housing policies in hong kong, china and the people’s republic of china

8/18/2019 Housing Policies in Hong Kong, China and the People’s Republic of China

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IDLN [jrenok Ripar ]arnas

Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoiiod tfa Rajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi

Snmtjr Hnok Gn

Oj. 133 Iprng <293

Isnio Davagjp`aot Lioe Nost ntuta



Tfa [jrenok Ripar sarnas ns i mjotnouitnjo jc tfa cjràrgy oiàd Dnsmussnjo Ripar sarnas5 tfaou`larnok jc tfa pipars mjotnouad wntfjut notarruptnjo jr mfioka. IDLN„s wjrenok piparsracgamt nontnig ndais jo i tjpnm iod ira pjstad jognoa cjr dnsmussnjo. IDLN aomjurikas raidars tjpjst tfanr mj`àots jo tfa ìno pika cjr aimf wjrenok pipar (knvao no tfa mntitnjo lagjw).]jà wjrenok pipars ìy davagjp notj jtfar cjr`s jc pulgnmitnjo.

]ukkastad mntitnjo8

Gn, S. H. <293. Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod tfa Rajpga's \apulgnm jc Mfnoi. IDLN [jrenok Ripar 133. Tjeyj8 Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe Nostntuta. Ivingilga8 fttp8//www.idl.jrk/pulgnmitnjos/fjusnok-pjgnmnas-fjok-ejok-mfnoi-iod-prm/

Rgaisa mjotimt tfa iutfjr cjr nocjrìtnjo iljut tfns pipar.

Aìng8 gnhnokpaenokerBkìng.mj`

Snmtjr Hnok Gn ns io issnstiot prjcassjr it tfa Dapirtàot jc Amjoj`nms iod Cnoioma,Fiok ]aok @ioikaàot Mjggaka, Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi.

Tfa vnaws axprassad no tfns pipar ira tfa vnaws jc tfa iutfjr iod dj ojt oamassirngyracgamt tfa vnaws jr pjgnmnas jc IDLN, IDL, nts Ljird jc Dnramtjrs, jr tfa kjvaroàotstfay raprasaot. IDLN djas ojt kuiriotaa tfa immurimy jc tfa diti nomgudad no tfns pipariod immapts oj raspjosnlngnty cjr ioy mjosaquaomas jc tfanr usa. Tar`nojgjky usad ìyojt oamassirngy la mjosnstaot wntf IDL jccnmnig tar`s.

[jrenok pipars ira sulhamt tj cjrìg ravnsnjo iod mjrramtnjo lacjra tfay ira cnoignzadiod mjosndarad pulgnsfad.

Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe NostntutaEisu`nkisaen Lungdnok 6C=-<-1 Eisu`nkisaen, Mfnyjdi-euTjeyj 922-3226, Hipio

Tag8 +69-=-=1>=-1122Cix8 +69-=-=1>=-11;9Q\G8 www.idln.jrkA-ìng8 nocjBidln.jrk

© <293 Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe Nostntuta



IDLN [jrenok Ripar 133 Gn

Ils trimt

Tfns pipar ioigyzas tfa fjusnok ìreats iod fjusnok pjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod tfaRajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi (R\M). Ljtf ìreats cima fjusnok iccjrdilngnty prjlga`s dua tjgn`ntad giod suppgy, cjr wfnmf tfa sjgutnjos viry mjosndarilgy. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi fis idjptad i

ringwiy iod prjparty davagjpàot `jdag, wfnmf novjgvas mgjsa mjggiljritnjo latwaao tfakjvaroàot iod prjparty davagjpars no mj`pimt urlio irais, wfnga gaivnok `jst kraaolagtsiod surrjuodnok nsgiods uodardavagjpad. Igtfjukf tfa R\M fis pgadkad tj ìnotino i`nonù` gavag jc lisnm cir`giod tj caad nts girka pjpugitnjo, tfns tirkat fis jctao laaomj`prj`nsad dua tj gjmig kjvaroàots„ cnsmig mjostrinots iod krjwtf mjomaros.

Tfa tirkats iod jutmjàs jc fjusnok pjgnmnas no ljtf ìreats ira no gnoa wntf tfanr sjmnig wagcirasysta`s. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi civjrs tfa agdargy iod tfa pjjr, tfus fjusnok pjgnmnas taod tjsuppjrt tfa gjwar-nomjà liod. Tfa R\M cjmusas jo tfa yjuok iod tfa rnmf5 faoma, `jstrakugitnva fjusnok pjgnmnas cjr tfa fnkfar-nomjà liod fiva turoad jut tj la uosummasscug.Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi igsj in`s tj issnst pulgnm fjusnok taoiots tj lamjà prnvita fjàjwoars,lut nts pjgnmnas fagp prjvnda fjusnok sulsndnas, i gass accamtnva àisura tj immassjwoar-jmmupnad fjusnok. Jo tfa mjotriry, tfa summass jc Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod no prjvndnok

`jrtkika notarast rita radumtnjo, wfnmf ns i `jra accamtnva àisura tj immass jwoar-jmmupnadfjusnok, immjuots cjr tfa fnkf fjàjwoarsfnp rita no tfa R\M.

HAG Mgissncnmitnjo 8 F99, F;<, R<1, R<3, \<9, \<6, \=9, \=6, \1<




Mjotaots

9. Notrjdumtnjo ............................................................................................................................ =

<. Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi .................................................................................. 4

<.9 Fjusnok @ireat ........................................................................................................ 4 <.< @ihjr Fjusnok Rjgnmnas ............................................................................................. 6 <.= ]u`ìry jc Rjgnmy Nostruàots .............................................................................. 93

=. Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no tfa Rajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi ............................................................ 9>

=.9 Fjusnok @ireat ...................................................................................................... 9> =.< @ihjr Fjusnok Rjgnmnas ........................................................................................... <9 =.= ]u`ìry jc Rjgnmy Nostruàots .............................................................................. <6

4. Mjomgusnjo ........................................................................................................................... <>

\acaraomas.................................................................................................................................. =9




=

9. NOT\JDQMTNJO

Tfns pipar ioigyzas tfa fjusnok ìreats iod fjusnok pjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod tfaRajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi (R\M). Nt axi`noas fjw amjoj`nm iod nostntutnjoig dnccaraomasnocguaoma fjusnok ìreat davagjpàot, iod fjw fjusnok pjgnmnas uodar virnjus nostntutnjos iod

systa`s wjre. Cjr ljtf Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod tfa R\M, tfns pipar ravnaws tfa fnstjrnmigdavagjpàots jc tfa fjusnok ìreat, nggustritas fjusnok pjgnmnas tfit fiva laao n`pgaàotad,dnsmussas tfa n`pimts jc pjgnmy nostruàots jo dnccaraot nomjà krjups, aviguitas ìhjrfjusnok pjgnmnas, iod ndaotncnas tfa rnses iod mfiggaokas rakirdnok fjusnok tfit ira cimnok pjgnmyìears tjdiy.

Tfa twj ìreats fiva sjà caituras no mj``jo, sumf is fnkf dapaodaomnas jo tfa prjpartysamtjr tj ìnotino amjoj`nm krjwtf, daosagy pjpugitad urlio irais wntf fnkf prjpjrtnjos jcfnkf-rnsa lungdnoks, datarnjritnok fjusnok iccjrdilngnty jvar tfa gist damida, mugturig mjosaosusjo tfa ragitnjosfnp latwaao ìrrnika iod fjàjwoarsfnp, iod nomraisnok noaquignty nofjusafjgd nomjàs iod fjusnok issats.

Fjwavar, amjoj`nm iod nostntutnjoig dnccaraomas latwaao ljtf irais ira cuodiàotig. Fjok

Ejok, Mfnoi fis laao rioead is tfa wjrgd„s craast amjoj`y cjr <2 mjosamutnva yairs, wfnga tfaR\M stngg rasjrts tj àisuras nofarntad crj` tfa pgiooad amjoj`y. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi fis laaoi craa firljr cjr mipntig, wfarais tfa R\M ns jogy stirtnok tjwird cnoiomnig gnlarignzitnjo. FjokEjok, Mfnoi fis aotarad tfa pjst-nodustrnignzitnjo stika, lut tfa R\M ns stngg upkridnok ntsìoucimturnok samtjr. Cnoiggy, Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi„s sjmnig wagcira systa` civjrs tfa agdargy iodtfa pjjr (n.a., gjwar mjsts jc àdnmig sarvnmas iod i fnkfar `nonù` wika, wntf fnkfar mjsts jcadumitnjo iod gjwar tix ritas cjr gjwar-nomjà liods)5 tfa R\M„s sjmnig pjgnmy cjmusas jo tfayjuok iod tfa rnmf (n.a., gjwar mjsts jc prnìry adumitnjo iod giljr, wntf fnkfar mjsts jc àdnmigsarvnmas iod fnkfar tix ritas cjr gjwar-nomjà liods).

Ojt jogy ira tfa nostntutnjoig iod fnstjrnmig mjotaxts dnvarsa, lut tfanr fjusnok ìreats ira itdnccaraot stikas. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi fis axparnaomad i mj`pgata prjparty mymga jvar tfa gist <damidas, lut no tfa R\M, ìoy luyars lagnava tfit fjusnok prnmas wngg mjotnoua tj nomraisa.

Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi fis fid i fjusnok sfjrtika dua tj gn`ntad giod suppgy, lut, no tfa R\M, ifjusnok jvarsuppgy dua tj immagaritad urlionzitnjo ns pusfnok up vimiomy ritas. Fjok Ejok,Mfnoi fis i wagg-astilgnsfad pulgnm raotig fjusnok (R\F) systa` tj immj``jdita ig`jst =2%jc nts tjtig pjpugitnjo5 no tfa R\M, tfa rjga jc tfa raotig fjusnok samtjr ns ìrknoig. Fjok Ejok,Mfnoi fis iliodjoad prjparty iod nofarntioma tixas, lut tfa R\M stngg aodaivjrs tj prj`jtaljtf.

Gn`ntad giod suppgy uodarpnos fjusnok prjlga`s no ljtf Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod tfa R\M.Daspnta virnjus àisuras iod smfaàs tj ‗mjjg djwo‐ fjusnok prnmas, Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi fidi àdnu` fjusnok prnma”àdnu` fjusafjgd nomjà ritnj jc 99.6 no <292, wfnmf rjsa tj 94.> no<29= (Da`jkripfni <291). Lamiusa twj-tfnrds jc nts tarrntjry mj`prnsas fnggs, gn`ntad giod suppgyns tfa eay jlstimga tj nts fjusnok prjlga`s. Lisad jo tfa ringwiy iod prjparty davagjpàot

`jdag, Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi„s pgioonok stritaky ns tj immj``jdita `jst jc nts rasndaots wntfnowigenok dnstioma tj ringwiy stitnjos, wfnga gaivnok kraaolagts iod surrjuodnok nsgiodsuodavagjpad jr uodardavagjpad. ]umf i primtnma pusfas up fjusnok prnmas tfrjukf fnkf giodprnmas iod aofiomad nocristrumtura, iod ns dnccnmugt tj la ravartad.




4

Tfa R\M cimas giod sfjrtika prjlga`s cjr jtfar raisjos. Tfa R\M, oaadnok tj caad nts 9.4

lnggnjo pajpga, ìnotinos tfit 9.6 lnggnjo ù9 jc ikrnmugturig giod la rasarvad cjr mugtnvitnjo. Gjmig

kjvaroàots jctao nkojra tfns pjgnmy, fjwavar, iod tfa maotrig kjvaroàot fis gnttga notarast noaocjrmnok nt. Lamiusa tfa maotrig kjvaroàot iggjmitas cnsmig rasjurmas, gjmig jccnmnigs fiva tjmj`pata cjr gn`ntad rasjurmas tj suppjrt gjmig davagjpàot. ât nt ns dnccnmugt tj kat trioscarpiyàots crj` tfa maotrig kjvaroàot, sj gjmig jccnmnigs pracar novastàots, sumf is saggnok

urlio giod tj prjparty davagjpars iod mjovartnok rurig giod cjr urlionzitnjo, tj rinsa cuods tjaofioma gjmig nocristrumtura. Tfasa primtnmas ira ojt uodar pulgnm prassura< iod novjgva gassgaknsgitnva prjmassas.

<. FJQ]NOK RJGNMNA] NO FJOK EJOK, MFNOI

<.9 Fjusnok @ireat

I dnsistrjus 9>1= cnra no ]fae Enp @an, i sfiotytjwo jc `nkriots crj` tfa R\M, ìda jvar12,222 pajpga fjàgass, prj`ptnok tfa kjvaroàot tj lakno prjvndnok pulgnm fjusnok. ]jjoictar, no tfa 9>;2s, tfa noidaquimy iod smirmnty jc fjusnok igsj lakio driwnok tfa

kjvaroàot„s ittaotnjo. No 9>;<, 43% jc tfa tjtig pjpugitnjo gnvad no squittar futs jr ta`pjriryfjusnok5 nt wis cjuod tfit oairgy 12% jc tfa pjpugitnjo gnvnok no sfirad prnvita cgits iodtaoaàots oaadad rafjusnok.

Tjwird damaot gnvnok mjodntnjos, tfa kjvaroàot prjpjsad tfit 962,222 uonts la lungt no9>;1/;3. Is i mjosaquaoma, gjmig davagjpars mjostrumtad ìoy prnvita cgits no tfa gita 9>;2s,immj`pionad ly io nomraisa no prnvita fjusnok prnmas no tfa `nd-9>62s (Cnkura 9). Rrnvitafjusnok prnmas raimfad tfanr cnrst paie no 9>>;, wfnmf wis >.1 tnàs tfa mj`pirilga prnma no9>64. Latwaao 9>3> iod 9>>;, gjmig krjss djàstnm prjdumt (KDR) ramjrdad djulga-dnkntkrjwtf, nomgudnok 94% krjwtf crj` 9>3> tj 9>;4, 93% krjwtf crj` 9>;3 tj 9>69, iod 99%krjwtf crj` 9>63 tj 9>>4.

= Durnok tfns parnjd, prnvita djàstnm fjàjwoarsfnp nomraisad crj`

=<% tj 1<%.

9 Tfns ns i uont jc giod àisuraàot usad no tfa R\M tfit virnas wntf gjmitnjo lut ns usuiggy aquig tj 333.1 squira

àtars.< Tfara ira rapjrtad misas jc mj`pugsjry giod raqunsntnjos iod uomj`paositad urlio rasattgaàots.

= Axmapt cjr 9>;1, 9>6<, iod 9>64.




3

No <224, prjparty prnmas lakio tj stilngnza. Id`nttnok tfit tfa damgnoa no fjusnok prnmas iodprjgjokad dacgitnjo wara rjjts cjr citnkuad gjmig novastàot iod mjosu`ptnjo, tfa kjvaroàotradacnoad nts rjga no tfa prjparty ìreat. Tfa pjgnmy cjmus sfnctad tj urlio raoawig iodìnotaoioma jc jgd lungdnoks crj` oaw fjusnok prjvnsnjo. Tfa kjvaroàot lakio 92 ìhjrnocristrumtura prjhamts tj ljjst amjoj`nm krjwtf iod tj nomraisa a`pgjyàot jppjrtuontnas notfa mjostrumtnjo iod ragitad samtjrs. No iddntnjo, nt giuomfad tfa Mipntig Novastàot Aotriot

]mfaà, iggjwnok ojogjmig luyars tj purmfisa fjusnok no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi cjr quigncynokparìoaot mntnzaosfnp.

\avntignzitnjo jc tfa gjmig amjoj`y iod rafilngntitnjo jc jgd lungdnoks pirtgy immjuotad cjr tfa=<2% nomraisa no prnvita djàstnm prnmas crj` <22= tj <29=. Tfns wis igsj dua tj tfakjvaroàot„s strnmt mjotrjg jc giod suppgy cjr oaw fjusnok prjvnsnjo, wfnmf jmmurrad tfioes tjstrjok prjtasts cjr aovnrjoàotig mjomaros rakirdnok usnok Kraaogiod5 cnggnok no tfa sai5davagjpnok giod no tfa Oaw Tarrntjry5 jr lungdnok fnkf-spaad ringwiys gnoenok Fjok Ejok, Mfnoitj tfa R\M, wfnmf wjugd rasugt no mgjsar amjoj`nm notakritnjo.4

Ly <294, 36% jc tfa pjpugitnjo gnvad no prnvita parìoaot fjusnok, wntf i fjàjwoarsfnp ritajc 19%. Jvar 91% jc jwoar-jmmupnad fjusnok wis sulsndnzad uodar dnccaraot fjusnok smfaàs,sumf is tfa Taoiots Rurmfisa ]mfaà (TR]), Fjà Jwoarsfnp ]mfaà (FJ]), Rrnvita ]amtjr

Rirtnmnpitnjo ]mfaà, @nddga Nomjà Fjusnok ]mfaà, Luy jr \aot Jptnjo ]mfaà, iod@jrtkika ]ulsndy ]mfaà. Tjkatfar wntf =2% rasndaots no R\F, tjdiy jvar 41% jc tfapjpugitnjo gnvas no virnjus cjr`s jc kjvaroàot-suppjrtad fjusnok (Cnkura =).

Cnkura =8 Typas jc Fjusnok cj r Djàstnm Fjusafjgds

]jurmas8 Maosus iod ]titnstnms Dapirtàot, Kjvaroàot jc Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi. Kaoarig Fjusafjgd ]urvay.

fttp8//www.maostitd.kjv.fe/survays/kfs/nodax.hsp (immassad Iukust <291)5 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty,Kjvaroàot jc Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi. Fjusnok no Cnkuras.

fttps8//www.fjusnokiutfjrnty.kjv.fe/ao/mj``jo/pdc/iljut-us/pulgnmitnjos-iod-stitnstnms/FNC.pdc (immassad Iukust <291).

4 Jppjsntnjo pirtnas pracar gass mjooamtnjo wntf tfa R\M, antfar no amjoj`nm jr pjgntnmig ragitnjosfnps, tj ìnotino

Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi„s stitus is i spamnig id`nonstritnva raknjo.




;

Tilga 9 prjvndas datingad fjusnok taouras i`jok dnccaraot ika mjfjrts. Tfa yjuokast mjfjrtfis i `umf gjwar jwoarsfnp rita mj`pirad wntf jtfar krjups. Tj axpgino tfns vist dnccaraoma,twj cimtjrs ira mjosndarad8 adumitnjo gavag iod jmmupitnjo strumtura.

Tilga 98 Rarmaotika jc Fjusnok Taoura ly Ika Mjfjrts

^air Ika Jwoad \aotad Ika Jwoad \aotad Ika Jwoad \aotad9>69 91”9> <9.4 ;6.9 <2”<4 <9.; ;;.; <1”<> <4.> ;4.<9>63 91”9> <1.9 ;<.= <2”<4 <4.9 ;<.2 <1”<> <6.; 31.39>>9 91”9> =2.3 34.< <2”<4 <>.3 34.3 <1”<> =4.= 13.19>>3 91”9> <;.3 39.> <2”<4 <6.1 3<.= <1”<> =<.; 13.3<229 91”9> <6.1 19.> <2”<4 <>.9 1=.= <1”<> ==.6 4>.<<223 91”9> =2.4 4>.> <2”<4 <>.9 46.< <1”<> =4.3 4;.<<299 91”9> 91.= ;3.6 <2”<4 9=.= ;6.9 <1”<> 9=.6 ;;.>9>69 =2”=4 <;.< ;<.2 =1”=> <4.1 ;4.> 42”44 <1.2 ;4.19>63 =2”=4 =2.= 3=.; =1”=> =9.< 34.= 42”44 <6.; 36.=9>>9 =2”=4 =1.= 1=.> =1”=> =1.4 11.= 42”44 =3.= 13.;9>>3 =2”=4 =1.< 19.< =1”=> =4.6 19.6 42”44 =4.2 14.<<229 =2”=4 =3.6 41.6 =1”=> =;.4 44.< 42”44 =1.; 41.<

<223 =2”=4 =6.1 41.6 =1”=> =6.1 41.= 42”44 =>.2 4=.4<299 =2”=4 9=.2 69.6 =1”=> 92.9 63.< 42”44 6.6 6;.>9>69 41”4> <4.1 ;4.> 12”14 <1.2 ;4.4 11”1> <;.< ;<.99>63 41”4> <>.2 36.4 12”14 <6.3 36.= 11”1> <6.6 3;.19>>9 41”4> =4.= 32.4 12”14 =4.3 32.= 11”1> ==.4 32.69>>3 41”4> =4.1 11.2 12”14 ==.< 1;.> 11”1> ==.; 1;.=<229 41”4> =1.< 4;.9 12”14 =1.6 4;.> 11”1> ==.6 12.6<223 41”4> =;.1 4<.3 12”14 =3.1 4=.; 11”1> =;.1 4=.3<299 41”4> ;.> 6>.2 12”14 ;.9 6>.6 11”1> 6.9 66.39>69 32”34 <6.2 ;9.= 31”3> <6.> ;2.3 ;2”;4 <>.= ;2.<9>63 32”34 =2.4 33.9 31”3> =9.4 31.2 ;2”;4 =9.6 31.=9>>9 32”34 =<.; 32.> 31”3> ==.6 32.< ;2”;4 =4.6 1>.49>>3 32”34 ==.< 1;.; 31”3> =9.; 1>.2 ;2”;4 =<.6 16.3

<229 32”34 ==.6 19.9 31”3> =<.; 1<.9 ;2”;4 =<.4 1=.=<223 32”34 =4.; 4;.2 31”3> =4.4 46.< ;2”;4 =4.1 46.;<299 32”34 92.2 63.2 31”3> 92.1 64.> ;2”;4 9=.9 69.3]jurma8 Iutfjr„s ioigysns jc maosus `nmrjditi.




6

\akirdnok gaoktf jc adumitnjo, tfa yjuokar kaoaritnjos fiva `jra fnkfar adumitnjo, wfnmfìy dagiy tfanr sairmf cjr hjls (Cnkura 4).

Cnkura 48 Mjfjrt Trihamtjry jc Fnkfar Adumitnjo

]jurma8 Iutfjr„s raioigysns jc maosus `nmrjditi, raprjdumad crj` Gn (<294i).

Kaoariggy, fivnok fnkfar adumitnjo nodnmitas lattar hjl prjspamts, is tfa yjuokar kaoaritnjosfiva tieao tfa gaid no lamj`nok ìoikars, prjcassnjoigs, iod issjmnita prjcassnjoigs (Cnkura1). Fjwavar, ìoikarnig pjsntnjos ìy igsj raqunra `jra miraar sfncts, tfus gaidnok tj yjuokpajpga„s pracaraoma tj raot fjàs (Gn <294i).

Cnkura 18 Mjfjrt Trihamtjrnas j c @ioikars, Rrjcassnjoigs, iod Issjm nita Rrjcassnjoigs

]jurma8 Iutfjr„s raioigysns jc maosus `nmrjditi, raprjdumad crj` Gn (<294i).

<.< @ihjr Fjusnok Rjgnmnas

Tfa kjvaroàot ns tfa sjga giod suppgnar iod girkast davagjpar cjr ljtf pulgnm iod prnvitasamtjrs. Qodar tfa ringwiy iod prjparty davagjpàot `jdag, tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty




>

mjjrdnoitas fjusnok prjhamts wntf prjparty davagjpars iod tfa @iss Triosnt \ingwiy Mj`pioy.Dua tj tfa mjostrinots1 jo tfa i`juot jc giod ivingilga cjr siga prnjr tj Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi„sraturo jc sjvarankoty, tfa `jdag summasscuggy turos smirma davagjpilga giod notj fjtags, jccnmas,pires, sfjppnok ìggs, mjovaotnjo figgs, iod ipirtàots. Tfa summass jc tfa `jdag igsj fisrjjts no aomjuriknok iod notakritnok tfa pirtnmnpitnjo jc, ritfar tfio mrjwdnok jut, tfa prnvitasamtjr. Nt wis raìreilgy summasscug cjr prjparty ìreat davagjpàot uotng ramaotgy.3

Tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok ]jmnaty, i ojokjvaroàot jrkionzitnjo tfit sarvas tfa fjusnok oaadsjc tfa pjpugitnjo, igsj pgiys io assaotnig rjga no prjvndnok pulgnm raotig iod prnvita jwoarsfnpcgits. Crj` 9>1<”<29=, nt prjvndad =>,3>; raotig cgits iod <6,=;= cjr-siga cgits tj tfa ìreat(Cnkura 3). @jst raotig cgits wara lungt durnok 9>1<”9>6< is R\F uonts, wfnga `jst cjr-siga cgitswara lungt igjok ringwiy stitnjos immjrdnok tj tfa ringwiy iod prjparty davagjpàot `jdag no tfa9>>2s. Jtfar tfio fjusnok suppgy, tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok ]jmnaty prjvndas fjusnok sulsndnastj taoiots no R\F tj nomraisa fjàjwoarsfnp daìod.

Cnkura 38 Ou`lars jc Cgits Rrjvndad ly tfa Fjok Ejok Fjus nok ]jmnaty

]jurma8 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok ]jmnaty, fttp8//www.fefs.mj`/aok/nocj/nodax.isp (immassad Iukust <291).

Tfa kjvaroàot fis ragaisad i sarnas jc pjgnmy djmuàots jo fjusnok, i`jok wfnmf tfa GjokTar` Fjusnok ]tritaky wis tfa `jst mj`prafaosnva. Tfa cnrst stritaky wis ragaisad no 9>6;,ìrenok tfa praguda jc tfa kjvaroàot„s systaìtnm notarvaotnjo no tfa fjusnok ìreat. Ntastilgnsfad i tirkat jc >32,222 oaw fjusnok uonts tj la lungt tj sitnscy igg daìod ly <229.

Tfa stritaky inàd it timegnok ìhjr fjusnok prjlga`s tfrjukf i systaìtnm iod kriduigipprjimf, sumf is (n) tfa savaragy n`ligiomad suppgy iod daìod cjr pulgnm iod prnvitafjusnok, (nn) nomraisad wikas tfit mioojt mitmf up wntf tfa rnsa no fjusnok prnmas, (nnn)datarnjritnok fjusnok iccjrdilngnty, (nv) yjuok pajpga wfj cnod nt nomraisnokgy dnccnmugt tj lamjàfjàjwoars, iod (v) gime jc suntilga giod no tfa àdnu` tj gjok tar`.

1Tfa R\M fid io ikraaàot wntf tfa Qontad Enokdj` lacjra Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi„s raturo jc sjvarankoty no 9>64 jotfa i`juot jc giod ivingilga cjr siga.

3Tao àkiprjhamts, stirtnok no <22;/26, stnùgitad ùmf dalita. Tfa ramaot u`lraggi `jvaàot racgamts pulgnmquastnjonok jo tfa ragitnjosfnp latwaao prjparty davagjpars iod tfa kjvaroàot.




92

Fjwavar, lacjra 9>>>/<222, tfa fnkfast ou`lar jc imtuig mjostrumtnjo mj`pgatnjo wis jogy1=,<13 cjr 9>6>/>2 (Tilga <). I sarnas jc sulsndnzad fjusnok smfaàs wara curtfar prjpjsad notfa oaxt stritaky no 9>>6 tj nomraisa fjusnok suppgy cjr `nddga- iod gjw-nomjà ci`ngnas.

Tilga <8 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty Fjusnok Rrjdumtnjo

âir Rulgnm \aotig Fjusnok Notarn` Fjusnok

Fjà Jwoarsfnp]mfaà jr Rrnvita ]amtjr

Rirtnm npitnjo ]mfaà Tjtig

9>62/69 <3,;3> 92,9;6 =3,>4;9>69/6< =9,=43 4,=>> =1,;419>6</6= <;,6;> 6,<36 =3,94;9>6=/64 <6,134 92,99; =6,3699>64/61 <3,=14 99,1;3 =;,>=29>61/63 <>,=63 96,1>2 4;,>;39>63/6; <;,2;= 9=,9;6 42,<199>6;/66 9>,>>9 1,=62 <1,=;99>66/6> =>,196 92,>43 12,4349>6>/>2 ==,>92 9>,=43 1=,<139>>2/>9 =<,39> 91,39< 46,<=99>>9/>< <9,9>2 9=,3>6 =4,6669>></>= <<,946 91,=<< =;,4;29>>=/>4 9>,646 <4,;4= 44,1>99>>4/>1 <4,442 4,224 <6,4449>>1/>3 94,11> 9>,=<6 ==,66;9>>3/>; 94,>43 93,6;6 =9,6<49>>;/>6 9;,>9; 944 9<,242 =2,9299>>6/>> >,;1> ;<2 96,2<2 <6,4>>9>>>/22 =9,623 9<2 93,116 46,464

]jurma8 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty, fttps8//www.fjusnokiutfjrnty.kjv.fe/ao/nodax.ft`g (immassad Iukust <291).

Io ika-parnjd-mjfjrt `jdag, i `jdag wndagy usad no da`jkripfnm studnas (îok iod Giod<226), ns ippgnad tj aviguita tfa n`pimts jc tfa Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky jo tfa pjpugitnjo„s

fjusnok miraar giddar.;

No tfns pipar, tfa `jdag ns notrjdumad cjr rnse ioigysns jc fjusafjgds no`jrtkika cnoiomnok tfrjukf nts mjfjrt accamt, iod Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky jlhamtnvas iraaxi`noad tfrjukf ika iod parnjd accamts. I ìhjr àtfjdjgjknmig mfiggaoka wntf tfns `jdag,fjwavar, ns tfa mjggnoair rakrassjrs kaoaritad crj` tfa gnoair dapaodaomy i`jok ika, parnjd,iod mjfjrt (îok, Cu, Giod, <224). Io notrnosnm astnìtjr `jdag (îok iod Giod <226) nsidjptad tj sjgva tfns prjlga`.

Cnkura ; prasaots tfa ika accamts jo tfa immassnlngnty tj tfa tfraa typas jc fjusnok taouras,R\F, FJ], iod prnvita jwoarsfnp. I mj``jo upwird traod ns jlsarvad cjr igg tfraa typas jcfjusnok. Tfa ika krjup jc <1”<> yairs fis i fnkfar rita jc fjusnok ittinoàot mj`pirad wntfjtfar ika krjups latwaao <2 iod 41 yairs, nodnmitnok tfit luynok prjparty ns prjlilgy io nssuajc ojw-jr-oavar cjr yjuok pajpga. ]noma `jst jc tfa pjpugitnjo djas ojt fiva succnmnaot sivnokscjr djwo piyàots no tfanr <2s, jogy tfjsa wntf waigtfy piraots mio kat jo tfa fjusnok giddar

it tfns stika (Gn <294l).

; Tfa fjusnok giddar no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi usad tj jmmur no tfraa staps8 R\F, prnvita sulsndnzad fjusnok, iod

prnvita fjà jwoarsfnp. \amaotgy, mj-rasndaoma wntf piraots fis laao jo tfa rnsa i`jok yjuok pajpga ikad96”=1 yairs (Gn <294l).




99

Cnkura ;8 Ika Accamts jo Fjusnok Taoura Mfjnmas

FJ] 0 Fjà Jwoarsfnp ]mfaà.]jurma8 Iutfjr„s astnìtnjo jc maosus `nmrjditi.

Mj`pirad wntf tfa ika accamt, tfa parnjd accamt pgiys i `jra signaot rjga. No tfa 9>6; stritaky,io ivarika jc ;2,222 uonts wara prjpjsad tj la lungt yairgy. No tfa 9>>6 stritaky, tfa ou`larnomraisad tj 61,222 uonts. No 9>6;, tfa prnvita djàstnm prnma nodax wis 4;.25 9>>6, nt wis99<.3. Cnkura 6 sfjws tfit nt wis aisnast tj ittino fjàjwoarsfnp iod tj immass pulgnm fjusnokdurnok 9>63”9>>2, `jra dnccnmugt durnok 9>>3”<222, iod nomraisnokgy dnccnmugt ictarwirds.

Cnkura 68 Rarnjd Accamts jo Fjus nok Taoura Mfjnmas


Tfa Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky dnd ojt sjgva tfa suppgy”daìod kip. Nt ojt jogy gikkadlafnod tfa mymgnmig pittaro jc tfa prjparty ìreat lut imtuiggy i`pgncnad ìreat vjgitngnty. Tfa;2,222-uont pgio no 9>6; ìy fiva laao mraitad tjj airgy, lamiusa fjusnok prnmas fid huststirtad nomraisnok. @jrajvar, tfa 61,222-uont pgio no 9>>6 ìy fiva laao mraitad tjj gita, isfjusnok prnmas fid igraidy lakio tj cigg. Tfa trios`nssnjo jc pjgnmy accamts no tfa fjusnokìreat ìy fiva laao gjokar tfio tfa kjvaroàot iotnmnpitad.




9<

No su`ìry, tfjsa ljro no 9>39”9>31 fid tfa gjwast axpjsura tj cnoiomnok dnccnmugtnas jrlioeruptmy rnses (Cnkura >). Tfns mjfjrt wis ikad <1”<> yairs durnok 9>62”9>64, wfaoprjparty prnmas wara gjwast jvar tfa pravnjus = damidas. No mjotrist, nt wis `jst dnccnmugt cjrtfjsa ljro ictar 9>62 tj kat jo tfa fjusnok giddar, iod tfa Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky oavarprjpargy iddrassad tfns prjlga`.

Cnkura >8 Mjfjrt Accamts jo Fjusnok Taoura Mfjnmas


<.<.9 Rulgnm \aotig Fjusnok

I`jok dnccaraot cjr`s jc fjusnok sulsndnas, R\F mjotrnlutad tfa girkast prjpjrtnjo jc sfagtarnokgass-waigtfy ci`ngnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi. Lisad jo i qujti-iod-pjnots systa` cjr ippgnmiotsjo tfa wintnok gnst, R\F wis issnkoad tj ojoagdargy ippgnmiots ikad 96”1; yairs. Tfa stirtnokpjnot wis tfraa cjr ippgnmiots ikad 9> yairs, tfao joa immruad tfraa pjnots cjr aimf yair

tfaraictar. Ippgnmiots wntf fnkfar pjnots fid prnjrnty. Tfa murraot agnknlga mrntarnjo ns gass tfioFE$<2,;92 `jotfgy nomjà no tjtig cjr i cjur-parsjo fjusafjgd, wntf gass tfio FE$4=3,222 cjri dapjsnt.

Qodarpnoonok R\F wis i mjovarsnjo jc tfa fjusnok iutfjrnty„s FE$1 lnggnjo no jutstiodnokdalts crj` kjvaroàot mjotrnlutnjos, iod notarast-craa giod cjr i rapiyàot parnjd jc 42 yairsictar 9>62. Ly tfa aod jc <29=, jvar <.9 `nggnjo pajpga gnvad no R\F5 fjwavar, nt ns dnccnmugt tj`jontjr tfa lattar-jcc, sj ìoy noagnknlga ci`ngnas ira stngg gnvnok no R\F. Tj timega tfns prjlga`,prnjrnty-purmfisa FJ] cgits iod cugg-ìreat raots fiva lakuo cjr tfasa parsjos.

<.<.< Fjà Jwoarsfnp ]mfaà

Nontnitad no 9>;;, 4<,222 FJ] cgits cjr siga wara tj la lungt ly 9>61/63, wntf io ivarika snza

latwaao =; iod 13 squira àtars. I pirmag jc 91-yair nostiggàots wntf ;.1%”>.2% notarastritas iod i `nonù` 92% djwo piyàot wis suppjrtad ly gaidnok lioes cjr io FJ]purmfisa. Tfa nontnig nomjà mip cjr agnknlga FJ] fjusafjgds wis FE$=,122 par `jotf. Lacjratfa FJ] maisad no <22=, <<2,222 cgits wara lungt iod sjgd tj gjw-nomjà ci`ngnas. Joa àrnt jctfa FJ] wis tj sfjrtao tfa ivarika wintnok tnà jc oaw R\F ippgnmiots ly iggjwnok R\Ftaoiots tj ittino fjàjwoarsfnp wntf =2%”42% dnsmjuots jo tfa ìreat vigua jc i cgit. Joadaàrnt jc tfa FJ] wis nts ragitnvagy gjw fjusnok quignty.




9=

Tfara wara twj cjr`s cjr FJ] ippgnmitnjo8 i kraao cjr` cjr pulgnm samtjr taoiots, iod i wfntacjr` cjr prnvita samtjr taoiots. Cjr ljtf cjr`s, ippgnmiots fid tj la ikad <9 yairs jr iljva,wntf it gaist twj ragitad parsjos no tfa ci`ngy. Cjr tfa wfnta-cjr` ippgnmiots, tfanr fjusafjgdnomjàs mjugd ojt axmaad FE$92,222 par `jotf cjr i snokga-parsjo fjusafjgd, iod oj ci`ngyà`lar mjugd jwo ioy djàstnm prjparty. Cjr tfa kraao-cjr` ippgnmiots, tfara wis oj gn`nt jonomjà gavags nc tfay mfjsa tj surraodar tfanr axnstnok taoiomnas.

[ntf nts rastirt no <29<, io axtaosnjo jc tfa FJ] samjodiry ìreat wis ìda ivingilga tjwfnta-cjr` luyars, wntf i qujti jc 1,222 iggjmitnjos. ]ulsndniry smfaàs tj tfa FJ] nomgudatfa Rrnvita ]amtjr Rirtnmnpitnjo ]mfaà iod tfa Cgit-cjr-]iga ]mfaà, wfnmf ira inàd itsfjrtaonok tfa wintnok gnst cjr tfa FJ], lut tfa ou`lar jc prjvnsnjos ns gn`ntad.

<.<.= 61,222 Rgio

Qpjo fns noiukuritnjo no 9>>;, Mfnac Axamutnva Tuok Mfaa-fwi pgadkad io nomraisa jc tfafjàjwoarsfnp rita crj` 1<% tj ;2% no tfa oaxt damida, iod i damraisa no ivarika wintnoktnà cjr R\F crj` 3.1 yairs tj =.2 yairs. Tfa i`lntnjus tirkats prj`ptad tfa lungdnok jc pulgnmiod prnvita cgits stirtnok crj` 9>>>/<222, eojwo is tfa 61,222 Rgio. Tfa pgio racarrad tj tfa

tjtig ou`lar jc 61,222 uonts jc pulgnm raotig iod prnvita jwoarsfnp cgits tj la lungt yairgy ly tfakjvaroàot iod davagjpars tj cugcngg tfa Mfnac Axamutnva„s kjig.

Jogy no <222/29 dnd tfa imtuig mj`pgatnjo jc oaw fjusnok uonts raimf tfa gavag jc 61,222 (Tilga=). Tfa ìhjr nssua wntf tfa pgio wis nts tn`nok, is ìoy mrntnmnzad prjpjsnok tfns pgio no tfaictarìtf jc tfa Isnio cnoiomnig mrnsns, wfnmf immagaritad tfa lurst jc fjusnok lullgas iodtrippad ìoy `jrtkika luyars notj oakitnva aqunty.

6 Tfa pgio fid idviotikas, fjwavar,

lamiusa tfa ivarika wintnok tnà cjr R\F ippgnmiots cjr fjusnok damgnoad crj` 3 tj = yairs.

Tilga =8 Eay Rarcjrìoma Nodnmitjrs cjr tfa 61,222 Rgio

Eay

RarcjrìomaNodnmitjrs

Tirkat9>>>/22

Tirkat<222/29

Tirkat<229/2<

Tirkat<22</2=

Tirkat<22=/24

Tirkat<224/21

Tirkat<221/23

Tirkat<223/2;

Ou`lar jcoaw fjusnokuonts

16,222(46,122)

>2,222(6>,222)

42,222(<1,922)

=3,922(<>,2=<)

<=,622(;,632)

<9,222(<<,222)

<2,222(99,422)

;,<22

Ivarikawintnok tnà cjr pulgnmraotig fjusnok

3 yairscjr igg,

=.1yairs cjragdargy

1 yairscjr igg, =yairs cjragdargy

4 yairscjr igg, =yairs cjr

tfaagdargy

=.1yairs cjr

igg, <yairs cjragdargy

= yairscjr igg, <yairs

cjragdargy

= yairscjr igg, <yairs cjragdargy

= yairscjr igg, <yairs cjragdargy

= yairscjr igg, <

yairscjr

agdargyOu`lar jccgits jccaradcjr siga

1<,122 16,922 =1,222


6 Tfa uonotaodad accamts girkagy miusad Tuok„s airgy ratnraàot no <221.




94

<.<.4 Taoiots Rurmfisa ]mfaà

Tfa TR] wis stirtad no 9>>6 iod aodad no <223. Nt inàd tj issnst taoiots no R\F tj luy tfacgits no wfnmf tfay rasndad. ]agamtad astitas wara prjpjrtnjoiggy jccarad tj taoiots cjr

purmfisa.> Iutfjrnzad jmmupiots ikad jvar 96 yairs no R\F wara agnknlga, wntf oj rastrnmtnjo jo

tfa purmfisar„s fjusafjgd snza, nomjà, jr jwoarsfnp. Tfa TR] iggjws luyars tj purmfisa tfanr

cgits wntf =2%”41% dnsmjuots (Tilga 4). Tfa dnsmjuot rita wis datar`noad ly tfa quignty iodgjmitnjo jc tfa TR] lungdnoks.

Tfa smfaà fis issnstad 912,222 R\F taoiots no luynok tfanr cgits, daspnta tfa gn`ntad suppgyiod sfjrt n`pgaàotitnjo parnjd.

Tilga 48 Taoiots„ Rurmfisa ]mfaà Cgits

Rfisa 9 Rfisa < Rfisa = Rfisa 4 Rfisa 1 Rfisa 3I/3L

Dnsmjuot rita ;2% 11% 32% 11% 11% 32%/11%Oj. jc cgits <3,>22 <;,922 <;,122 <3,494 <1,;<6 <1,;33/<=,<>2


<.<.1 Fjà Rurmfisa Gjio ]mfaà

Tfa Fjà Rurmfisa Gjio ]mfaà wis notaodad tj rasattga murraot taoiots no R\F wfj fidfnkfar nomjàs tfio tfa wintnok-gnst gn`nt. Io jptnjo tj raot jr luy no tfa sià astita wisprjpjsad tj R\F ippgnmiots wfao tfanr turo cjr iggjmitnjo mià up. Cjr tfjsa mfjjsnok tj luy,i 41% dnsmjuot jo tfa jpao ìreat vigua wis jccarad, wntf io notarast-craa gjio jc FE$622,222rapiyilga jvar 9= yairs jr FE$322,222 rapiyilga jvar <2 yairs. Tfa ivarika mjst jc luynoktfa cgit wis <.; tnàs tfa raotig piyàot cjr tfa R\F taoiots, iod tfa `jotfgy mjst jc purmfisawis =2% jc àdnio fjusafjgd nomjà. Lungdnoks cjr siga wara wntfno =2 yairs jc ika.

@ioy taoiots cjuod tfns smfaà uoittrimtnva, lamiusa tfa mjst jc purmfisa wis =.1 tnàs tfaraot pind wntfjut n`prjvaàot no tfanr fjusnok mjodntnjos. Tfa purmfisa jc cgits igsj àiotaxtri mjsts jc rapinr iod ìnotaoioma cjr luyars mj`pirad wntf lanok taoiots. No iddntnjo, tfadnccnmugty axnstad rakirdnok ikraaàots jc siga cjr taoiots gnvnok no tfa sià cgit. Tfa smfaàwis, fjwavar, tfa mfaipast cjr luyars mj`pirad wntf jtfar cjr`s jc fjusnok sulsndnas.

<.<.3 ]iodwnmf Mgiss Fjusnok ]mfaà

Tfns smfaà inàd it fagpnok `nddga-nomjà fjusafjgds wfjsa nomjà gavags(FE$=2,229”FE$32,222 par `jotf) ìda tfa` noagnknlga cjr R\F jr tfa FJ]. Qp tj <1% jc iprjparty prnma jr i tjtig gjio jc FE$112,222 wis ivingilga cjr summasscug ippgnmiots, wntf`jrtkika notarast ritas aquig tj prnà ritas pgus 9% jr <% cjr tfa cnrst `jrtkika gjio. Figc jctfa giod prnma iod igg mjostrumtnjo mjsts wara pind ly tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok ]jmnaty. Cjr isamjod `jrtkika gjio, tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty nontnitad i =-yair notarast sulsndy

smfaà iod i 1-yair notarast-craa rapiyàot fjgndiy. Tfasa àisuras gjwarad tfa accamtnvanotarast rita cjr rapiyàot tj prnà ritas jc gass tfio <.9<%.

Dua tj cnsmig mjostrinots jc tfa Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty, tfa smfaà wis trioscarrad tj tfaFjok Ejok @jrtkika Mjrpjritnjo no <22<. Jvar 1,;22 ci`ngnas laoacntad crj` io ivarika gjiojc FE$4;1,222, lut nt wis dnccnmugt tj jltino `jrtkika cnoiomnok ictar tfa Isnio cnoiomnig mrnsns.

> Axmapt cjr fjusnok cjr tfa agdargy iod sìgg fjusafjgd lgjmes, cgits cjr sjmnig wagcira purpjsas, iod cgits wntf

mj``jo aotriomas iod mj`ùoig cimngntnas.




91

<.<.; Fjà ]tirtar Gjio ]mfaà

Tfa Fjà ]tirtar Gjio ]mfaà wis dasnkoad cjr cnrst-tnà fjàluyars tj purmfisa cgits no tfaprnvita samtjr. Tfns smfaà prjvndad i gjw-notarast gjio (<.2%”=.1%) tj quigncnad luyars (n.a.,wntf nomjàs lagjw FE$;2,222 par `jotf) wfj fid oj prjparty jwoarsfnp no Fjok Ejok,Mfnoi, iod fid ojt jwoad wntfno gist 1 yairs. Qp tj =2% jc tfa prjparty prnma jr i tjtig gjio jc

FE$322,222 (wfnmfavar wis gjwar) wis jccarad tj cnrst-tnà luyars wfj gimead tfa cnoiomnigmipilngnty cjr i djwo piyàot. @jra tfio FE$94.6 lnggnjo no gjios wara kriotad tj jvar ==,222ci`ngnas iod snokga parsjos. ât tfara wis pjssnlga ilusa jc tfa gjios tj luy fnkf-aod fjusnok,lamiusa jogy <2% jc summasscug ippgnmiots imtuiggy usad tfa gjios tj luy cgits.

<.<.6 \avarsa @jrtkika Rrjkri`à

No <299, tfa Fjok Ejok @jrtkika Mjrpjritnjo giuomfad tfa \avarsa @jrtkika Rrjkri`à tjaomjurika lioes tj jccar ravarsa `jrtkikas tj pajpga ikad 11 yairs iod iljva. Tilga 1datings tfa mjodntnjos cjr dnccaraot ika krjups jo virnjus piyàot tar`s.

Tilga 18 ]miga jc @jotfgy Riyjut I`juo t

(par FE$9 `nggnjo jc prjparty vigua)Aotry Ika 11 âirs 32 âirs ;2 âirs

RiyàotTar`s

JoaLjrrjwar

TwjLjrrjwars

JoaLjrrjwar

TwjLjrrjwars

JoaLjrrjwar

TwjLjrrjwars

92-yair FE$=,<22 FE$<,622 FE$=,;22 FE$=,=22 FE$1,922 FE$4,32291-yair FE$<,422 FE$<,912 FE$<,622 FE$<,122 FE$=,622 FE$=,122<2-yair FE$<,212 FE$9,622 FE$<,422 FE$<,922 FE$=,=22 FE$=,222Gnca FE$9,312 FE$9,412 FE$<,222 FE$9,622 FE$=,922 FE$<,622

]jurma8 Fjok Ejok @jrtkika Mjrpjritnjo, fttp8//www.fe`m.mj`.fe/aok/ (immassad Iukust <291).

Ly <294, tfa prjkri` jogy ramanvad 3<4 ippgnmitnjos. Gneagy miusas cjr tfa gjw pirtnmnpitnjo ritanomguda gime jc iwiraoass iod eojwgadka cjr tfa smfaà, iod axpamtitnjo tfit prjparty prnmaswjugd kj up.

<.<.> ]pnmy @aisuras

Tfa sj-miggad ‗spnmy àisuras‐ wara i sarnas jc rastrnmtnva àisuras tfit wara hjnotgy tieao lytfa Gaknsgitnva Mjuomng iod tfa Fjok Ejok @joatiry Iutfjrnty tj ‗mjjg djwo‐ tfa jvarfaitadprjparty ìreat no gita <292 (Tilga 3). ]pnmy àisuras fid sfjrt-tar` n`pimts jo damraisnoktriosimtnjo vjguàs, lut wara noaccamtnva no mjjgnok djwo prjparty prnmas.




93

Tilga 38 Datings jc ]pnmy @aisuras

@aisura ]]D Aofiomad ]]D L]D Djulga ISD

Cugg oià ]pamnig ]ti`pDuty

Aofiomad ]pamnig]ti`p Duty

Luyar ]ti`p Duty Djulga Id Sigjra`]ti`p Duty

]tirt dita Ojva`lar <292 Jmtjlar <29< Jmtjlar <29< Calruiry <29=Datings Mfirka 91% cjr

rasaggnok i prjpartywntfno 3 `jotfs,

92% cjr 3”9<`jotfs, 1% cjr9<”<4 `jotfs

Mfirka <2% cjr

rasaggnok i prjpartywntfno 3 `jotfs,

91% cjr 3”9<`jotfs, 92% cjr9<”<4 `jotfs

Cjr luyars jtfar

tfio parìoaotrasndaots, mfirka icgit rita jc 91% cjr

igg rasndaotnigprjpartnas

Djulga tfa ritas jc

mfirka cjr igg typas jctriosimtnjos, ippgnmilgatj ljtf rasndaotnig iod

ojorasndaotnigprjpartnas

N`àdnitaaccamt

Gn`ntad accamt joradumnok fjusnok

triosimtnjos

Rurmfisas ly mj`pionas iod ojogjmignodnvnduigs is i sfira jc tjtig triosimtnjosfirpgy drjppad crj` 9;% tj 4% wntfno =

`jotfs jc n`pgaàotitnjo

Gn`ntad accamt jo`jdaritnok fjusnok

prnmas

<.= ]u`ìry jc Rjgnmy Nostruàots

Tilga ; prjvndas i su`ìry jc tfa ìhjr fjusnok pjgnmnas tfit fiva laao n`pgaàotad no FjokEjok, Mfnoi snoma tfa 9>;2s.




9;

Tilga ;8 @itrnx jc Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi

Oià\avarsa @jrtkika

Rrjkri`àFjà Jwoarsfnp

]mfaà

TaoiotsRurmfisa]mfaà

FjàRurmfisa

Gjio]mfaà

Fjà ]tirtarGjio

]mfaà

]iodwnmfMgiss Fjusnok

]mfaà

Rulgnm\aotig

Fjusn ok 61,222 Rgio ]pnmy @aisuras

Rarnjd ]noma <299 9>;;”<22=, <29<” tjdiy

9>>6”<223 9>66”<22< 9>>6”<22< ]noma 9>>= ]noma 9>1= 9>>;”<22= ]noma <292

Rjgnmyjlhamtnva

Fagp agdargyfjàjwoars n`prjvatfanr ratnraàot gnvas

\a`jva lattar-jccci`ngnas no R\F tjìea rjj` cjrtfjsa wntf `jraurkaot fjusnokoaads, iod prjvndaci`ngnas jwoarsfnpjppjrtuontnas jtfartfio crj` tfaprnvita samtjr

Issnst R\Ftaoiots tjluy tfa cgitsno wfnmf tfayrasnda iticcjrdilgaprnmas

Aomjurikapurmfisa jcprnvitasamtjr cgits,ragaisa iodradavagjpraotigastitas cjr`jra oaadyci`ngnas

Issnst cnrst-tnà luyarswntf gjw iod`nddganomjàs tjluy tfanr jwoprjpartnas

Fagp `nddga-nomjà luyars,wfj iranoagnknlga cjrR\F jr tfaFJ], tj jwofjàs no tfaprnvita samtjr

Aoilgaa`pgjyad lutgjw-nomjàci`ngnas tjrasnda nodamaotfjusnok

Nomraisafjàjwoar-sfnprita crj` 1<% tj;2% no tfa oaxtdamida, iodraduma R\Fwintnok tnà crj`3.1 yairs tj =.2yairs

Mjjg djwo tfajvarfaitadprjparty ìreat

Rjgnmy tirkat \asndaots wntffjàjwoarsfnp ikad11 yairs jr iljva,usuiggy uppar-mgissagdargy

Gjw-nomjàfjusafjgds noR\F, oumgairci`ngnas wntf gjwnomjàs ioddapjsnts no tfaprnvita samtjr

R\Ffjusafjgdscnrst aotarnokfjàjwoarsfnp,tfa cnrst stapjo tfafjusnokgiddar

R\F taoiotswntfnomjàslagjwFE$=2,222par `jotf

Cnrst-tnàfjàluyarswntf nomjàslagjwFE$;2,222par `jotf

@nddga-nomjàfjusafjgds(n.a.,FE$=2,229” FE$32,222 par`jotf)

Gjw nomjàfjusafjgds

Igg fjusafjgds ]pamugitjrs,ojogjmig luyars,fnkf-nomjàci`ngnas




96

Nostruàot

iod pjgnmy

mjotaots

\avarsa `jrtkikagjios ly Fjok Ejok@jrtkikaMjrpjritnjo, caasmfirkad crj` iodrnses nosurad lypirtnmnpitnok lioes

Agnknlga taoiotsmio luy io FJ]cgit wntf dnsmjuotlatwaao =2%” 42% lagjw tfaastnìtad ìreatvigua

Dnsmjuotadprnmasmjvarad lyFEFI, 11%” ;2% jcissassadìreatviguas

Jparitad lytfa FEFI,notarast-craagjiorapiyilgacjr up tj <2yairs jrojorapiy-ilga `jotfgysulsndy cjr46 `jotfs

Id`nonstaradly tfa FEF]is tfakjvaroàot„sikaot, <.2%notarast cjrci`ngynomjàslagjwFE$=2,222,=.1% cjrci`ngy

nomjàsFE$=2,222” FE$;2,222,iljut 3,222gjios par yair

Nontniggyid`nonstarad lytfa FEF],trioscarrad tjtfa Fjok Ejok@jrtkikaMjrpjritnjo,figc giod prnmaiod iggmjostrumtnjomjsts pind, cgitssjgd it

mjomassnjoiryprnma lagjwìreatpravingnok prnma

I qujti-iod-pjnot systa`tj aviguitatfa adnlngnty jcR\Fippgnmiots,lisad jotfanr ikasiod wintnoktnàs

I sat jc eayparcjrìomanodnmitjrs tjàisura iod`jontjr tfaprjkrass (a.k.,ou`lar jc oawcgits tj laprjvndad,ivarika wintnoktnà cjr R\F,ou`lar jc

jwoarsfnp cgitscjr siga, ou`larjc fjusnok gjiosprjvndad)

N`pgaàotitnjo jcspamnig sti`pduty iod ntsaofiomad luyarssti`p duty, iodid vigjra` sti`pduty5 miomaggitnjojc MipntigNovastàotAotriot ]mfaà

@arnts Cgaxnlga piyàotiod radaa` tar`s,oj rapiyàot durnokgncatnà, uogjme fjàaqunty notj rakugiriod mjosnstaot misfcgjws cjr agdars

Mj`pgatnjo jc jvar<<2,222 uonts jcFJ] cgits latwaao9>62”<224

Mj`pgatnjojc jvar912,222 cgits,dnsmjuotnok=2%”41% cjrluyars

Mfaipastwiy tjimmassfjàjwoarsfnpcjrfjusafjgdsjc `jdaritanomjà

Jvar ==,222ci`ngnas iodnodnvnduigskat ioivarika jcFE$412,222no gjios

Jvar 1,;22ci`ngnas kriotadio ivarika jcFE$4;1,222 nogjios

Ly tfa aod jc<29=, jvar<.9 `nggnjopajpga gnvadno R\F

Ivarika wintnoktnà cjr R\Fdamgnoad tj =yairs cjr igg iod< yairs cjr tfaagdargy

]fjrt-tar` accamtsjo lrnoknok djwoprjparty prnmas,pravaotnjo jcojogjmig luyarsiod spamugitjrs

Daàrnts Ojt ippgnmilga tjgjw-nomjà iodojofjàjwoars,pirtnmnpitnjo ritasurprnsnokgy gjw,nomraisad nomjàpjgirnzitnjo nc `jra

pajpga hjnoad tfaprjkri`

Axmgusnjo cjr tfanomjà liodn`àdnitagy iljvants purmfisnok gn`nt,sfjrtika jc fnkf-mgiss fjusnok

Gn`ntadsuppgy iodragitnvagysfjrtn`pgaàoti-tnjo parnjd,dua tj tfa

cnsmigdnccnmugty jcfjusnokiutfjrnty

Gime jc`jtnvitnjocjr R\Ftaoiots,uoiccjrd-ilga tj `jstprjspamtnva

luyars, fnkftfrasfjgd cjrikraaàotjc siga

Rjssnlgailusa jc gjiotj luy fnkf-aod fjusnok,jogy <2%imtuiggy usadtfa gjio tj

luy cgits,mrntnmnzad cjrimmagaritnoktfa prjpartylust

]firp drjp noprjparty prnmassnoma 9>>;ìda nt dnccnmugttj jltino`jrtkikacnoiomnok cjr

luyars

Dnccnmugt tj`jontjrlattar-jcc iodtfus noagnknlgaci`ngnas stngggnvnok no R\F,kjigs sat

uodar GTF]nocgaxnlga tjìreatidhustàot

Kjjd notaotnjo,lid tn`nok,mjnomndnok wntftfa Isniocnoiomnig mrnsns,lgiàd cjrmiusnok tfa

mjggipsa jc tfaigraidyvugoarilgaprjparty ìreat

Jogy fiva sfjrt-tar` n`pimt jotriosimtnjovjguà, gnttgaaccamt jo radumnokasmigitnokprjparty prnmas

FEFI 0 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty, FEF] 0 Fjok Ejok Fjusnok ]jmnaty, FJ] 0 Fjà Jwoarsfnp ]mfaà, GTF] 0 Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky, R\F 0 pulgnm raotigfjusnok.




9>

=. FJQ]NOK RJGNMNA] NO TFA RAJRGA„] \ARQLGNM JC

MFNOI

=.9 Fjusnok @ireatLacjra tfa 9>>2s, tfa R\M ìnotinoad i wagcira fjusnok systa` tj prjvnda pulgnm fjusnok cjr

a`pgjyaas jc stita-jwoad aotarprnsas (]JAs). Qodar tfns systa`, tfa ivarika gnvnok spima no

urlio irais nomraisad crj` 4.1 squira àtars par parsjo no 9>4> tj 3.; squira àtars parparsjo no 9>;6 (Kij <292). Tfns systa`, fjwavar, n`pjsad faivy lurdaos jo ]JAs iod, tfus,gjwarad tfa accnmnaomy jc fjusnok prjvnsnjo.

Tj mjpa wntf nosuccnmnaot iod noidaquita fjusnok, no tfa `nd-9>62s, tfa kjvaroàot nontnitad

axparnàotig fjusnok sigas no sagamtad mntnas tj kriduiggy racjr` tfa wagcira fjusnok systa`.Tfa ìreat tfus waot tfrjukf i triosntnjo crj` i wagcira fjusnok prjvnsnjo systa` tj i

duig-trime systa` mj`prnsnok wagcira fjusnok iod sulsndniry fjusnok (9>63”9>>1), cjggjwad ly

triosntnjo tj i mj``jdnty fjusnok systa` (9>>1”9>>6). ]tirtad no 9>63, axparnàotig fjusnok

sigas no cjur pngjt mntnas dnvndad fjusnok mjsts notj tfraa mitakjrnas8 tfa stita, gjmig aotarprnsas,iod nodnvnduig taoiots. Ictar 91 yairs jc trnig iod arrjr, i mj``jdnty fjusnok ìreat wis

avaotuiggy astilgnsfad no 9>>6. ]noma tfao, tfa prjparty ìreat fis davagjpad ripndgy, iod tfa

urlionzitnjo prjmass fis immagaritad. Ly <29=, jvar 1=% jc tfa tjtig pjpugitnjo gnvad no urlioirais, iod tfa ivarika gnvnok spima no urlio irais fis nomraisad tj =2.9 squira àtars par

parsjo.92 Fjàjwoarsfnp ritas fiva igsj nomraisad tj 66% cjr urlio iod >3% cjr rurig

rasndaots, iod tjtig vimiomy ritas fiva raimfad <=%.99

Igtfjukf tfa urlionzitnjo prjmass fis qunmeaoad, i ou`lar jc amjoj`nm iod sjmnig prjlga`s

fiva irnsao. Joa ns tfa gime jc a`pgjyàot jppjrtuontnas cjr oaw uonvarsnty kriduitas. @istar

iod djmtjrig kriduitas cnod nt avao `jra dnccnmugt tj cnod i hjl, dua tj tfa gime jc fnkf-aodjppjrtuontnas. Gjokar uonvarsnty stiys usuiggy nodnmita i gime jc adumitad giljr cjr samjod- jr

tfnrd-tnar mntnas, lut ojt cjr cnrst-tnar mntnas sumf is Lanhnok, Kuiokzfju, iod ]fiokfin. Tfa gjknm nstfit cnrst-tnar mntnas fjst i ìhjrnty jc tjp uonvarsntnas, tfus i wagg-adumitad giljr suppgy ns no

axmass. Cjr samjod- jr tfnrd-tnar mntnas, nt ns tfa jppjsnta lamiusa tfasa mntnas ira gass ittrimtnvano tar`s jc wika iod urlio dnvarsnty tj wagg-adumitad giljr.

Iojtfar prjlga` ns vimiot fjusnok. Dua tj tfa Joa-Mfngd Rjgnmy, `jst yjuok pajpga ljro no tfa

9>62s iod 9>>2s crj` urlio irais dj ojt fiva snlgnoks. Fjwavar, no rurig irais, tfns pjgnmywis gass sarnjusgy jlsarvad. Tfa dnccaraoma gaids tj n`ligiomad urlio”rurig krjwtf iod idnstjrtad raotig ìreat. ]noma <222, tfa pjst-9>62s kaoaritnjo ljro uodar tfa Joa-Mfngd Rjgnmy

fis aotarad notj ìrrnikailga ika. Is notarkaoaritnjoig ci`ngy waigtf ns pissad djwo no tar`s

jc fjusnok, urlio mjupgas ìy cima i sntuitnjo no wfnmf tfay wngg fiva `jra tfio joa fjusnokuont, tfus gaidnok tj sulstiotnig vimiot fjusnok. Fjwavar, cjr pajpga ljro no rurig irais wfj

mfjjsa tj wjre no urlio irais, tfasa axnstnok fjusnok stjmes ira uoiccjrdilga tj purmfisa.

@jst jc tfa` mfjjsa tj raot, is tfa prnma”raot ritnj ns fnkfar tfio tfa prnma”nomjà ritnj.Mjggamtnvagy jwoad ly tfa pajpga, no primtnma, giod-usa rnkfts iod tfanr trioscar ravaouas waradatar`noad iod mjggamtad ly gjmig kjvaroàots. Tfa sapiritnjo jc jwoarsfnp iod gaisa rnkfts

stnùgitad gjmig kjvaroàots tj ta`pjrirngy ljrrjw `jra giod crj` tfanr pajpga cjr `jra urkaotusa, sumf is aofiomnok gjmig nocristrumtura iod ittrimtnok cjranko dnramt novastàot tfrjukf gjw

92 Oitnjoig Luraiu jc ]titnstnms jc Mfnoi, fttp8//www.stits.kjv.mo/aokgnsf/stitnstnmigditi

99]jutfwastaro Qonvarsnty jc Cnoioma iod Amjoj`nms. Mfnoi Fjusafjgd Cnoioma ]urvay. fttp8//www.mfcsditi.jrk/




<2

jr zarj giod prnmas. Lamiusa fnkfar amjoj`nm krjwtf aofiomad tfanr mfiomas jc pjgntnmigprj`jtnjo (Gn iod Xfju <221), gjmig jccnmnigs„ last stritaky wis tj mjggamt `jra giod-gaisaravaoua cjr suppjrtnok KDR krjwtf. @jrajvar, lamiusa tfa ojrìg parnjd jc taoura jc gjmig

jccnmnigs wis 1 yairs, tfa mjsts jc murraot kjvaroàot damnsnjo ìears wara usuiggy rapind ly

tfanr summassjrs. Tfus, tfa `jra tfay ljrrjwad, tfa gass gneagy tfay wara tj rapiy tfa gjios ly

tfa`sagvas. Nt ns ojt surprnsnok tfit giod sigas iod prjparty prnmas nomraisad signaotgy jvar tfa

gist damida (Cnkura 92).

Cnkura 928 Giod ]iga Rrnmas iod Rrjparty Rrnmas

(MO^ par squira àtar)

]jurma8 Oitnjoig Luraiu jc ]titnstnms jc Mfnoi, fttp8//diti.stits.kjv.mo/.

No 9>>4, tfa R\M a`liread upjo tix iod cnsmig racjr` tj rapgima tfa pravnjus dnsmratnjoiry

cnsmig mjotrimt systa`. Qodar tfa oaw cnsmig iggjmitnjo systa`, tfraa-quirtars jc tfa virnilgaprjdumt tix crj` tfa ìoucimturnok samtjr wis radnstrnlutad tj tfa maotrig kjvaroàot (Cnkura

99). Tj suppjrt amjoj`nm krjwtf, gjmig kjvaroàots fid tj saae axtri sjurmas jc nomjà.Giod-gaisa ravaoua, faoma, lamià io n`pjrtiot mfiooag tj cngg tfa kip latwaao gjmig cnsmignomjà iod axpaodntura. @jra ramaotgy, tfa cnsmig stnùgus pimeika no <22> straoktfaoad tfa

gnoeika latwaao tfa prjparty ìreat iod raig amjoj`y, ìenok gjmig jccnmnigs `jra ragniot jogiod gaisas tj suppjrt amjoj`nm davagjpàot (Daok, at ig. <299).




<9

Cnkura 998 Rarmaot jc Cnsmig Nomjà iod Axpaosa jc Gjmig Kjvaroàots

]jurma8 Oitnjoig Luraiu jc ]titnstnms jc Mfnoi, fttp8//diti.stits.kjv.mo/.

=.< @ihjr Fjusnok Rjgnmnas

Nontniggy, 62% jc tfa pjpugitnjo wis tj gnva no Amjoj`nm iod Mj`cjrtilga Fjusnok (AMF), 91% no

Mfaip \aotig Fjusnok (M\F), iod tfa rast no prnvita fjàs. Fjwavar, tfa dacgitnjo prassurasnoma 9>>6/>> fid cjrmad tfa kjvaroàot tj knva up tfns kjig iod tj tiea suppjrtnva àisuras

tj cjstar mj``jdnty fjusnok davagjpàot (Tilga 6).

Tilga 68 ]uppjrtnva @aisuras tj Cjstar Fjusnok @ireat Davagjpàot

]tirt Dita Nssunok Iutfjrnty @ino Mjotaots

Hugy 9>>6 Tfa ]tita Mjuomng Ioojuoma astilgnsfàot jc tfa mj``jdnty fjusnok

ìreatCalruiry 9>>> Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi Gjwar 9-yair nodnvnduig fjusnok gjio rita tj 1.16%

]apta`lar9>>>

Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi Gjwar 1-yair Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod gjio rita tj4.94%

Jmtjlar 9>>> Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi Axtaod piylime parnjd cjr nodnvnduig fjusnok gjios tj=2 yairs

Jmtjlar 9>>> ]tita Id`nonstritnjo jcTixitnjo

Axa`pt tixas mfirkad jo tfa Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod

]apta`lar<222

]tita Id`nonstritnjo jcTixitnjo

\aduma raot nomjà tix tj =%

]jurma8 Gn iod Mfniok (<29<).

No <22=, tfa ]tita Mjuomng cjrìggy iliodjoad tfa pgio jc AMF is tfa ìno fjusnok suppgy, iod

tfa ìreat aotarad i parnjd jc ripnd axpiosnjo. Ivarika oitnjoig fjusnok prnmas nomraisad ly94;% crj` <22= tj <29<. @ioy rakugitnva iod rastrnmtnva pjgnmnas wara n`pgaàotad durnok tfnsparnjd (Tilga >), lut `jst wara uoilga tj mjjg djwo tfa ìreat dua tj prnomnpig”ikaot

prjlga`s latwaao tfa maotrig iod gjmig kjvaroàots (Kij <2925 Gn, Mfniok, Mfjy, <299).




<<

Tilga >8 \akugitnva iod \astrnmtnva @aisuras tj @adnita Fjusnok Rrnmas

]tirt Dita Nssunok Iutfjrnty @ino Mjotaots

Huoa <22= Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi Nomraisa `nonù` djwo piyàot ritnj cjr fjàluyarstj <2%

@irmf <221 Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi Nomraisa `nonù` djwo piyàot ritnj cjr fjàluyars

tj =2%@iy <223 ]tita Id`nonstritnjo jc

TixitnjoMfirka lusnoass tix jo samjodiry fjusnok ìreattriosimtnjos

Hugy <223 ]tita Id`nonstritnjo jcTixitnjo

Mfirka viguad-iddad tix jo samjodiry fjusnokìreat triosimtnjos

]apta`lar <223 ]tita Id`nonstritnjo jcCjranko Axmfioka@nonstry jc Fjusnok iodQrlio-\urig Davagjpàot

Cjrlnd cjranko luyars crj` purmfisnok djàstnmmj``jdnty fjusnok

@irmf <22;” Iukust <226

Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi@nonstry jc Fjusnok iodQrlio-\urig Davagjpàot

Nomraisa rasndaotnig gjio ritas 3 tnàs, dapjsnt rasarvaritnj 9= tnàs, Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod gjio ritas 3tnàs no i rjw

Iprng <292 Tfa ]tita Mjuomng \astrnmt purmfisas, iod rastrnmt gjios

]jurma8 Gn iod Mfniok (<29<).

Ipirt crj` amjoj`nm iod cnoiomnig pjgnmnas, i ou`lar jc fjusnok smfaàs iod àisuras wara

n`pgaàotad jvar tfa gist < damidas.

=.<.9 Amjoj`nmig iod Mj`cjr tilga Fjusnok

AMF, eojwo is Hnokhn ]fnyjok Ciok, wis notrjdumad ly tfa kjvaroàot tfrjukf tfa Damnsnjojo tfa Daapaonok jc Qrlio Fjusnok ]ysta` \acjr` no 9>>4, tj `nddga- iod gjw-nomjàci`ngnas it tfa cugg-mjst jr stiodird prnma, wfnmf wis aquig tj tfa cugg-mjst prnma pgus i ìxnù`

jc =% prjcnt ìrkno (Gn <29<). Gjmig kjvaroàots it prjvnomnig gavags iod lagjw wara knvao tfa

ugtnìta iutjoj`y tj pgio cjr AMF, ndaotncy gjw-nomjà ci`ngnas quigncnad, iod rasarva giod cjr

AMF davagjpàot. Gjmig kjvaroàots wara raqunrad tj mjvar tfa sulsndniry mjsts iod prjvndagiod rasjurmas. Tfa prnma dnsmjuot wis ojt mjvarad ly tfa maotrig kjvaroàot.

Mjomaronok ravaouas, ljtf gjmig kjvaroàots iod prjparty davagjpars wara ojt `jtnvitad tjlungd AMF uodar tfns irriokaàot. AMF dnd ojt mjotrnluta tj tfa cnsmig nomjàs jc gjmig

kjvaroàots, iod tfa prjcnt ìrkno jc =% wis ojt ittrimtnva tj prjparty davagjpars. AMF

mj`prnsad 99% jc tjtig raig astita novastàot no <222, iod damgnoad tj jogy =% no <22; (Cnkura9<). @jst AMF wara lungt uodar mj`prj`nsad mjotrimts latwaao gjmig kjvaroàots iodprjparty davagjpars5 joma davagjpars notaodad tj lirkino cjr sjà giod, tfay wara usuiggy

isead ly gjmig iutfjrntnas tj lungd AMF jo tfa giod.




<=

Cnkura 9<8 Rrjpjrtn jo jc Rrjparty Novastàot

AMF 0 Amjoj`nm iod Mj`cjrtilga Fjusnok.]jurma8 Gn (<29<).

Gjmig jccnmnigs fid jtfar nomaotnvas tj prjvnda AMF. No Lanhnok, durnok <223”<292, tfa ùonmnpig

kjvaroàot lungt jvar 91 `nggnjo squira àtars jc AMF cjr gjmig rasndaots tj immj``jditatfjsa wfj wara rasattgad cjr tfa <226 Jgy`pnms (Gn <29<).

Davagjpars igsj mjosndarad AMF prjhamts prjcntilga nc tfanr oatwjres wntf gjmig jccnmnigs warastrjok. No Oiohnok, i`jok ;3 iccjrdilga fjusnok prjhamts mirrnad jut ly =4 prjparty davagjpars

crj` <22< tj <292, 31 wara uodartieao ly davagjpars wfj fid mgjsa ragitnjosfnps wntf gjmigkjvaroàots (^ju, [u, Fio <299)5 43 wara prjhamts ly 96 kjvaroàot sulsndniry prjparty

davagjpàot mj`pionas5 94 prjhamts wara ly > prjparty davagjpàot mj`pionas racjràd crj`

kjvaroàot dapirtàots5 iod 1 prjhamts wara ly 4 prjparty davagjpàot mj`pionas iccngnitadwntf ]JAs.

Lamiusa nt wis ojt i krait summass, AMF kriduiggy dnsippairad crj` jccnmnig djmuàots ictar<226.

=.<.< Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod

Tfara ira kaoariggy twj typas jc fjusnok cnoioma systa`s8 i ìreat-lisad nostntutnjo notakritadnotj tfa lrjidar cnoiomnig systa`, jr i sagc-cuodad mnrmunt nostntutnjo sapiritad crj` tfa rast jc

tfa cnoiomnig systa` (Mfao iod Daok <294). Tfa Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod (FRC) lagjokad tjtfa gittar systa`, wfnmf wis i mj`pugsjry sivnoks smfaà tj prjvnda sagc-cuodad fjusnokmradnt cjr fjusnok cnoioma. Is i ljttj`-up nostntutnjoig noojvitnjo, tfa FRC wis ravnsad crj` tfa

axi`pga jc tfa Maotrig Rrjvndaot Cuod no ]nokipjra.

A`pgjyars iod a`pgjyaas jc tfa pulgnm samtjr iod ]JAs ljtf mjotrnluta 1% jc a`pgjyaas„`jotfgy nomjàs tj nodnvnduig FRC immjuots. @ioikad ly i FRC maotar, tfa sivnoks ira eapt

cjr cnoiomnok a`pgjyaas„ cutura fjusnok purmfisas.

Rravnjus studnas fiva djmuàotad i ou`lar jc àrnts jc tfa FRC, sumf is i staidy strai` jcdapjsnts (Xfiok <222) iod i mgair dacnontnjo jc rjgas iod jlgnkitnjos cjr tfa kjvaroàot ioddavagjpars (âuok iod Fjwas <223). Tfa triosimtnjo mjsts jc ìnotinonok parsjoig

ragitnjosfnps cjr civjrilga fjusnok iggjmitnjo wara nodaad gjwarad.




<4

Ly <29<, tfara wara jvar 922 `nggnjo mjotrnlutjrs tj tfa FRC (Mfao iod Daok <294). Tfa gitastFRC rita ns 4.;% cjr gjios cjr it gaist 1 yairs iod 4.<% cjr gjios gass tfio 1 yairs. Tfaìxnù` FRC gjio parnjd ns =2 yairs, iod tfa tjtig gjios i`juot tj MO^9.24 `nggnjo. Fjwavar,

sagc- iod nocjrìggy a`pgjyad wjrears iod tfjsa a`pgjyad no tfa prnvita samtjr ira ojt mjvarad

ly tfa systa`5 tfus, jogy iljut joa-quirtar jc igg urlio wjrears fiva immass tj tfa FRC ([an,

at ig. <294).

=.<.= Mfaip \aotig Fjusnok

Ictar i damida jc racjr`s, M\F rakinoad pjgnmy ittaotnjo no tfa 99tf Cnva-âir Rgio. Jvar 99

`nggnjo uonts jc pulgnm fjusnok wara lungt durnok <223”<292, iod =3 `nggnjo wara smfadugad cjr

<299”<291. Tfa oaw agnknlngnty mrntarni cjr M\F ippgnmiots wara tfit `jotfgy nomjà la lagjwMO^1;2, iod tfa ivarika gnvnok spima la gass tfio ; squira àtars.

Lamiusa tfa nomjà raqunraàot ns tjj gjw cjr `jst rasndaots tj quigncy, tfa M\F fis ojt laao

wagg davagjpad. Lasndas, jogy urlio mntnzaos wfj fiva rasndaoma par`nts ira agnknlga5 oaw mntyrasndaots ira axmgudad crj` mjvarika. Gime jc aocjrmaàot ly tfa maotrig kjvaroàot igsjmjotrnlutad tj radumnok nts accamts ([an, at ig. <294). Tfa pjgnmy ìy fiva igsj cimngntitad

kjvaroàots tj rausa jgd vimiot fjusnok iod raojvita sfioty fjusnok. No <294, M\F wismj`lnoad wntf jtfar cjr`s jc gjw-raot fjusnok notj R\F.

=.<.4 ;2”>2 Rjgnmy

Tfa ;2”>2 Rjgnmy, jr tfa Idaquita Fjusnok Davagjpàot ]mfaà, racars tj tfa pjgnmy

rakugitnjo tfit it gaist ;2% jc oawgy lungt cgits snoma <223 ùst la uodar >2 squira àtars. Nt

in`s tj raduma tfa ivarika gnvnok spima tj gjwar nomraisnok fjusnok prnmas, lut fis cingadig`jst crj` tfa laknoonok. Tfa prjpjrtnjo jc oawgy lungt cgits uodar >2 squira àtars wis

lagjw =1% jc tjtig vigua snoma nts n`pgaàotitnjo8 nt wis àragy <<% cjr <22;, iod dnd ojtsurpiss ==% cjr tfa cjggjwnok yairs (Cnkura 9=).

Cnkura 9=8 Rrjpjrt njos jc Oawgy Lun gt Cgits ly Tjtig Sigua

`< 0 squira àtar.

]jurma8 Oitnjoig Luraiu jc ]titnstnms jc Mfnoi, fttp8//diti.stits.kjv.mo/ .




<1

\akirdnok tfns pjgnmy, prjparty davagjpars davnsad oaw cjr`s jc fjusnok mjostrumtnjo tj àattfa raqunraàots jc lungdnok cgits uodar >2 squira àtars lut saggnok cgits iljva >2 squiraàtars. Joa wis tj idd pirtntnjoad wiggs latwaao twj sìggar cgits, aimf sitnscynok tfa ;2”>2

Rjgnmy, lut ljtf uonts wara tfao sjgd tj joa luyar jogy. Tfao, tfa jwoar antfar puggad djwo tfa

wigg jr mjostrumtad i oaw djjr jo tfa wigg tj mj`lnoa tfa twj cgits. Iojtfar wiy wis saggnok twj

cgits—joa upstinrs iod joa djwostinrs—tj joa luyar, wfj tfao lungt stinrs tj gnoe tfa twj cgits

tjkatfar.9<

=.<.1 \astrnmtnva Rurmfisas iod \astrnmtnva Gjios

Jo =2 Iprng <292, tfa ]tita Mjuomng nssuad tfa rastrnmtnva purmfisa (xniokju) pjgnmy tj mjjgdjwo tfa jvarfaitad prjparty ìreat. \astrnmtnva purmfisas sat purmfisa gn`nts jo tfa ou`lar

jc cgits sigailga tj luyars. No 42 ìhjr mntnas, rasndaots wntf gjmig fueju (n.a., fjusafjgdraknstritnjo) jr spamnig axparts mio luy up tj twj cgits, ojogjmig rasndaots jr cjrankoars mio jogy

luy joa cgit, iod tfa notarvig cjr luynok i samjod cgit ùst la it gaist < yairs.

Joa notaotnjo jc tfa rastrnmtnva purmfisa pjgnmy, sn`ngir tj jtfar fjusnok pjgnmy nontnitnvas no tfa

R\M, wis i stitaàot laknoonok wntf ‗Tj pravaot fjusnok prnmas crj` nomraisnok tjj cist!‐

]umf cjmus mjovayad twj àionoks8 (n) nt wjugd la notjgarilga nc tfa murraot spaad jc fjusnokprnma nomraisas mjotnouad, iod (nn) nt wjugd la noipprjprnita nc fjusnok prnmas damraisad crj`

tfanr murraot prnma gavags. Nodaad, tfa kjvaroàot wis wnggnok tj saa fjusnok prnmas mjotnouatfanr upwird traod, lamiusa tfa raig astita samtjr wis `jra n`pjrtiot tj tfa amjoj`y tfioracgamtad ly nts sfira jc vigua iddad tj tjtig vigua iddad (Xfiok, Fio, Mfio <294).

I rnkft-tingad iukàotad Dnmeay-Cuggar tast ns idjptad tj axpgjra tfa pjgnmy n`pimts jc rastrnmtnva

purmfisas. Tfa tast ns irriokad no i cjrwird-ramursnva ìooar tj ndaotncy tfa jrnkno iod mjggipsa

ditas jc i lullga (Rfnggnps, [u, û <299). Tfa `jdag ns lisad jo tfa issu`ptnjo tfit tfafjusnok prnma”raot ritnj fis i sn`ngir lullga pittaro tj tfa prnma”aironoks ritnj jc stjme ìreats,

mjosnstaot wntf tfa nrritnjoig lullga dacnontnjo ly Misa iod ]fnggar (<22=).

Cnkura 94 datamts fjusnok lullgas no aistaro mjistig mntnas. It tfa >>% mjocndaoma gavag, snx jut

jc 91 mntnas datamtad snkos jc lullgas no <223/2;, lut wis jogy sj cjr ]faozfao no <22;/26, iod,ikino, snx mntnas no ljtf <226/2> iod <22>/92. Ictar tfa R\M n`pgaàotad tfa rastrnmtnva

purmfisa pjgnmy, ojoa jc tfa 91 mntnas fid ioy snkos jc fjusnok lullgas no <292/99. Fjwavar,

ankft mntnas fid lullgas datamtad no <299/9<. @jst mntnas fiva sfjwo snkos jc lullgas snoma<29<.

9< Tfus, luyars igsj imtad is mjostrumtnjo wjrears iod tfit ìy axpgino wfy >2% jc oawgy lungt cgits no tfa R\Mtjdiy ira stngg sjgd wntfjut ioy damjritnjo (eojwo is @ijpnciok).




<3

Cnkura 948 Fjusnok Lullgas no Aistaro Mjistig Mntnas

Ojta8 J nodnmitas tfa axnstaoma jc i lullga cjr = `jotfs jr gjokar, V nodnmitas jtfar sntuitnjos.

Cnkura 91 su`ìrnzas lullga datamtnjos no maotrig nogiod mntnas. It tfa >>% mjocndaoma gavag,

`jst mntnas, axmapt Fjffjt, dnd ojt fiva snkos jc prjparty lullgas no <22>/92. ât rastrnmtnva

purmfisas wara n`pgaàotad no igg ìhjr mntnas. Tfns gad tj uopramadaotad lullgas no `jst jctfa maotrig nogiod mntnas snoma <299/9<.

Cnkura 918 Fjusnok Lullgas no Maotrig Nogiod Mntnas


]n`ngirgy, `jst wastaro nogiod mntnas dnd ojt fiva lullgas lacjra <292, yat rastrnmtnva purmfisas

fiva daprassad rnknd fjusnok daìod iod miusad datarrad lullgas snoma <29< (Cnkura 93).




<;

Cnkura 938 Fjusnok Lull gas no [astaro Nogiod Mntnas


Tfa prjpjsig jc rastrnmtnva purmfisa saa`s tnàgy. Lacjra <292, fjusa prnmas no =1 ìhjr mntnaswara ojt snkoncnmiotgy fnkfar tfio wjugd la hustncnad ly uodargynok cuodiàotigs, igtfjukf tfarawara sjà snkos jc jvarviguitnjo no tfa ìss ìreats no ]fiokfin iod ]faozfao iod guxury

sakàots no Lanhnok iod Oiohnok (Ifuhi, at ig. <292). Tfara wara datarnjritnok iccjrdilngntyprjlga`s ictar <22>, lamiusa tfa prnma”raot ritnjs no Lanhnok, Fiokzfju, ]fiokfin, iod

]faozfao fid surpissad 42 ([u, Kyjurej, Daok, <29<).

No gnoa wntf tfa rastrnmtnva purmfisa pjgnmy, tfa Rajpga„s Lioe jc Mfnoi n`pgaàotad tfa

rastrnmtnva gjio (xniodin) pjgnmy jo tfa sià dita. Cjr luynok i cnrst fjusa uodar >2 squira

àtars, tfa gjwast djwo piyàot ritnj ns <2%. Cjr luynok i samjod fjusa, tfa gjwast djwopiyàot ritnj ns 12%. Cjr luynok i tfnrd fjusa, lioes mio racusa tj nssua `jrtkika gjios.

Qodar jtfar mnrmu`stiomas, tfa gjwast djwo piyàot ritnj ns =2%.

Igtfjukf tfa nontnig kjig jc rastrnmtnva purmfisa wis tj pravaot fjusnok prnmas crj` nomraisnok

tjj cist, nt saa`s tfit rastrnmtnva purmfisas wara uoilga tj supprass rnknd fjusnok daìod.\aljuod jc prjparty prnmas no ;2 ìhjr mntnas iod lullga datamtnjos jc `jst jc tfa =1 mntnas

snoma <29= ira prjlilga snda accamts jc tfns pjgnmy. Fjwavar, nt wis `jra accamtnva tfio tfa

rastrnmtnva gjio pjgnmy no mjjgnok djwo tfa jvarfaitad prjparty ìreat (Gn iod Vu <291).

=.<.3 Rrjparty Tix Axparnàot

]fiokfin iod Mfjokqnok fid mjotnoujus lullga datamtnjo snoma <299, parfips wfy i prjparty

tix axparnàot wis nontnitad no ljtf mntnas no Hiouiry <299. Tfns axparnàot wis inàd it

mfioknok tfa oitnjo„s fjàjwoarsfnp-lnisad fjusnok pjgnmy, racgamtad ly tfa pjjr usa jc tfaFRC cjr gjw-nomjà fjusafjgds. Rrjparty tix nomjà wis tj la usad tj mjostrumt `jra M\F,

iod tfa prjparty tix ntsagc wis notaodad cjr dnramtnok nodnvnduig fjàjwoars tj sagg `jra vimiotfjusnok tj la mnrmugitad notj tfa M\F samtjr. Tfa ioouig mfirka wis sat tj la aquig tj tfa

fjusa vigua ! (9 ” axa`ptnjo rita) ! 9.<%, jr fjusa raot ! 9<%. Cjr ]fiokfin, nt wis ìnogymfirkad cjr oawgy ljukft fjusnok. Cjr Mfjokqnok, nt wis ìnogy mfirkad cjr guxurnjus fjusnok.

Tfa axparnàot aodad no Dama`lar <294. Tfara wis oj tnàtilga cjr tfa astilgnsfàot jc tfa

prjparty tix systa`. Nt ns surprnsnok tfit tfa prjparty tix axparnàot saaàd ojt tj lawagmjàd ly gjmig jccnmnigs, igtfjukf nt dnd nomraisa gjmig cnsmig nomjà. Joa pjssnlngnty ns tfit

gjmig kjvaroàots wara miutnjus iljut tfa dnstrnlutnjo jc tfa prjparty tix mjggamtad. Tfara ns oj




<6

lguaprnot, iod tfa 9>>4 cnsmig iod tix racjr` wis i gassjo cjr gjmig kjvaroàots notaodnok tjìxn`nza tfanr cnsmig ravaoua. Iojtfar pjssnlngnty ns tfit, cjr samjod- iod tfnrd-tnar mntnas, tfarawara oj urkaot oaads cjr tixnok tfa stjme jc fjusnok, lamiusa tfa gjmig kjvaroàots stngg fid

giod tj sagg. Rarfips iljva igg, fjwavar, gjmig jccnmnigs wara dnsnotarastad no sattnok up i

oitnjoig systa` cjr trimenok raig-astita jwoarsfnp iod sigas triosimtnjos.

=.= ]u`ìry jc Rjgnmy Nostruàots

Tilga 92 prjvndas i su`ìry jc tfa ìhjr fjusnok pjgnmnas iod prjkri`s tfit fiva laaon`pgaàotad no tfa R\M jvar tfa gist < damidas.

Tilga 928 @itrnx jc Fjusnok Rjgnmnas no tfa Rajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi

Oià

FjusnokRrjvndaot

Cuod

Amjoj`nm iodMj`cjrtilga

Fjusnok

Mfaip\aotig

Fjusnok;2”>2Rjgnmy

\astrnmtnvaRurmfisa

Rrjparty TixAxparnàot

Rarnjd ]noma 9>>9 ]noma 9>>1 9>>>”<294 ]noma <223 ]noma <292 ]noma <299

Rjgnmyjlhamtnva

Kitfarmjggamtnva

sivnoks cjrcuodnokfjusnokcnoiomasfjrtika

Rrjvndaiccjrdilga iod

damaot fjusnokcjr `nddga- iodgjw-nomjàfjusafjgds

Fagp gjwastgjw-nomjà

krjups wntfi damaotgnvnok

Lungd ;2%jc oawgy

lungt cgitslagjw >2squiraàtars

Murlspamugitnjos

iod gn`ntjwoars wntf`jra tfio twjprjpartnas, tjlrnok djwovimiomy ritas,straoktfao`jontjrnok jcfjusnoklullgas, timegatfa prjlga`sjc ;2”>2

Rjgnmy

Murlspamugitnjo

cjr guxurnjusfjusnok, gn`ntoaw fjàluyars, iodspaad upastilgnsfnok ioitnjoigsysta` cjrraig astitajwoarsfnpiod sigastriosimtnjos

Rjgnmy tirkat A`pgjyaas jcpulgnm samtjriod ]JAs

@jdarita- iodgjw-nomjàci`ngnas

Gjwast gjw-nomjàci`ngnas

@nddga-nomjàfjusafjgds

@nddga- iodfnkf-nomjàfjusafjgds

@nddga- iodfnkf-nomjàfjusafjgds

Nostruàotmjotaots

A`pgjyaasiod a`pgjyarsljtf mjotrnluta

1% jca`pgjyaas„`jotfgynomjà tj tfacuod immjuot,immuùgitadcjr fjàpurmfisa

cnoiomnok

Cugg-mjst prnmajr stiodirdprnma, wfnmf

wis i cugg-mjstprnma pgus iìxnù` jc =%prjcnt ìrkno

@jotfgynomjàlagjw

MO^1;2 iodivarikagnvnok spimalagjw ;squiraàtars

\aqunraprjpartydavagjpars

tj lungd;2% jc oawcgits uodar>2 squiraàtars5gjmig giodiodmjostrumtnj

o luraiupgiy tfa

`jontjrnokrjgas

\astrnmtadpurmfisas no4; mntnas,

ojogjmigrasndaots jrcjrankoars miojogy luy joafjusa, notarvigcjr luynok isamjod fjusaùst la it

gaist < yairs

[ntfaxparnàotsno ]fiokfin

iodMfjokqnok,ioouig mfirkaaquigs fjusavigua ! (9 ” axa`ptnjorita) ! 9.<%,jr fjusa raot

! 9<%, ìnogycjr oawgy

ljukftfjusnok iodguxurnjusfjusnok

@arnts Fjusnoksulsndy no

misf cjr`,staidy dapjsnt,mgair dacnontnjojc jlgnkitnjolatwaao

]tilngnzadfjusnok prnmas

no tfa triosntnjocrj` tfa wagcirafjusnok systa`tj mj``jdntyfjusnok systa`

Cimngntitadkjvaroàot

rausa jc jgdvimiotfjusnok iodraojvitnjo jcsfioty

Rrjpjrtnjojc oawgy

lungt cgitsuodar >2squiraàtars lyvigua

Rjsntnva accamtno pravaotnok

fjusnok prnmascrj`nomraisnok tjjcist (tfa accamtgists cjr twj

I mjovaotnjojc gaironok

crj` trnigs iodarrjrs




<>

Oià

FjusnokRrjvndaot

Cuod

Amjoj`nm iodMj`cjrtilga

Fjusnok

Mfaip\aotig

Fjusnok;2”>2Rjgnmy

\astrnmtnvaRurmfisa

Rrjparty TixAxparnàot

kjvaroàotsioddavagjpars

fjusnok nomraisad yairs),cimngntita`jontjrnoknoagnknlga

iccguaotci`ngnas crj`luynok AMF

Daàrnts ]agc- iod

nocjrìggy-a`pgjyadwjrears iodsìgg prnvitacnr`sa`pgjyaas ojtmjvarad

Faivy cnsmig

lurdao cjr gjmigkjvaroàots,agnknlngnty jcippgnmiots jctaoquastnjoad

Jogy urlio

mntnzaos wfjfivarasndaomaira agnknlga,`nkriotsaxmgudad,gime jcaocjrmaàot

àisuras

]uldnvndad

uonts iodpirtntnjoadwiggsnovignditatfaaccamtnva-oass jcpjgnmy,

prjdumnokgirkar cgitscjr luyars

Dnstjrt ìreat

àmfions`,gjmigkjvaroàotsragumtiot tjcjggjw, ìy latjj firsf tjdaprass rnknddaìod

Gjmig

kjvaroàots„strjokdnsnomaotnvasracgamtad ly idagiyadastilgnsfàotjc oitnjoigfjusnok

nocjrìtnjosysta`

AMF 0 Amjoj`nm iod Mj`cjrtilga Fjusnok, ]JA 0 stita-jwoad aotarprnsa.

4. MJOMGQ]NJO

Tfa R\M iod Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi cuomtnjo uodar dnccaraot amjoj`nm systa`s. Tfa R\M nscuodiàotiggy sjmnignst wntf `jra pgiooad amjoj`y caituras, wfnga Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi ns

kaoariggy mipntignst wntf `jra craa-ìreat caituras. ]umf ‗joa oitnjo, twj systa`s‐ dnstnomtnjo

taods tj la jlsmurad no tfanr fjusnok pjgnmnas, is tfara ira `jra sjmnig wagcira agaàots no

Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi iod `jra ìreat-mj`patntnva agaàots no tfa R\M.

I mj`pirnsjo jc tfa ìhjr fjusnok pjgnmnas n`pgaàotad no tfa R\M iod Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi

nodnmitas tfit pjgnmnas aomjuriknok prnvita iod fnkf-nomjà fjusnok (a.k., `jrtkika notarast

rita radumtnjo) taod tj la `jra accamtnva tfio pjgnmnas civjrnok pulgnm jr gjw-nomjà fjusnok(a.k., fjusnok sulsndnas) no àatnok fjusnok prjvnsnjo tirkats. Rjgnmnas nocguaomnok ìreat

daìod (a.k., rastrnmtnjo jc purmfisa) taod tj la `jra accamtnva tfio pjgnmnas nocguaomnok ìreat

suppgy (a.k., djwokridnok jc gnvnok stiodirds) no stilngnznok fjusnok prnmas.

Tfa ìno pjgnmnas no tfa R\M ira `jrtkika notarast rita radumtnjo (a.k., tfa FRC), djwokridnokjc tfa gnvnok stiodird (a.k., tfa ;2”>2 Rjgnmy), gjio”vigua iod dalt”nomjà rakugitnjos (n.a.,rastrnmtnjos jo raig astita gjios), rastrnmtnjos jc oaw purmfisas no tfa jwoar-jmmupnad ìreat,

is wagg is raot mjotrjg no tfa raotig ìreat. Tfa ìno pjgnmnas no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi nomgudafjusnok sulsndnas, `jrtkika notarast rita dadumtnjo, iod prjparty tix jo fjusnok purmfisas

(n.a., ‗spnmy àisuras‐) no tfa jwoar-jmmupnad ìreat, is wagg is pulgnm fjusnok no tfa raotig

ìreat.

Tfa ravnaw jc fjusnok pjgnmnas sfjws tfit sjà fiva davnitad crj` tfanr axpamtad jutmjàs.A`pnrnmig tasts curtfar ravaig tfit martino pjgnmnas ìy, no cimt, aogirka prjparty ìreatcgumtuitnjos dua tj pjjr tn`nok jc n`pgaàotitnjo. ]jà gassjos mio la kgaioad crj` ravnawnok

tfasa pjgnmnas.

Joa gassjo crj` Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi ragitas tj tfa 61,222 Rgio, i pgio wntf kjjd notaotnjos lut

lid tn`nok. Joa sukkastnjo cjr tfa kjvaroàot tj raspjod `jra accnmnaotgy tj ìreat mfiokas ns

tj ratino tfa giod triosimtnjo ippgnmitnjo systa`, wfnmf wis nontnitad no 9>>> lut miomaggad no<29=. Tfa giod triosimtnjo ippgnmitnjo systa` raqunrad gnstnok tfa pnamas jc giod tj la




=2

davagjpad pulgnmgy lacjra tfay wara sjgd ly tfa kjvaroàot. @ihjr davagjpars ippgnad cjr tfagiod no wfnmf tfay wara notarastad it oakjtnitad prnmas wntf tfa kjvaroàot no idvioma. Tfaàisura stilngnzad tfa suppgy iod daìod jc fjusnok tfrjukf damnsnjos ìda ly tfa ìreat

nostaid jc tfa kjvaroàot. Fjwavar, i ìhjr mrntnmns` wis tfit nt igsj aomjurikad mjggusnjo

latwaao tfa kjvaroàot iod davagjpars.

Iojtfar gassjo crj` Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi, wfnmf ìy sfad gnkft jo tfa R\M„s rastrnmtnva pjgnmnasjo luyars, wis tfa noaccamtnvaoass jc tfa ‗spnmy àisuras‐ jo gjwarnok fjusnok prnmas. Tfns

wis dua tj tfa isy`àtrnm accamts jc nomraisnok iod damraisnok triosimtnjo mjsts jo amjoj`nmaccnmnaomy, is rinsnok triosimtnjo mjsts saaàd gass accamtnva tj mjjg djwo prjparty prnmas tfiogjwarnok triosimtnjo mjsts tj ljjst prjparty prnmas. Faoma, nt ìy la gass accamtnva cjr tfa

R\M„s rastrnmtnva purmfisa pjgnmnas tj mjrramt tfa nomraisnok traod jc fjusnok prnmas no tfa gjok

tar`. ât nc tfa kjvaroàot àragy notaodad tj pravaot fjusnok prnmas crj` nomraisnok tjj cistcjr i sfjrt tar`, rastrnmtnva purmfisa saa`s tj fiva imfnavad tfns kjig. Nodaad, rastrnmtnva

fjusnok pjgnmnas saa` tj la `jra accamtnva uodar i systa` tfit ns `jra tridntnjoiggy pgiooadtfio ̀ ireat-jrnaotad.

[fnga `jst fjusnok prjkri`s no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi in` it issnstnok pulgnm fjusnok taoiots tjlamjà prnvita fjàjwoars, tfns kjig ns cir crj` lanok imfnavad, ìnogy lamiusa tfasa

pjgnmnas prjvnda dnccaraot cjr`s jc fjusnok sulsndnas—i gass accamtnva àtfjd tj stnùgitajwoar-jmmupnad fjusnok (^jsfnoj, Faglga, Inziwi <291). ]n`ngirgy, tfa AMF smfaà fis cingadtj nomraisa tfa fjàjwoarsfnp ritas jc gjw-nomjà fjusafjgds no tfa R\M. Jo tfa mjotriry,tfa summass jc tfa FRC no prjvndnok `jrtkika notarast rita radumtnjo—i `jra accamtnva àisura

tj aomjurika fjàjwoarsfnp ittinoàot (^jsfnoj, Faglga, Inziwi <291)—ìnogy immjuots cjrtfa fnkf fjàjwoarsfnp rita no tfa R\M.

Tfara ira oj aisy sjgutnjos tj jtfar fjusnok prjlga`s no tfa R\M, sumf is tfa noaqunty jc

fjusnok waigtf iod nomraisnok fjusnok uoiccjrdilngnty. Igtfjukf viguilga sukkastnjos wara

prjpjsad jo prjparty tix racjr` (Kij <292), tfa dagiyad astilgnsfàot jc i oitnjoig prjpartytix systa` nodnmitas tfa mj`pgax ragitnjosfnp latwaao tfa maotrig iod gjmig kjvaroàots, wfnmfìeas fjusnok noaquignty `jra dnccnmugt tj timega. Joa sukkastnjo ns tj nomraisa tfa giod suppgy

tfrjukf ragjmitnok rurig rasndaots tj lungdnoks jo tfa urlio”rurig crnoka. \urig rasndaots stngg cnodnt dnccnmugt tj immass adumitnjo iod àdnmig rasjurmas, tfa cjràr lanok `jra ragaviot tj tfa

yjuokar kaoaritnjo iod tfa gittar mrntnmig tj tfa agdargy. Tfrjukf i gu`p-su` mj`paositnjo cjr

rurig pajpga, gjmig kjvaroàots imqunra mjggamtnvagy jwoad giod no rurig irais. Tfns ns dnccaraotcrj` tfa kjvaroàot„s murraot stritaky jc urlionzitnjo, wfnmf cjmusas jo rasattgnok rurig”urlio`nkriots wfj ira ìnogy `nddga-ikad iod wjre no i mnty. Tfa gjok-tar` tirkat ns tj aofioma tfa

adumitnjo gavags jc yjuok pajpga crj` rurig irais, iod tj prjvnda lattar àdnmig sarvnmas cjr tfa

agdargy. Mj`paositnjo, parsjoig davagjpàot, iod faigtf mira axpaosas mio la cuodad crj`virnjus mfiooags, sumf is tfa maotrig kjvaroàot„s trioscar piyàots5 rapiyàots jc

caggjwsfnps iod djoitnjos crj` kriduitas5 i vjguotiry novastàot cuod cjr urlio davagjpàot,gnea tfa fjàtjwo novastàot trust cuod prjpjsad cjr Hipio (^jsfnoj iod Tikfnzidaf-Fasiry<294)5 iod i ìoditjry smfaà cjr paosnjo cuods iod faigtf nosurioma sumf is tfa @ioditjry

Rrjvndaot Cuod no Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi.




=9

\ACA\AOMA]*

Ifuhi, I., G. Mfauok, K. Fio, O. Rjrtar, iod [. Xfiok. <292. Ira Fjusa Rrnmas \nsnok TjjCist no Mfnoi: Notaroitnjoig @joatiry Cuod (N@C) [jrenok Ripar [R/92/<;4. [isfnoktjo,

DM8 N@C.

Misa, E. A., iod \. H. ]fnggar. <22=. Ns Tfara i Lullga no tfa Fjusnok @ireat: LrjjenoksRipars jo Amjoj`nm Imtnvnty <22=(<)8 <>>”=3<.

Mfao, H., iod G. Daok. <294. Cnoiomnok Iccjrdilga Fjusnok tfrjukf Mj`pugsjry ]ivnok8 Tfa

Twj-Damida Axparnaoma jc Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod no Mfnoi. Fjusnok ]tudnas <>(;)8

>=;”>16.

Da`jkripfni. <291. 99tf Ioouig Da`jkripfni Notaroitnjoig Fjusnok Iccjrdilngnty ]urvay.

fttp8//www.da`jkripfni.mj`/.

Daok, ^., \. @jrme, H. [u, iod L. âuok. <299. @joatiry iod Cnsmig ]tnùgn, Jwoarsfnp]trumtura, iod Mfnoi's Fjusnok @ireat. Oitnjoig Luraiu jc Amjoj`nm \asairmf (OLA\)

[jrenok Ripar w936;9. Mi`lrndka, @I8 OLA\.Kij, G. <292. Imfnavaàots iod Mfiggaokas8 =2 âirs jc Fjusnok \acjr`s no tfa Rajpga„s

\apulgnm jc Mfnoi. Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe (IDL) [jrenok Ripar 9>6. @iongi8 IDL.

Fjok Ejok Fjusnok Iutfjrnty. 9>6;. Gjok Tar` Fjusnok ]tritaky. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi.

””””””””””. 9>>6. Fjàs cjr Fjok Ejok Rajpga notj tfa <9st Maotury. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi.

Gn, F., iod G. I. Xfju. <221. Rjgntnmig Turojvar iod Amjoj`nm Rarcjrìoma8 Tfa Nomaotnva \jgajc Rarsjooag Mjotrjg no Mfnoi. Hjuroig jc Rulgnm Amjoj`nms 6>(>)8 9;4=”9;3<.

Gn, H. <29<. [fit Miusas Nosuccnmnaot Iccjrdilga Fjusnok Rrjvnsnjo no Mfnoi: Fjok Ejok

Nostntuta jc Rgiooars Hjuroig <;(9)8 43”1;.

Gn, H., iod ^. F. Mfniok. <29<. [fit Rusfas up Mfnoi's \aig Astita Rrnma: Notaroitnjoig Hjuroig

jc Fjusnok @ireats iod Ioigysns 1(<)8 939”9;3.

Gn, H., ^. F. Mfniok, iod G. Mfjy. <299. Maotrig”Gjmig Mjocgnmt iod Rrjparty Mymga8 I Mfnoasa

]tyga. Filntit Notaroitnjoig =1(9)8 9<3”9=<.

Gn, H., iod ^. Vu. <291. Aviguitnok \astrnmtnva @aisuras Mjotinonok Fjusnok Rrnmas no Mfnoi8 IDiti Aovagjpàot Ioigysns Ipprjimf. Qrlio ]tudnas 224<2>62911>41>4 djn8

92.99;;/224<2>62911>41>4.

Gn, H. S. <294i. Amjoj`nm iod ]jmnig \astrumturnok8 Fjusnok N`pgnmitnjos cjr ^juok Rajpga no

Fjok Ejok. ]]\O [jrenok Ripar <4;3<36. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi8 Mnty Qonvarsnty jc Fjok

Ejok Qrlio \asairmf Krjup.

”””””””””. <294l. 'N I` Ojt Gaivnok Fjà'8 Rjst-62s' Fjusnok Ittntudas iod Ispnritnjos no

Fjok Ejok. ]]\O [jrenok Ripar <=4;>94. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi8 Mnty Qonvarsnty jc Fjok

Ejok Qrlio \asairmf Krjup.

Oitnjoig Luraiu jc ]titnstnms jc Mfnoi. fttp8//www.stits.kjv.mo/aokgnsf/stitnstnmigditi.

*Tfa Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe racars tj Mfnoi ly tfa oià Rajpga„s \apulgnm jc Mfnoi.




Rfnggnps, R., ^. [u, iod H. û. <299. Axpgjsnva Lafivnjur no tfa 9>>2s OI]DIY8 [fao DndAxularioma Asmigita Issat Siguas: Notaroitnjoig Amjoj`nm \avnaw 1<(9)8 <29”<<3.

]jutfwastaro Qonvarsnty jc Cnoioma iod Amjoj`nms. Mfnoi Fjusafjgd Cnoioma ]urvay.

fttp8//www.mfcsditi.jrk/.

[an, ^., R. T. Gi`, ^. F. Mfniok, iod L. ^. Gauok. <294. Tfa Mfioknok \aig Astita ]uppgy iod

Novastàot Rittaros no Mfnoi8 Io Nostntutnjoig Rarspamtnva jo Iccjrdilga Fjusnok. NoRrjmaadnoks jc tfa 9;tf Notaroitnjoig ]y`pjsnu` jo Idviomaàot jc Mjostrumtnjo

@ioikaàot iod \aig Astita, adntad ly H. [iok, X. Dnok, G. Xju, iod H. Xuj. Largno,Fandaglark8 ]prnokar.

[u, H., H. Kyjurej, iod ^. Daok. <29<. Aviguitnok Mjodntnjos no @ihjr Mfnoasa Fjusnok@ireats. \aknjoig ]mnaoma iod Qrlio Amjoj`nms 4<(=)8 1=9”14=.

îok, ^., iod E. M. Giod. <226. Ika”Rarnjd”Mjfjrt Ioigysns jc \apaitad Mrjss-]amtnjo]urvays8 Cnxad jr \iodj` Accamts:. ]jmnjgjknmig @atfjds & \asairmf =3(=)8 <>;”=<3.

îok, ^., [. H. Cu, iod E. M. Giod. <224. I @atfjdjgjknmig Mj`pirnsjo jc Ika Rarnjd Mjfjrt

@jdags8 Tfa Notrnosnm Astnìtjr iod Mjovaotnjoig Kaoarignzad Gnoair @jdags. ]jmnjgjknmig

@atfjdjgjky =4(9)8 ;1”992.

îok, D. T., H. Xfiok, iod ]. Xfju. <29<. [fy Ira ]ivnok \itas ]j Fnkf no Mfnoi: No

Mipntignznok Mfnoi, adntad ly H. Cio iod \. @jrme. Mfnmikj8 Tfa Qonvarsnty jc MfnmikjRrass.

âuok. ]., iod \. Fjwas. <223. Tfa \jga jc tfa Fjusnok Rrjvndaot Cuod no Cnoiomnok Iccjrdilga Fjusnok Davagjpàot no Mfnoi. Filntit Notaroitnjoig =2(<)8 =4=”=13.

^jsfnoj, O., @. Faglga, iod T. Inziwi. <291. Fjusnok Rjgnmnas cjr Isni8 I Tfajratnmig Ioigysnsly Qsa jc Daìod iod ]uppgy @jdag. Isnio Davagjpàot Lioe Nostntuta (IDLN) [jrenok

Ripar ]arnas 1<3. Tjeyj8 IDLN.

^jsfnoj, O., iod T. Tikfnzidaf-Fasiry. <294. Fjàtjwo Novastàot Trust Cuods8 Io Ioigysns

jc Mradnt \nse. IDLN [jrenok Ripar ]arnas 121. Tjeyj8 IDLN.

^ju, H., F. [u, iod ]. ]. Fio. <299. Jrnkno iod Dnvarsnty: Tfa Mfnoasa Rrjparty Davagjpar no

tfa Oiohnok Iccjrdilga Fjusnok @ireat. Ripar prapirad cjr tfa 9;tf Rimncnm-\n` \aig Astita]jmnaty Ioouig Mjocaraoma. Kjgd Mjist, Iustrigni. 93”9> Hiouiry.

Xfiok, [., K. Fio, iod ]. [. [. Mfio. <294. Fjw ]trjok Ira tfa Gnoeikas latwaao \aigAstita iod Jtfar ]amtjrs no Mfnoi: Fjok Ejok Nostntuta cjr @joatiry \asairmf (FEN@\)

[jrenok Ripar 99/<294. Fjok Ejok, Mfnoi8 FEN@\.

Xfiok, V. Y. <222. Tfa \astrumturnok jc tfa Fjusnok Cnoioma ]ysta` no Qrlio Mfnoi. Mntnas 9;(1)8 ==>”=46.

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