000.00
20000.00
Yangon(YCDC 2010)
Bangkok(BMA 2010)
Jakarta(2010)
Manila (NCRin 2007)
Ho Chi MinhCity (2009)
Hanoi (2009)
Population densities in selected ASEAN cities (persons/Sq.km)
Population densities (persons /Sq.km)
In case of Yangon
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33.2-Sq.Ml.in 1950
1974-81 Sq.Ml.
IN 1995-228.9 Sq.Ml .
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Comparison between population in largest cityand second largest city in ASEAN countries (as
collected from Encarta 2009)
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8.66
4.9
14.6
1.297
10.4
1.4
0.06
4.7
0.64
5.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
)
Population in Largest city (mill)
Population in second largestcity (mill)
Consideration The
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ANDAMAN SEA
Main poles
Towns with around 1.5 Lakhs
States & Division capitals
Two deep seaports are on
the way
Considerationof northernpoleThe
Asianhighways
ThefinalrecommendationisTherequirement
of HumanSettlementsStrategy
andPlan
Legal & Institutional Framework (Historic
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g (Overview)
The 1882 Municipal Act, endowed RangoonMunicipal for Development and Maintenanceof the City
1924 Rangoon Development Trust Act.Based on this RDT Act, RDT was responsiblefor planning & Development of Yangon,
whereas Rangoon Municipal Corporation,was responsible for city maintenance.
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Institutional Framework
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Based on historic legal and institutionalframework, The Department of HumanSettlements still manages some HousingEstates and some areas
YCDC has established Urban Planning Unitwith final manpower of 100, presentlyengaged with around 40 technical staff
L l F k
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Legal Framework
There are no legally binding Zoning Bylaws YCDC adopts with some heritage areas with
height-limits, but these can sometimes be
overruled by higher authorities YCDC is responsible for Building Permits,
but some government agencies and some
companies do not submit applications toYCDC and go ahead with construction
The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning &
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g gUrban Development
Not exactly defined procedures andInstitutional Setup, leading to
Strong Departmentalism and ParallelActivities
Departmentalism and Parallel Activity
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p y
R
R
I
R
I
cc
c
LegendCommercial
Residential
Industrial
Mainroads
Express motor ways
Rails
T o N a y P
y i D a w /
M a n d l y
Kyaik HmawW unPago da
T o N a u n g D o m e
Kungyangon
Thongw a
Kayan
c cc
R R
R
R c
c
c
R
I
I
R
R
R
R
0 5 10 15mile mile
0 5 10 15km km20
PROPOSED PHASE 1
P O R T
PossibleSecondary
Center
I
R
R
M.Aca.
Yangon City DevelopmentCommittee
Y.C.D.C
I
Yangon City Development Concept and Possible Extension Areas
PROPOSED PHASE 2
Extension Areas
The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning &
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g gUrban Development
Many areas belonging to various ministriescannot be utilized properly, leading to
Large vacant areas and not fully utilized, alsodue to Departmentalism and Parallel Activity
In general lack of coordination
The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning &
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g gUrban Development
Lack of personal in urban planning
Lack of personal in infrastructure planning
Lack of manpower in general
Decision makers rarely consider specialistsopinions
Brief Recommendation from an old man to all
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Government Agencies
Cooperate, work together
Leave behind
Departmentalism
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The End