housing blackboard

7/28/2019 Housing Blackboard

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SS-1065DSocial Divisions and Change

Week Seven


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Last week...Definitions of poverty

Poverty and class, gender, ethnicity, disabilityand childhoodCase studies: Childhood poverty anddisability and povertyEffects of povertyPolicies to tackle poverty

Attitudes to poverty


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This week...Housing and governing conduct:

Teenage pregnancy

Anti-social behaviour Homelessness

Ethnicity and housing:

Long-established BME communitiesNew migrantsGypsy/Roma/Traveller


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Essay tipsDifference within difference (e.g. if focussing on gender look at intersections with other social divisions - what arethe experiences of women and men from particular ethnicgroups, or social class positions?)Format: Black ink, Arial or Times New Roman font, size12, line spacing doubleIntroduction (10% of word count) , main text (80% of word count), conclusion (10% of word count)Referencing: check bibliography and in text referencing Spell check and proof readingLearner Development Unit v useful resource!


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Housing needsAbsolute and relative needs (remember last weekon poverty?)

Universalism and particularism - Different socialgroups might have some different needs?Harrison (2005: 135) the severity of conditionsrelates not simply to the problems of a dwelling as

seen by an outsider, but to how well and howwillingly a specific household can cope with them.


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HomeHome: a fusion of spatial, social, psychological andtemporal domains ( Sirriyeh 2010)Shelter, safe haven, security (Kearns et al. 2000; Sibley

2001; Watson & Austerberry 1986)Intimacy and the local of important social relations(Bahlool 1996; Davidson 2008; Massey 1992)Privacy (Reinders & Van der Land 2008)Choice and control (Dupuis & Thorns 1996; Watson &

Austerberry 1986).The centre of the world (Berger 1984) Scale and location?: house, rooms, public space, mind,time, practices (see Radley et al. 2005)


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Home and social interactionRapport and Dawson (1998: 21) write that home isthat environment...in which one best knows oneself,where ones self -identity is best grounded.How and where individuals know themselves bestis not arrived at in isolation, but is also produced inthe context of their social interactions and how, and

where, others know them best ( Sirriyeh 2010, Seealso Brah 1996; Yuval-Davis et al. 2006).


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What makes an idealhome?


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HomelessnessHomelessness absence of the legal right of applicant+ their dependents to occupy a dwelling. Also those whohave legal right, but cant occupy due to domestic

violence Rough sleepers -People sleeping in the open air (e.g.on the streets, in tents, doorways, parks, bus shelters or encampments). People sleeping in places not designedfor living in(e.g. stairwells, barns, sheds, car parks, cars,derelict boats, stations. Hidden homelessness people who becomehomeless, but find temporary solutions (e.g. sofasurfing, squats)


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Numbers (see Homeless Link

website)Sources of statistics on homelessness:

Street counts of people sleeping roughData from local authorities on number of people applying to themas homelessLocal authority data on cases of prevention of homelessnessStatistics from homelessness services on numbers of clients theysee

Rough sleepers Autumn 2010 1,76 8 people in England.

42% increase from 2009 (Homeless Line March 2011)Hidden homeless estimate in 2003 by The Policy Institute:310,000 and 380,000 people48,330 households were in temporary accommodation on 30June 2011


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Gender and homelessnessIdeas of home have often been conflated with the house (i.e. thought to bethe same thing) (Blunt & Dowling 2006).Domestic violence: 13 million separate incidents of physical violence/threatsof violence against women from partners or former partners each year (Walby and Allen, 2004),2 women per week murdered by partner or former partner (Womens Aid +Home Office)Tomas and Dittmars (1995: 497) study: women had often become streethomeless to escape abuse in the home. given the high levels of abuse and

relocation reported in the literature, the homelessness of women may beless a problem of housing, and more of a solution to it Gender and homelessness servicesGender, ethnicity and service provision - Jewish Womens Aid, AshaProjects, Saheli,


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Shelter survey reasons for being

on the streetrelationship breakdown: 41 per centbeing asked to leave the family home: 28 per cent

drug and alcohol problems: 31 per cent and 28per cent respectivelyleaving prison: 25 per centmental health problems: 19 per centother: for example, eviction, problems with benefitspayments. (Shelter 2007:14)


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Causes of homelessnessPersonal causesIndividual factors : drug and alcohol misuse, lack of qualifications, lack of social support, debts esp.

mortgage or rent arrears, poor physical and mentalhealth, relationship breakdown, getting involved in crimeat early ageFamily background : family breakdown, sexual andphysical abuse in childhood/youth, having parents withdrug or alcohol problems, previous experience of familyhomelessnessAn institutional background : having been in care, thearmed forces, or prison.


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Causes (2)Structural causes (Social and economic outsidecontrol of individual)

unemploymentpovertylack of affordable housinghousing policiesstructure and administration of housing benefitwider policy developments like the closure of long-stay psychiatric hospitals.


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Catalysts (triggers)Catalysts for becoming homeless (notnecessarily underlying causes which may be

multiple and built up over time)Top 2 in 2004 (Lund 2006: 133):parents, friends or relatives unwilling or unableto continue to accommodate them 37%relationship breakdown (20%) includingdomestic violence in 2/3 of relationshipbreakdown cases


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What policies could help

to reducehomelessness in the

UK?


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History of housing policy1597 Vagrancy Act rogues, vagabondes and sturdybeggars punished for leaving parish to look for work1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor parishes mustmake poor work to receive assistance1824 Vagrancy Act defines vagrancy as failure tomaintain oneself idle and disorderly, rouges andvagabondes or incorrigible rogues! 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act workhouses, menseparated from their wives and children. Some peoplechose to be sleep rough or a Common Lodging Houserather than be in the workhouse.


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Post world war 21 94 8 N a t i o n a l A s s i s t a n c e A c t single homelessness/familyhomelessness. Social work not housing authorityCathy Come Home (1966) BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips -Docu-drama 'Cathy Come Home',1966 - Media Studies Video 1970s responsibility for homeless from social services tohousing authorities1977 Housing Act basis for current homeless legislation homeless definition + LA duties, but clauses including priorityneed and unintentionally homeless

1977 Act doesnt include rough sleepers. 1980s London cardboard cities 1986 Housing and Planning Act quality of housing1996 Housing Act 2 yr temporary housing limit2002 Homelessness Act abolish temp. limit, new priority

needs
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/docu-drama-cathy-come-home-1966/9858.html


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Housing and governing

conductNikolas Rose (2001) Grammars of living (acceptedideas about they way people should live and behave)shaped by dominant discourses of morality (government,media)Rules of conduct are established based on thesedominant norms and valuesNew or new version of older existing discourse?

Ravetz (2001) housing support shaping conduct of poor to middle-class norms of acceptabilityDamer (2000) Public health depts. (19 th Century ), publichousing management surveillance, control, moralising


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Coercive welfare (Phoenix

2008)Phoenix argues that interplay between welfaresupport and criminal justice sanctions is the stateusing coercive welfare (Phoenix 2008: 282) Housing is a central site of the governance of marginalised households (Flint 2009: 248)HOW?

SurveillanceConditionalityInterventions and coercionSanctions


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Governing anti-social behaviour Anti-social behaviour widerange of behaviour from litter toserious harassment (SocialExclusion Unit 200: 14)

ASBOs Anti-Social Behaviour OrdersFamily Intervention Projects Housing benefit sanctions pilot

EvictionGood book available inuniversity library: Flint, J. (ed.)(2006) Housing, UrbanGovernance and Anti-Social

Behaviour , Bristol: Policy Press


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Governing homelessnessPublic spaces criminalising begging, ASBOs, homelessout of place Housing gift rather than social right (Harrison 1995)contract and conditionalityDisciplining strategies

tough love responsibilise clients ( Whiteford 2010) (e.g.charging for food)

Therapeutic strategiesE.g. responses to mental health, flexibility

See Dobson (2010) case study on drop in centre staff


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Teenage parentsEngland and Wales 2009 - 38, 259 conceptions (15-17 yr oldgirls), approx half had an abortion.Teenage pregnancy viewed as a problem and always andonly ever calamitous (Arai 2009). It is seen as outside therealm of normal and acceptable childhood experience.Most research on young mothers but recently some on youngfathers (See Timescapes longitudinal research)http://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/Policy%20Conf erence%202011/paper%202.pdf Young people in care

1999 New Labour Social Exclusion Unit report link betweenteenage pregnancy and social exclusion
http://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/Policy%20Conference%202011/paper%202.pdfhttp://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/Policy%20Conference%202011/paper%202.pdfhttp://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/Policy%20Conference%202011/paper%202.pdfhttp://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/Policy%20Conference%202011/paper%202.pdf


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Welfare dependency Concerns over welfare dependency. Distinguishedfrom other natural and positive dependencies (e.g.relying on parents) (Guillari + Shaw 2005)Status of (unpaid) care workNew Labour and SEU goals:

Halve teenage pregnancy rates by 2010

Reduce teenage parents risk of long -term socialexclusion


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Independence/InterdependenceIndependent living critiqued phrase as not a realisticreflection youth transitions to adulthood (Frost &Stein 1995).The term interdependence is suggested as moreuseful as it reflects a notion of shared care andresponsibility between young people, their families,friends, care workers and the broader community(Mendes and Moslehuddin 2004:33).What level of independence within interdependentrelationships? Choice, control and options


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Policies and practiceSemi-independent living (supported housing units)Parent and baby foster careInformal family care and supportRate of teenage pregnancies in 2009 fell by 5.9%compared to 2008 (Billingsley 2011)Teenage Pregnancy National Support Team(TPNST) established in 2007.Teenage Pregnancy Co-ordinators in each UK healthregion introduced by New Labour cut back byCoalition (76 of 150 councils losing TPC)


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DiscussionBased on your reading (the articles onteenage parents or/and homelessness)

To what extent do you think housingpolicies support or control people? If you were in government what kinds of

housing policies to support either a) peoplewho are homeless b) teenage parents?


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Theorising ethnicity and

exclusion in housingEssentialism and mono-causalexplanations versus heterogeneity and

multiple explanationsExclusion (Ratcliffe 2002)

Cultural

MaterialSpatial


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Migration and housingSuperdiversity (Vertovec 2006) Availability of affordable good quality housing andlocation of housing

Limited use of social housing by new migrants approx6% (Perry 2008)Immigration law, hierarchies of welfare provision (Bloch& Schuster 2005; Dwyer 2005)

Access to advice, wider services, language barriers

Impact on private sector (Up rent, landlords takingadvantage poor conditions) (Perry 2008)Temporary, frequent movesRacism, resentment


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Long-established BME communities and

housingRemember differences between and within BME communities (seeWeek 4 Ethnicity)Generations and housing aspirations more complex and diverseDisadvantage, discrimination

the proportion of minority ethnic people living in deprivedneighbourhoods across England is about twice as high as thoseliving elsewhere. (Barnard et al. 2011)Overcrowding: household structure, youthful population, availablehousingHousing tenure and different patterns within different ethnic

communitiesBME housing associationsLocation choices in social housingChoice-based lettings schemes

(See Malcolm Harrison, Debbie Phillips, Peter Ratcliffe, John Perry, Peter Sommerville etc)


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Long-established white +

BME communitiesFeelings of abandonmentLong social housing waiting lists and limited supplyof affordable housingResentment and lack of information about housingpoliciesRelations between long-established white, black and

minority ethnic communities and various newmigrants communities


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Gypsy /Roma/Traveller peopleBoth new migrants and long-established communities in the UK,differing legal statusGypsy/Roma/Traveller (GRT): In Britain, there are UK IrishTravellers, Scots Travellers (Nachins), Welsh Gypsies (Kale) andEnglish Gypsies (Romanichals), Travelling Showpeople (FairgroundTravellers), Boat Dwellers (Bargees) and Circus Travellers. (200-250,000) (Law et al. 2008). Also Roma (different clans within thiscategory and includes established communities and new migrants)Gypsy/Roma and Travellers of Irish Heritage are identified as racialgroups and covered by the Race Relations ActsRoma are largest ethnic minority in Europe (approx 10-12 million)


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GRT and HousingDiscrimination and disadvantage acrossEuropeHome, housing and sedentarism

Nomadic, sem-nomadic, staticaccommodationUrban planning and land control laws(Morris and Clements 1999).Shortage of pitches provided by local

councils in UKEU Framework for National RomaIntegration Strategies(See European Roma Rights Centre,European Network Against Racism)


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The wealthy and Gated

communities Gated communities self -segregated, prestige residential

areas enclosed within high walls and electrified fencesand protected by electronic surveillance, with remote-

controlled gates that are often supervised, through whichonly residents have automatic access ( Janes & Mooney2009: 25)Fortress UK? more common in US, South Africa, South

America etc, but growth in UKElites can insulate against perceived risk and unwanted encounters (Atkinson & Flint 2004: 875) and maintainsocial distance from other social groups


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DiscussionHave a look at the article on gatedcommunities in the UKWhat do you think those in favour of gated communities might argue aretheir benefits?What do you think their critics mightargue in response?


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GentrificationGentrification - 'the rehabilitation of working-class andderelict housing and the consequent transformation of anarea into a middle- class neighbourhood (Smith andWilliams 1981: 6)Labours Urban Renaissance Programme 2000 onwards bringing middle classes back to the city, social mixing,sustainable communities ( Hodgekinson 2010, Davidson2008, Cowan 2006)E.g. city centres + some inner city areas in Manchester,Leeds, London docklands, Liverpool etcRegeneration, cosmopolitan cities and/or displacement,exclusion, rising prices, privatisation of public spaces?Who is the right sort of cosmopolitan resident? Casestudy in Manchester (Young et al. 2006)


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SummaryWhat is good housing? What is the differencebetween house and home?Homelessness in the UKSupport and control in housing policies governingconductEthnicity, migration and housing

Spatial segregation and wealth - Gated communitiesand gentrification


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Next week Community, Social Conflict and UrbanDisordersRead Ch. 13 Community in Geoff Payne Social Divisions book and/or Trevor Phillips speech After 7/7Sleepwalking to Segregation


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References Atkinson, R. & Flint, J. (2004) Fortress UK?: Gated communities, the spatial revolt of elites and time-space trajectories of segregation, Housing Studies 19(6): 875-892.Barnard, H. et al. (2011) Poverty and Ethnicity: a review of evidence, York: JRFBillingsley, M. (2011) Cuts threaten to undermine progress in reducing teenagepregnancies, charities claim, British Medical Journal, 342:d1264

Cowans J (2006) Cities and regions of sustainable communities new strategies.Town and Country Planning, Tomorrow Series Paper 4. London: Town and CountryPlanning AssociationDavidson M (2008) Spoiled mixture: Where does state- led positive gentrificationend? Urban Studies 45(12):2385 2405 Dupuis, A. and D. Thorns 1996. Meanings of Home for Older Home Owners. Housing Studies. 11 (4), pp. 485 501.Flint, J. (2009) Governing Marginalised Populations: The role of coercion, support andagency, European Journal of Homelessness, 3: 247 -260Harrison, M. 2005. Revisiting Housing Need. In: M. Harrison, D. Phillips, K. Chahal, L.Hunt, J. Perry. Housing, 'race' and community cohesion. CIH with Housing Studies

Association, pp.133-154. Hodgekinson, S. (2010) Housing Regeneration and the Private Finance Initiative:Unstitching the Neo-liberal Urban Straightjacket, Antipode 43(2): 358-383.


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ReferencesPhoenix, J. (2008) ASBOs and Working Women: A new revolving door?, in P. Squires (ed.) ASBONation: The criminalisation of nuisance, Bristol: Policy Press, pp.289-303 RADLEY, A., D.HODGETTS , and A. CULLEN. 2005. Visualizing homelessness: a study in photography andestrangement. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology .15 (4), pp. 273 295. RAPPORT, N. and A. DAWSON. 1998. Home and Movement: A Polemic. In: N. Rapport and A.Dawson, eds. Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement . Oxford: Berg, pp.39-60.Shelter (2007) Reaching Out - a consultation with street homeless people 10 years after the launchof the Rough Sleepers Unit: London.Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (1999) Teenage Pregnanc y. London: The Stationery Office.Sommerville, P. & Steele, A. (Eds.) (2002) Race, Housing and Social Exclusion , London: JessicaKingsley Publishers Ltd.Smith, N. and Williams, P. (eds) (1986) Gentrification of the City, London: Unwin and Hyman.

TOMAS, D. and H. DITTMAR. 1995. The experience of homeless women: an exploration of housinghistories and the meaning of home. Housing Studies. 10 (4), pp. 468-493.Walby, Sylvia and Allen, Jonathan (2004) Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findingsfrom the British Crime Survey (London: Home Office Research, Development and StatisticsDirectorate)Watson, S. and H. Austerberry. 1986. Housing and Homelessness: A feminist perspective . London:Routledge.

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