housing scenario
TRANSCRIPT
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Housing Scenario & policy in
India
N R Mandal
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Role of Housing
Housing is a very basic requirement for all. It also holds the key to accelerate
the pace of development. Investments in housing like any other industry, has
a multiplier effect on income and employment. It is estimated that overall
employment generation in the economy due to additional investment in the
housing/construction is eight times the direct employment (IIM-Ahmedabad
Study, 2000). The construction sector provides employment to 16% of the
work force (absolute number 146 lakh-1997). It is growing at the rate of 7%.
Out of this, the housing sector alone accounts for 85.5lakh workers. However
nearly 55% of them are in the unskilled category. Housing provides
employment to a cross-section of people which importantly include poor.
Housing also provide opportunities for home-based economic activities. At
the same time, adequate housing also decides the health status of occupants.
Therefore, on account of health and income considerations, housing is a very
important tool to alleviate poverty and generate employment.
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Population Projections for India by
Government of India & the UN
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Year
PopulationinBillion
Govt. ofIndia
UN
Note:
Projections by Govt. of
India assumes 0% rate of
growth by 2051.
UN projections also
indicate stabilization by
2050
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Comparative Growth Projections of Rural & Urban
Populations in India [by UN]
0.00100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
PopulationinMillio
Rural
Population
Urban
Population
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
2010 2050
Year
%ageofTotalPop
Rural Population
Urban Population
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Observed Trend in Growth of Residential Buildings in
Rural India
=
x
x +
3
R =
3
3
3
Y e a r
R
ural
u
ses/100R
ural
P
p
ulation
S eries
P ol
S eries
Decadal census data [1971, 81, 91, 2001] reveal that number ofrural houses per 100 rural population is increasing
The observed trend has been used to forecast the future growth ofresidential buildings in rural India using trend line and futurepopulation projections [UN]
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Observed Trend in Growth of Residential Buildings in
Urban India
! "
#
$
% &
' '
"
$
(
) 0 # 1 0
R %
" " # 2
1
!
! 1
2
2 1
#
# 1
1 !
! 1
Yea r
U
rbanpopulation/U
rban
residentialbuilding
3
eries !
4 ol
5
3
eries ! 6
Decadal census data [1971, 81, 91, 2001] reveal that number of persons
per building is increasing [apartments / slums]
The observed trend has been used to forecast the future growth of
residential buildings in urban India using trend line and future population
projections [UN]
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Projected Growth of
Housing Sector in India [based on present trends]
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
2001 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
NumberfResidential
uildingsinM
illins
RuralResidential
BuildingsUrbanResidential
Buildings
Total
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Housing Scenario
Growth of slums in India has been at least times higher than thegrowth of urban population, leading to sizeable number of urbanpopulation living in slums.
As per TCPO estimate 2001, 21.7 percent urban population lives inslums.
As per Planning Commission estimates, the total requirement ofurban housing during the 10th Plan period (2002-2007) worked outto 22.44 million D.U.s in urban areas consisting of urban housingbacklog of 8.89 million D.U.s at the beginning of 10th Plan (2002)and additions of new housing of 1 .55 million D.U.s.
As per Census 2001, the period of 1991 to 2001 witnessed a netaddition of 19.52 million D.U.s in the urban housing stock,amounting to average annual construction of 1.95 million houses.
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Housing Scenario
The share of ownership housing in urban areas hasincreased from 6 % in 1991 to 67% in 2001 (Census,2001).
Households having one room accommodation declinedsignificantly in urban areas from 9.55 per cent to 5.1per cent during the period 1991 to 2001 (Census,2001). This is a result of upward shift ofaccommodation and accelerated supply of housingstock.
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NSS 58th Round
Housing Condition in India -2002
The average number of household members was 5.15 in ruralareas and 4.47 in urban areas.
Out of every 100 households in rural areas, 6 lived in pucca,4 in semi-pucca and 21in katcha houses. On the other hand,
out of every 100 households in urban areas, 77 lived in pucca,20 in semi-pucca and only in katcha structures. In urbanslums, 67% of the dwelling units were pucca.
On an average, a rural household occupied 8 sq.m. of floorarea and an urban household occupied 7 sq.m.
Per capita floor area available was lowest in the urban slums(4.6 sq.m.) followed by the rural areas (7.5 sq.m.) and 8.4sq.m. in other urban areas.
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NSS 58th Round
Housing Condition in India -2002
Out of every 100 structures, 19 in the rural areas and 11 in theurban areas were in bad condition and required immediatemajor repair.
With respect to the availability of drinking water, electricity
and latrine, about 15% dwelling units in urban slums and 11%in rural areas had all the facilities within their premises. Atthe other e treme, none of these facilities were available inabout 0% of the DUs in the rural areas, 11% ofDUs in theslums & squatter settlements and 4% of units in other urban
areas. Around 76% of rural and 18% of urban households ( 2% in
urban slums) did not have access to any latrine facility.
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NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005
[Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation]
The Need for olicy
Shelter is one of the basic human needs just ne t to food and
clothing. Need for a National Housing and Habitat Policy emerges from the
growing requirements of shelter and related infrastructure. Theserequirements are growing in the conte t of rapid pace of urbanization,
increasing migration from rural to urban centres in search of livelihood, mis-
match between demand and supply of sites & services at affordable cost and
inability of most new and poorer urban settlers to access formal land markets
in urban areas due to high costs and their own lower incomes, leading to a
non-sustainable situation. This policy intends to promote sustainable
development of habitat in the country, with a view to ensure equitable supply
of land, shelter and services at affordable prices.
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Goal of NUHHP-2005:
The ultimate goal of this Policy is to ensure sustainable
and inclusive development of human settlements
including shelter for all and a better quality of life to
all citizens using potential of all the stakeholders.
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NUHHP- 2005 : Contents
Preamble[Discussions on: The Need for Policy, Rural to Urban Shift of Labour Force,Regional Balance, In-situ Urbanization, Role of Housing, HousingRequirements, Magnitude ofPoverty, Sustainable Habitat, Policies /Programmes and results, Focus Areas]
Aims
Role of Government and other Agencies[Of: Central Govt, State Govt, Urban Local Govts/ DevelopmentAuthorities, Housing Finance Institutions, Public agencies / para-statals,Private and Cooperative Agencies, R & D Organisations
Specific Action areas
[P
olicies for: Land, Finance, Legal & regulatory reforms, Technologysupport & its transfer, Infrastructure, Sustainability concerns,Employment issues in the housing sector, Slum improvement and up-gradation]
Action Plan / Follow Up
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NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005
[Aims]
The Housing & Habitat Policy aims at :(i) Creation of adequate housing stock both on rental and
ownership basis.
(ii) Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land and housingwith particular focus to EWS and LIG categories and taking
into account the need for development of supportinginfrastructure and basic services to all categories.
(iii) Facilitate Up-gradation of infrastructure of towns and citiesand to make these comparable to the needs of the times.
(iv) Ensuring that all dwelling units have easy accessibility tobasic sanitation facilities and drinking water.
(v) Promotion of larger flow of funds to meet the revenuerequirements of housing and infrastructure using innovativetools.
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NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005
[Aims]
(vi) Providing quality and cost effective housing and shelter options to
the citizens, especially the vulnerable group and the poor.
(vii) Using technology for modernizing the housing sector to increase
efficiency, productivity, energy efficiency and quality. Technology
would be particularly harnessed to meet the housing needs of thepoor and also specific requirements of `green housing.
(viii) Guiding urban and rural settlements so that a planned and
balanced growth is achieved with the help of innovative methods
such as Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) leading
to in-situ urbanisation.(i ) Development of cities and towns in a manner which provide for a
healthy environment, increased use of renewable energy sources
and pollution free atmosphere with a concern for solid waste
disposal, drainage, etc.
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NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005
[Aims]
( ) Using the housing sector to generate more employment andachieve skill up-gradation in housing and building activity,which continue to depend on unskilled and low wageemployment to a large e tent.
( i) Removing legal, financial and administrative barriers forfacilitating access to tenure, land, finance and technology.
( ii) Progressive shift to a demand driven approach and from asubsidy based housing scheme to cost recovery-cum-subsidyschemes for housing through a pro-active financing policy
including micro-financing, self-help group programmes.
( iii) Facilitating, restructuring and empowering the institutionsat state and local governments to mobilize land and planningand financing for housing and basic amenities.
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NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005
[Aims]
( iv) Forging strong partnerships between private, public andcooperative sectors to enhance the capacity of theconstruction industry to participate in every sphere of housingand urban infrastructure.
( v) Meeting the special needs of SC/ST/disabled/freed bonded
labourers/ slum dwellers, elderly, women, street vendors andother weaker and vulnerable sections of the society.
( vi) Involving disabled, vulnerable sections of society, womenand weaker sections in formulation, design andimplementation of the housing schemes.
( vii) Protecting and promoting our cultural heritage,architecture, and traditional skills.
( viii) Establishing a Management Information System in thehousing sector to strengthen monitoring of building activity inthe country.