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7/27/2019 HouseTuttle_CurrentCarryingCapacityofACSR_1959ID633VER39 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/housetuttlecurrentcarryingcapacityofacsr1959id633ver39 1/5 Current-Carrying Capacity of ACSR H. E. HOUSE P. D. TUTTLE MEMBER AIEE MEMBER AIEE and electric current, the following equa- tion is valid (1) c+qr =I2r+q. or I-qc +qr-qs r (1A) Synopsis: Current-temperature charac- teristics of stranded-aluminum conductor steel reinforced, known throughout the industry as ACSR, have been investigated. The effects of surface conditions, wind velocity, altitude, and solar radiation are illustrated for a widely used size of con- ductor; curves of current-carrying capacity versus conductor outside diameter are given for design conditions of 75 C (degrees centigrade) conductor temperature and 25 C ambient temperature at 2-fps (feet per second) wind velocity. Necessary formulas and tables to permit computation of current values for any set of operating conditions are included. Computed values of current are in close agreement with test data which have obtained by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and other investigators. SINCE first introduced by Alcoa in 1909, the use of ACSR for overhead electric power transmission lines has grown steadily until it has almost re- placed copper for such use. In most new construction, aluminum instead of copper is being used for overhead distribution conductors. Because of the presence of the steel core in ACSR and its consequent effect on the electrical characteristics of the conductor, considerable test work has been carried on throughout the years to evaluate effective resistance. This is needed to compute the current-carrying capacity of the conductor. Early in- vestigations were carried out by Work for Alcoa at the Carnegie Institute of Tech- nology, Pittsburgh,Pa.l The well-known publications of Luke2 and Schurig and Frick' were followed periodically by others,4-8 indicating a strong and con- tinued interest in the subject. Results of tests for the determination of the emissivity of stranded-aluminum con- ductors for surface conditions of both new and weathered conductors were reported in1956.' Tests to determine the effective60-cycle resistance of a great variety of sizes and strandings of ACSR have been carried Paper 58-41, recommended by the AIEE Trans. miion an d Distribution Committee and approved by the AIEE Technical Operations Department for presentation at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, Ne w York, N. Y., February 2-7, 1958. Manu- script submitted October 16, 1957; made available for printing November 6, 1957. H. E. HoUsE and P. D. TUTTLE are with Alcoa Research Laboratories, Massena, N. Y. out at the Alcoa Research Laboratories at Massena, N. Y. Conductors were strung under tension on a 120-ft (foot) test span. Values of 60-cycle resistance were meas- ured up to a conductor temperature of 200 C or 3,000 amperes/square inch if 200 C temperature was not reached. The method which was used in these tests is described by Tompkins, Jones, and Tuttle.'0 A co-operative research program be- tween the Illinois Institute of Tech- nology, Chicago, Ill., and Alcoa Research Laboratories has been completed.11,12 The results of this work provide a means of accurate computations of reactance and resistance for ACSR of any combi- nation of aluminum and steel stranding. Because of the tremendous growth of the electrical utility industry, there re- main very few long transmission lines in the eastern part of the United States. Lines that were once long have been looped into newly constructed sub- stations. The load on these short trans- mission lines is limited by the heating of the conductors rather than by stability and voltage regulation, as was the case as late as the 1930's. For this reason, an accurate understanding of the thermal capabilities of the conductors is more im- portant than ever before. The formula developed by McAdams" for convected-heat loss of single horizontal tubes and wires has been found to give accurate convected-heat loss for stranded conductors. Thisformula has been com- bined with the results of emissivity tests9 and data on solar radiation,14"' and field- test data on absorption of solar and sky radiation on outdoor test spans of stranded conductors, in order to evaluate the current-carrying capacity of ACSR. With accurate values of a-c resistance for a variety of strandings, it is now possible to compute the current a conductor will carry for any given set of conditions of temperature, wind velocity, surface con- dition, and altitude above sea level, both with and without the effect of the sun. Heat-Balance Equation of Electrical Conductors Under steady-state conditions of wind velocity, temperature, solar radiation, where q8 is convected-heat loss, q. is radiated-heat loss, I is the current in amperes, r is the effective a-c resistance in ohms/ft of conductor, and qs is the amount of heat received from solar and sky radiation. Each heat quantity in the equation is expressed in watts/lineal ft of conductor. CONVECTED-HBAT LOSS The fundamental relationship for con- vected-heat loss of single horizontal tubes and wires is given by McAdams (see refer- ence 13, p. 220). This is expressed by the dimensionless equation hDk =0.32+0.43 0 (2) where hDo/kf is the Nusselt number, and DoGl,of is the Reynolds number for any set of conditions. Thisformula is recom- mended for Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 which include air veloci- ties up to 2 fps for conductors up to 1.3- inch diameter. The units used in electrical engineering are watts, degrees centigrade, and feet. Accordingly, h, the surface coefficient of heat transfer, is expressed in watts/sq (square) ft/C; Do is conductor outside diameter in ft; kf is the thermal conduc- tivity of air, (watts) (ft)/(sq ft) (C); G is the mass velocity of air in lb (pounds)/ hr (hour) (sq ft) cross section, or the product of air density pf in lb/ft' times the velocity V in ft/hr. The quantity uf is the absolute viscosity of air in lb-mass/ft-hr. Density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are at the temperature of the air film given by the relationship tc +t. if 2 where tA is the conductor temperature and ta is the temperature of surrounding air in C. Then, for DopfV/&Af=0.1 to 1,000, 0 .32+0.43(D fvy° I x krDo (te -ta) (3) Do By simplifying and expressing conduc- tor diameter D in inches, the following equation is obtained FHouse, Tuttle-Current-Carrying Capacity of A CSR IEBRUARY 1959 1169

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7/27/2019 HouseTuttle_CurrentCarryingCapacityofACSR_1959ID633VER39

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C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y of ACSR

H . E . HOUSE P . D . T U T T L EMEMBER A I E E MEMBER A I E E

a n d e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t , t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a -

t i o n i s v a l i d

( 1 )c + q r = I 2 r + q .

o r

I - q c + q r - q sr

( 1 A )

S y n o p s i s : C u r r e n t - t e m p e r a t u r e c h a r a c -

t e r i s t i c s o f s t r a n d e d - a l u m i n u m c o n d u c t o rs t e e l r e i n f o r c e d , k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t t h ei n d u s t r y a s ACSR, h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d .The e f f e c t s o f s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n s , w i n dv e l o c i t y , a l t i t u d e , a n d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a r ei l l u s t r a t e d f o r a w i d e l y u s e d s i z e o f c o n -d u c t o r ; c u r v e s o f c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t yv e r s u s c o n d u c t o r o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r a r e

g i v e n f o r d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s o f 7 5 C ( d e g r e e sc e n t i g r a d e ) c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d2 5 C a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e a t 2 - f p s ( f e e tp e r s e c o n d ) w i n d v e l o c i t y . N e c e s s a r yf o r m u l a s a n d t a bl e s t o p e r m i t c o m p u t a t i o no f c u r r e n t v a l u e s f o r a n y s e t o f o p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n s a r e i n c l u d e d . C o m p u t e d v a l u e so f c u r r e n t a r e i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t e s td a t a w h i c h h a v e o b t a i n e d b y AluminumCompany o f A m e r i c a ( A l c o a ) a n d o t h e r

i n v e s t i g a t o r s .

SINCE f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d b y A l c o a i n1 9 0 9 , t h e u s e o f A C S R f o r o v e r h e a d

e l e c t r i c p o w e r t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s h a s

g r o w n s t e a d i l y u n t i l i t h a s a l m o s t r e -p l a c e d c o p p e r f o r s u c h u s e . I n m o s t new

c o n s t r u c t i o n , a l u m i n u m i n s t e a d o f c o p p e ri s b e i n g u s e d f o r o v e r h e a d d i s t r i b u t i o nc o n d u c t o r s . B e c a u s e o f t h e p r e s e n c e o ft h e s t e e l c o r e i n ACSR a n d i t s c o n s e q u e n t

e f f e c t o n t h e e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o ft h e c o n d u c t o r , c o n s i d e r a b l e t e s t w o r k h a s

b e e n c a r r i e d o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r s t o

e v a l u a t e e f f e c t i v e r e s i s t a n c e . T h i s i sn e e d e d t o c o m p u t e t h e c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n gc a p a c i t y o f t h e c o n d u c t o r . E a r l y i n -v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t b y Work f o rA l c o a a t t h e C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h -

n o l o g y , P i t t s b u r g h , P a . l T h e w e l l - k n o w n

p u b l i c a t i o n s o f L u k e 2 a n d S c h u r i g a n dF r i c k ' w e r e f o l l o w e d p e r i o d i c a l l y b yo t h e r s , 4 - 8 i n d i c a t i n g a s t r o n g a n d c o n -t i n u e d i n t e r e s t i n t h e s u b j e c t .

R e s u l t s o f t e s t s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o ft h e e m i s s i v i t y o f s t r a n d e d - a l u m i n u m c o n -

d u c t o r s f o r s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n s o f b o t h n e wa n d w e at h e r e d c o n du c t o r s w e r e r e p o r t e di n 1 9 5 6 . '

T e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e 6 0 - c y c l er e s i s t a n c e o f a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s i z e s a n d

s t r a n d i n g s o f ACSR h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d

P a p e r 5 8 - 4 1 , recommended b y t h e AIEE T r a n s .m i i o n an d D i s t r i b u t i o n C o m m i t t e e a n d a p p r o v e db y t h e AIE E T e c h n i c a l O p e r a t i o n s D e p a r t m e n t f o rp r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e AIEE W i n t e r G e n e r a l M e e t i n g ,Ne w Y o r k , N. Y . , F e b r u a r y 2 - 7 , 1 9 5 8 . M a n u -s c r i p t s u b m i t t e d O c t o b e r 1 6 , 1 9 5 7 ; m a d e a v a i l a b l ef o r p r i n t i n g November 6 , 1 9 5 7 .

H . E . H oUsE a n d P . D . T U T T L E a r e w i t h A l c o aR e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , M a s s e n a , N . Y .

o u t a t t h e A l c o a R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s a t

M a s s e n a , N . Y . C o n d u c t o r s w e r e s t r u n gu n d e r t e n s i o n o n a 1 2 0 - f t ( f o o t ) t e s t s p a n .

V a l u e s o f 6 0 - c y c l e r e s i s t a n c e w e r e m e a s -

u r e d u p t o a c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e o f2 0 0 C o r 3 , 0 0 0 a m p e r e s / s q u a r e i n c h i f

2 0 0 C t e m p e r a t u r e w a s n o t r e a c h e d .

T h e m e t h o d w h i c h w a s u s e d i n t h e s et e s t s i s d e s c r i b e d b y T o m p k i n s , J o n e s ,a n d T u t t l e . ' 0A c o - o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m b e -

t w e e n t h e I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h -

n o l o g y , C h i c a g o , I l l . , a n d A l c o a R e s e a r c h

L a b o r a t o r i e s h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d . 1 1 , 1 2The r e s u l t s o f t h i s w o r k p r o v i d e a m e a n so f a c c u r a t e c o m p u t a t i o n s o f r e a c t a n c e

a n d r e s i s t a n c e f o r ACSR o f a n y c o m b i -n a t i o n o f a l u m i n u m a n d s t e e l s t r a n d i n g .

B e c a u s e o f t h e t r e m e n d o u s g r o w t h o ft h e e l e c t r i c a l u t i l i t y i n d u s t r y , t h e r e r e -m a i n v e r y f e w l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s i nt h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .L i n e s t h a t w e r e o n c e l o n g h a v e b e e nl o o p e d i n t o n e w l y c on st r u c t e d s u b -

s t a t i o n s . T h e l o a d o n t h e s e s h o r t t r a n s -m i s s i o n l i n e s i s l i m i t e d b y t h e h e a t i n g o ft h e c o n d u c t o r s r a t h e r t h a n b y s t a b i l i t ya n d v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n , a s w a s t h e c a s ea s l a t e a s t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , a n

a c c u r a t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e t h e r m a l

c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s i s m o r e i m -p o r t a n t t h a n e v e r b e f o r e .

T h e f o r m u l a d e v e l o p e d b y McAdams"f o r c o n v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s o f s i n g l e h o r i z o n t a lt u b e s a n d w i r e s h a s b e e n f o u n d t o g i v ea c c u r a t e c o n v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s f o r s t r a n d e d

c o n d u c t o r s . T h i s f o r m u la h a s b e e n c o m -b i n e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f e m i s s i v i t y t e s t s 9a n d d a t a o n s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , 1 4 " ' a n d f i e l d -t e s t d a t a o n a b s o r p t i o n o f s o l a r a n d s k yr a d i a t i o n o n o u t d o o r t e s t s p a n s o fs t r a n d e d c o n d u c t o r s , i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e

t h e c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f ACSR.W i t h a c c u r a t e v a l u e s o f a - c r e s i s t a n c e f o ra v a r i e t y o f s t r a n d i n g s , i t i s now p o s s i b l e

t o c o m p u t e t h e c u r r e n t a c o n d u c t o r w i l lc a r r y f o r a n y g i v e n s e t o f c o n d i t i o n s o ft e m p e r a t u r e , w i n d v e l o c i t y , s u r f a c e c o n -

d i t i o n , a n d a l t i t u d e a b o v e s e a l e v e l ,b o t h w i t h a n d w i t h o u t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e

s u n .

H e a t - B a l a n c e E q u a t i o n o f E l e c t r i c a lC o n d u c t o r s

U n d e r s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s o f w i n dv e l o c i t y , t e m p e r a t u r e , s o l a r r a d i a t i o n ,

w h e r e q 8 i s c o n v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s , q . i s

r a d i a t e d - h e a t l o s s , I i s t h e c u r r e n t i na m p e r e s , r i s t h e e f f e c t i v e a - c r e s i s t a n c ei n o h m s / f t o f c o n d u c t o r , a n d q s i s t h ea m o u n t o f h e a t r e c e i v e d f r o m s o l a r a n d

s k y r a d i a t i o n . E a c h h e a t q u a n t i t y i n t h e

e q u a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d i n w a t t s / l i n e a l f t o fc o n d u c t o r .

C O N V E C T E D - H B A T L O S S

T h e f u n d a m e n t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r c o n -

v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s o f s i n g l e h o r i z o n t a l t u b e sa n d w i r e s i s g i v e n b y McAdams ( s e e r e f e r -e n c e 1 3 , p . 2 2 0 ) . T h i s i s e x p r e s s e d b yt h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s e q u a t i o n

h D k =0 . 3 2 + 0 . 4 3 0

( 2 )

w h e r e h D o / k f i s t h e N u s s e l t n u m b e r , a n d

D o G l , o f i s t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r f o r a n y

s e t o f c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s f o r m u l a i s r e c o m -

m e n d e d f o r R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s r a n g i n gf r o m 0 . 1 t o 1 , 0 0 0 w h i c h i n c l u d e a i r v e l o c i -t i e s u p t o 2 f p s f o r c o n d u c t o r s u p t o 1 . 3 -i n c h d i a m e t e r .

T h e u n i t s u s e d i n e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n ga r e w a t t s , d e g r e e s c e n t i g r a d e , a n d f e e t .A c c o r d i n g l y , h , t h e s u r f a c e c o e f f i c i e n t o fh e a t t r a n s f e r , i s e x p r e s s e d i n w a t t s / s q( s q u a r e ) f t / C ; D o i s c o n d u c t o r o u t s i d e

d i a m e t e r i n f t ; k f i s t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c -t i v i t y o f a i r , ( w a t t s ) ( f t ) / ( s q f t ) ( C ) ; Gi s t h e m a s s v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n l b ( p o u n d s ) /h r ( h o u r ) ( s q f t ) c r o s s s e c t i o n , o r

t h e p r o d u c t o f a i r d e n s i t y p f i n l b / f t 't i m e s t h e v e l o c i t y V i n f t / h r . T h eq u a n t i t y u f i s t h e a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y o fa i r i n l b - m a s s / f t - h r . D e n s i t y , v i s c o s i t y ,a n d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a r e a t t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r f i l m g i v e n b y t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p

t c + t .i f 2

w h e r et A

i s t h e c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n dt a i s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f s u r r o u n d i n g a i ri n C .

T h e n , f o r D o p f V / & A f = 0 . 1 t o 1 , 0 0 0 ,

0 . 3 2 + 0 . 4 3 ( D f v y ° I x

k r D o ( t e - t a ) ( 3 )D o

By s i m p l i f y i n g a n d e x p r e s s i n g c o n d u c -t o r d i a m e t e r D i n i n c h e s , t h e f o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n i s o b t a i n e d

F H o u s e , T u t t l e - C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y o f A C S RI E B R U A R Y 1 9 5 9 1 1 6 9

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T a b l e 1 . V i s c o s i t y , D e n s i t y a t S e a L e v e l t o 1 5 , 0 0 0 F t , a n d T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y o f A i r

T e m p e r a t u r e A b s o l u t e D e n s i t y , p f T h e r m a l(_ 1 4 V i s c o s i t y , C o n d u c t i v i t y ,

F * C K \ 1 0 0 A f S e a L e v e l 5 , 0 0 0 F t 1 0 , 0 0 0 F t 1 S , 0 0 0 F t k I

32 .. . O . . . 2 7 3 .... 5 5 . 5 5 . . . . 0 . 0 4 1 5 . . . . . 0 . 0 8 0 7 . . . 0 . 0 6 7 1 . . . . 0 . 0 5 5 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 5 5 . . . . 0 . 0 0 7 3 94 1 . . . . 5 . . . 2 7 8 . . . . 5 9 . 7 3 . . . 0 . 0 4 2 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 7 9 3 . . . 0 . 0 6 6 0 . . . . 0 . 0 5 4 5 . . . . 0 . 0 4 4 7 . . . . 0 . 0 0 7 5 05 0 . . . . 1 0 . . . 2 8 3 . . . . 6 4 . 1 4 . 0 . 0 4 2 7 .. 0 7 7 9 . . . . 0 . 0 6 4 8 . . 0 . 0 5 3 5 ... 0 . 0 4 3 9 .. 0 0 7 6 25 9 .. . 16. 2 8 8 . . . . 6 8 . 8 0 . . . . . . 0 0 4 3 3 . . . . . . 0 76 5. . . . 0 . 0 6 3 6 . . . . 0 . 0 5 2 6 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 3 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 7 7 368 . . . . 2 0 . . . 2 9 3 . . . . 7 3 . 7 0.... 0 4 3 9 . . . . . 0 . 0 7 5 2 . . . . 0 . 0 6 2 6 . . . . 0 . 0 5 1 7 . . . . 0 . 0 4 2 4 . . . . 0 . 0 0 7 8 477 . . . . 2 5.298.... 7 8 . 8 6 .... 0 4 4 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 7 4 0 . . . . 0 . 0 1 6 . . . 0 . 0 5 0 8 . . . . 0 . 0 4 1 7 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 7 9 586 . . . . 3 0 . . . 303.... 84 . 29 0.0450. . . . . 0 . 0 7 2 8 . . . . 0 . 0 6 0 6 . . . . 0 . 0 5 0 0 . . . . 0 . 0 4 1 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 0 795 . . . . 3 5 . . . . 308 .... 8 9 . 9 9.... 0 4 5 6 . . . . . 0 . 0 7 1 6 . . . . 0 . 0 5 9 6 . . . . 0 . 0 4 9 2 . . . . 0 . 0 4 0 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 1 8

1 0 4 . . . . 4 0 . . . . 3 1 3 .... 9 5 . 9 8 .... 0 4 6 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 7 0 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 5 8 6 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 8 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 9 7 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 3 01 1 3 . . . . 4 5 . . 3 1 8 . . . . 1 0 2 . 2 6 ... 0 . 0 4 6 7 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 9 3 . . . . 0 . 0 5 7 7 . . . 0 . 0 4 7 6 . . . . 0 . 0 3 9 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 4 1122 . . . . 5 0 . . . . 3 2 3 . . . . 1 0 8 . 8 5 . . . . . 0 0 4 7 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 8 3 . . . . 0 . 0 5 6 8 . . . . 0 . 0 4 6 9 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 8 5 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 5 2131 . . . . 5.... 3 2 8....115.74. . . 0 . 0 4 7 8 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 7 2 . . . . 0 . 0 5 5 9 . . . . 0 . 0 4 6 2 . . . . 0 . 0 3 7 9 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 6 4140 .... 6 0 . . . 3 3 3 . . . . 1 2 2 . 9 6 ..0.0484 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 6 1 . . . . . 0 . 0 5 5 0 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 5 4 . . . . 0 . 0 3 7 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 7 5149 .... 6 5 . . . 3 3 8 . . . . 1 3 0 . 5 2 .... 0 4 8 9 ..... 0 . 0 6 5 2 . . . . 0 . 0 5 4 2 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 4 8 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 6 7 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 8 6158 .... 7 0 . . . 3 4 3 . . . . 1 3 8 . 4 1 l . . 0 . 0 4 9 4 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 4 3 . . . . 0 . 0 5 3 5 . . . . 0 . 0 4 4 2 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 6 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 8 9 81 6 7 . .. . 7 5 . . . . 3 4 8 . . 1 4 6 . 6 6 . . . . . 0 0 5 0 0 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 3 4 . . . . 0 . 0 5 2 7 . . . . 0 . 0 4 3 6 . . . . 0 . 0 3 5 8 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 9 0 91 7 6 . . . . 8 0 . . . . 3 5 3 . . . . 1 5 5 . 2 7 . . . . . 0 5 0 5 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 2 7 . . . . 0 . 0 5 2 2 . . . . 0 0 4 3 1 . . . . 0 0 3 5 4 . . . . 0 . 0 0 9 2 11 8 5 .. . 8 5 . . . 358 .... 1 6 4 . 2 6 .... 0 5 1 0 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 1 6 . 0 . 0 5 1 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 2 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 4 7 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 9 3 2194 .... 9 0 . . . . 3 6 3 .... 1 7 3 . 6 3 .... 0 5 1 5 . . . . . 0 . 0 6 0 8 . . . .. 0 . 0 5 0 6 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 1 8 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 4 3 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 9 4 32 0 3 . . . . 9 5 . . . 3 6 8 . . . . 1 8 3 . 4 0 ....0521 . . . . . . 0 5 9 9 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 9 8 . . . . 0 . 0 4 1 2 . . . . 0 . 0 3 3 8 . . . . . 0 . 0 0 9 5 22 1 2 . . . . 1 0 0 . . . . 3 7 3 . .. . .19357..0.0526 . . . . . 0 . 0 5 9 1 . . . . 0 . 0 4 9 2 . . . . . 0 . 0 4 0 6 . . . . . 0 . 0 3 3 3 . . . . . O . 0 0 O 6 6

* D e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t .f a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y , l b / ( h r ) ( f t ) , computed f r o m f o r m u l a i n r e f e r e n c e 1 7 .

p f - d e n s i t y . l b o f a i r / f t s , c o m p u t e d f r o m d a t a g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e 1 8 .k f - t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a i r , w a t t s / ( s q f t ) ( C ) a t t f - ( S c + i a ) / 2 , r e f e r e n c e 1 3 , T a b l e X I .t g - a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e C .l e - c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e C .

F I D p 1 V \ o ~ ~ ~ . 5 2 1

w a t t s / l i n e a l f t o f c o n d u c t o r ( 3 A )

F o r R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s f r o m 1 , 0 0 0 t o5 0 , 0 0 0 t h e f o l l o w i n g e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a i sr e c o m m e n d e d b y McA d a ms

-a 0 . 2 4 ( ° o 0 )

k f A

E x p r e s s i n g t h i s i n a m a n n e r s i m i l a r t oe q u a t i o n 3 ( A ) g i v e s

= 0 . 2 4 ( D P I f ) V . ' k,(-)w a t t s / f t o f c o n d u c t o r ( 4 )

- 0 . 1 6 9 5 ( D p f V ) k f t - a )

w a t t s / f t o f c o n d u c t o r ( 4 A )

V a l u e s f o r p f , p f , a n d k f a r e g i v e n i n T a b l eI .

F o r c o n v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s i n s t i l l a i r t h ef o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a c h e c k s c l o s e l y w i t h t e s td a t a o b t a i n e d a t A l c o a R e s e a r c h L a b o r a -t o r i e s i n a room f r e e f r o m d r a f t s .

qc -0 . 0 7 2 D ° " (7(- a ) l "

w a t t s / f t o f c o n d u c t o r ( 4 B )w h e r e D i s c o n d u c t o r d i a m e t e r i n i n c h e s ,t c c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n C , a n d l a i s t h et e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a i r i nC .

R A D I T E D - H i E A T L o s s o F CONDUCTOR

T h e r a d i a t e d - h e a t l o s s o f a c o n d u c t o ri s g i v e n b y t h e e x p r e s s i o n

q r ,- e A ( K c ' - K a ' ) ( 5 )

w h e r e a i s t h e S t e f a n - B o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t ,

w h i c h e x p r e s s e d i n e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n gu n i t s i s 0 . 5 2 7 5 X 1 0 - 8 w a t t s / s q f t / K 4 ,w h e r e K i s t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e sK e l v i n o r C + 2 7 3 . ' 6 T h e q u a n t i t y e i st h e t h e r m a l - e m i s s i v i t y c o n s t a n t w h i c h f o rn e w c o n d u c t o r i s 0 . 2 3 a n d f o r f l a t - b l a c kw e l l - w e a t h e r e d c o n d u c t o r 0 . 9 1 o r p o s s i -b l y h i g h e r . T h e a r e a o f a c i r c u m s c r i b i n gc y l i n d e r A i s e x p r e s s e d i n s q f t . C o n v e r t -i n g t o c o n d u c t o r o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r i ni n c h e s w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e i n K g i v e s

0 . 5 2 7 5 X 1 0 iKKDeqr=-~ ( K 4 -K a 4 )

1 2( S A )

w h e r e K C i s c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n dK . i s a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n K .

S i m p l i f y i n g g i v e s

q138De[( 100 (100

w a t t s / f t o f c o n d u c t o r ( S B )

V a l u e s o f ( K / 1 0 0 ) 4 a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I .

S O L A R - H E A T G A I N OF THE CONDUCTOR

B e c a u s e o f t h e l a r g e a m o u n t s o f p o w e ru s e d b y a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g e q u i p m e n t , m a n y

p o w e r u t i l i t i e s i n t h e N o r t h e r n H e m i -

T a b l e I I . H e a t - T r a n s m i s i o n F a c t o r f o rA l t i t u d e s A b o v e S e a L e v e l *

E l e v a t i o n A b o v e M u l t i p l i e r f o rS e a L e v e l , F t V a l u e s l a T a b l e m

0 . . . . 1 . 0 05 , 0 0 0 .. . 1 . 1 5

1 0 , 0 0 0 .. . 1 . 2 51 5 , . 0 0 0 ..... 3 0

* S o u r c e , r e f e r e n c e 1 5 .

s p h e r e a r e h a v i n g t h e y e a r l y p e a k l o a d sd u r i n g J u l y a n d A u g u s t r a t h e r t h a nD e c e m b e r a n d J a n u a r y . T h e e f f e c t o fs o l a r r a d i a t i o n on c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a -t u r e i s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n b e f o r e b e -c a u s e i t s maximum i n t e n s i t y n o w o c c u r s

a t t h e same t i m e a s t h e p e a k l o a d .T h e a m o u n t o f h e a t r e c e i v e d b y a f l a t

s u r f a c e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e s u n ' s r a y s a n d

l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h e e a r t h ' s a t m o s p h e r e i sa p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 3 w a t t s / s q f t o f s u r f a c e .H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e o f t h e e a r t h ' s a t m o s -

p h e r e , p a r t o f t h i s e n e r g y i s a b s o r b e db e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e e a r t h . P o i n t s o f h i g ha l t i t u d e o f , e . g . , 1 0 , 0 0 0 f t , s u c h a s e x i s ti n t h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n a r e a , r e c e i v ea b o u t 2 5 % m o r e s o l a r e n e r g y t h a n s e a -

l e v e l a r e a s ; s e e T a b l e I I . T h e amount

o f s o l a r h e a t r e c e i v e d b y a c o n d u c t o ra l s o d e p e n d s o n t h e a l t i t u d e o f t h e s u n

a b o v e t h e h o r i z o n a n d t h e e f f e c t i v e a n g l eo f i n c i d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t r a y s o f t h es u n a n d t h e e x p o s e d s u r f a c e . I n a d d i -t i o n t o

d i r e c t r a d i a t i o n , h e a t i s r a d i a t e df r o m t h e s k y t o t h e o b j e c t . T h i s q u a n t i t ya l s o v a r i e s w i t h t h e s u n ' s a l t i t u d e .A t m o s p h e r i c c o n t a m i n a t i o n h a s a m a r k e de f f e c t o n t h e s o l a r h e a t r e c e i v e d .

C o n s i d e r a b l e w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e i n t h ef i e l d o f s o l a r - e n e r g y s t u d i e s , i n c o n n e c t i o nw i t h t h e h e a t i n g o f b u i l d i n g s , a s a s o u r c e

o f p o w e r , a n d r e l a t i v e t o t h e s o l a r - h e a tg a i n r e q u i r e d t o b e a b s o r b e d b y a i r -c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s . " , " 5

T h e a m o u n t o f h e a t r e c e i v e d f r o m t h es u n a n d s k y ma y b e e x p r e s s e d a s

qs=a(QD S i l l 9 + Q d ) A ' ( 6 )

w h e r e Q D i s d i r e c t s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n dQ d i s s k y r a d i a t i o n , b o t h i n w a t t s / s q f t ;A ' i s t h e p r o j e c t e d a r e a o f t h e c o n d u c t o r ,a n d a i s t h e s o l a r - a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .O u t d o o r t e s t s a t M a s s e n a i n d i c a t e t h i s i s0 . 2 3 f o r new c o n d u c t o r a n d 0 . 9 7 f o r b l a c kc o n d u c t o r . F o r s i m p l i c i t y i n c o m p u t a -

T a b l e I l l . T o t a l H e a t R e c e i v e d b y S u r f a c ea t S e a L e v e l N o r m a l t o S u n ' s R a y s

Q , , W a t t s / S q P tS o l a r

A l t i t u d e , C l e a r I n d u s t r i a lH e , D e g r e e s A t m o s p h e r e A t m o s p h e r e

5 . . . . 21 ............. 1 2 . 61 0 . 4 0 . 2 ..... 2 2 . 31 5 .54.2. . . . . 3 0 . 62 0 .64.4..9 . 22 5 .71.5..... 46.63 0 .77.0..... 55 3 . 03 5 .81.5..... 5 7 . 54 0 .84.8......f . 6 1 . 54 5 .87.4..... 6 4 . 65 0 .90.0..... 6 7 . 56 0 .92.9..... 7 1 . 6

7 0 .95.0 ......,......75.28 0 .95.8..... 7 7 . 49 0 . 96.4......7 8 . 9

* S o u r c e , r e f e r e n c e 1 4 .

H o u s e , T u t t l e - C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y o f A CSR1 7 0 FEBRUARY 1 9 5 9

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T a b l e I V . A l t i t u d e a n d A z i m u t h i n D e g r e e so f S u n a t V a r i o u s L a t i t u d e s a t D e c l i n a t i o n o f2 3 . 0 D e g r e e s , N o r t h e m H e m i s p h e r e , J u n e

1 0 a n d J u l y 3 *

L o c a l Su n T i m e

D e g r e e s 1 0 : 0 0 A . M . 1 2 Noon 2 : 0 0 P . M .N o r t h

L a t i t u d e Ho Z O H o Z O H e Z o

2 0 . . . . 6 2 . . . . 7 8 . . . . 8 7 . . . 0. 62... 2 8 22 5 . . . . 6 2 . . . . 88. 88 .. . 180. 6 2 . . . . 2 7 23 0 . . . . 6 2 . . . . 9 8 . . 8 3 ..180. 6 2 . . . . 2 6 23 5 . . . . 6 1 . . . 1 0 7 . 78...180. 6 1 . . . 2 5 34 0 . . . . 6 0 . . . 115.. 73 . . 180 6 0 . " 4 54 5 . . . 5 7 . . . . 1 2 2.8 .. 180. 5 7 . . . 2 3 85 0 . . . . 5 4 . . . . 1 2 8 . f 3 . . . 180. . 54 . . . 2 3 26 0 . . . . 4 7 . . . . 1 3 7.. 3. 80.7 . 237 0 . . . . 4 0 . . . 143. 4 3 . . 180.40... 2 1 7

* S o u r c e , r e f e r e n c e s 1 9 an d 2 0 .

t i o n , T a b l e I I I s h o w s t o t a l h e a t r e c e i v e df r o m b o t h d i r e c t a n d s k y r a d i a t i o n f o rb o t h c l e a r a n d i n d u s t r i a l a t m o s p h e r e .T h i s i n t r o d u c e s a s m a l l a m o u n t o f e r r o r

a s s k y r a d i a t i o n d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n t h e

a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e . H o w e v e r , t h i s e r r o r

c a n n o t b e d e t e c t e d i n t h e f i n a l v a l u e o fc o n d u c t o r c u r r e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f a

r o u n d , h o r i z o n t a l l y p l a c e d c o n d u c t o r , t h e

a n g l e 9 i s g i v e n b y

O = c o s - 1 [ c o s H e c o s ( Z , - Z l ) ] ( 6 A )

w h e r e H , i s t h e a l t i t u d e o f t h e s u n a b o v et h e h o r i z o n , Z c i s t h e a z i m u t h o f t h e s u n ,a n d Z 1 i s t h e a z i m u t h o f t h e c o n d u c t o r

( n o r t h - s o u t h l i n e Z & = 1 8 0 0 ) . S e e T a b l e

IV f o r a l t i t u d e a n d a z i m u t h o f s u n a t

v a r i o u s l a t i t u d e s .

C o m p u t a t i o n o f C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n gC a p a c i t y

C o m b i n i n g t h e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o fh e a t l o s s a n d h e a t g a i n , t h e f o l l o w i n gf o r m u l a r e s u l t s

I=

[ 1 . 0 1 + 0 . 3 7 1 ( D P f V ) . ] k f ( -, )

'/ 0.138D1 K_ ( K a 4l [ ( ~ ~ 1 0 0 ) 100) '

( 7 )

S A M P L E C O M P U T A T I O N

I n t h e s a m p l e c o m p u t a t i o n t h e f o l l o w -i n g c o n d i t i o u s a p p l y :

D r a k e c o n d u c t o r , 7 9 5 MCM ( t h o u s a n dc i r c u l a r m i l s ) , 2 6 / 7 ACSR, ( n e w )

w i n d v e l o c i t y = 2 f p s a t s e a l e v e la i r t e r n p e r a t u r e - 2 5 C= Ic o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e - = 7 5 C = 1 ,

c o n d u c t o r o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r = 1 . 1 0 8 i n c h e sc o n d u c t o r a - c r e s i s t a n c e = 0 . 0 2 6 5 o h m /1 , 0 0 0 f t

K , =75± 2 7 3 = 3 4 8 °K a = 2 5 ° + 2 7 3 = 2 9 8 0i f = ( 7 5 + 2 5 ) / 2 =50e = 0 . 2 3

p f = 0 . 0 6 8 3 ( T a b l e I )y f = 0 . 0 4 7 3 ( T a b l e I )k f = 0 . 0 0 8 5 2 ( T a b l e I )V=3 , 6 0 0 X2 = 7 , 2 0 0 f t / h r

By s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e v a l u e s , t h e f o l l o w -i n g r e s u l t s :

1 + 0 / 3 7 1 1 . 1 0 8 X 0 . 0 6 8 3 X 7 . 2 0 0 O . 5 S ]( 8 ) 0 . 0 4 7 3

0 . 0 0 8 5 2 X50 ( 8 )

q c = 2 0 . 9 5 w a t t s / f t ( 8 A )

q r = 0 . 1 3 8 X 1 . 1 0 8 X 0 . 2 3 ( 1 4 6 . 6 6 - 7 8 . 8 6 )= 2 . 3 7 w a t t s / f t ( 9 )

A s s u m e t h e f o l l o w i n g : a z i m u t h o f l i n e1 3 5 d e g r e e s , l a t i t u d e 3 5 d e g r e e s n o r t h ,c l e a r a t m o s p h e r e , 1 2 n o o n .

H , = 7 8 °Z c - 1 8 0 0Z , = 1 3 5 0

Q s = 9 5 + 0 . 6 = 9 5 . 6 w a t t s / f t 2 ( 1 0 )

9 = c o s - 1 [ c o s 7 8 X c o s ( 1 8 0 - 1 3 5 0 ) 1- c o s - , 0 . 1 4 7 = 8 1 . 5 5 0 ( 1 1 )

s i n 8 1 . 5 5 °= 0 . 9 8 6

q . = 0 . 2 3 X 0 . 9 8 6 X 9 5 . 6 X 1 -1 2

2 . 0 1 w a t t s / f t ( 1 2 )

1 2 0 . 9 5 + 2 . 3 7 - 2 . 0 1

0 . 0 2 6 5 X 1 0 - '

( 1 3 )

C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y C u r v e sC u r v e s h a v e b e e n c o m p u t e d ( F i g . 1 )

f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s : 2 5C a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , 7 5 C c o n d u c t o r

t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d 2 - f p s w i n d v e l o c i t y , f o rA C S R f o r s i z e s f r o m n o . 6 A C SR 6 / 1 t o3 , 3 6 4 MCM 1 0 8 / 3 7 . A t o t a l o f f o u r

) U C T O R DIAMETER - I N C H E S

1 1

-.s s oN NN C4 C4 co N

°

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00 . 1 0w

z

06 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 M0 1 8 0 0 2000 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 6 0 0

C L U R R E N T AMPERES -60c p s

F i g . I ( l e f t ) . C u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f ACSR w i t h v a r i o u s s u r f a c ek n d a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n s

F i g . 2 ( a b o v e ) . C u f f e n t ' c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f 7 9 5 MCM 2 6 / 7 ACSRv e n u s w i n d v e l o c i t y

H o u s e ,T u t t l e - C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y o f

ACSR

NE W C O N D U C T O R 1 0 . 0 0 0 F T. EL -SUNNE W C O N D U C T O R - S U NNE W CONDUCTOR - N O SU NBLACK CONDUCTOR -SUNBLACK CONDUCTOR -NO SU N

25-C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE75C CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE

COMPUTED VALUES

US2FEC I l _ _

a s # a w a s 0* s '

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i n d u s t r y b e c a u s e i t r e p r e s e n t s a s a f em a x i m u m .

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t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f c h a n g i n g a m b i e n tt e m p e r a t u r e , w i t h t h e s u n e f f e c t n e g l e c t e d ,a t a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t - o f 1 , 0 0 0 a m p e r e s .

T h i s i s s h o w n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g .

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C C R i s e , C

0 . 5 7 . 6 72 5 . 8 3 . 5 84 0 . 1 0 1 . 6 1

I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f s e l e c t i n gan a m b i e n t o n l y s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m a

s t a n d a r d d e s i g n v a l u e w i l l h a v e l i t t l e

e f f e c t on t h e a c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e as

2 . 6 i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e f o r e g o i n g e x a m p l e i nw h i c h a 4 0 C c h a n g e i n a m b i e n t o n l y i n -

c r e a s e d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e 4 C . T h i s

i n c r e a s e i s s t i l l l e s s when su n e f f e c t i s

t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , b e c a u s e t h i s t e n d s t o

c a n c e l t h e e f f e c t o f r a d i a t e d - h e a t l o s s ,

l e a v i n g o n l y c o n v e c t e d - h e a t l o s s , w h i c h

v a r i e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e

r i s e , t o b a l a n c e t o Pr l o s s .

T e s t D a t a o n 6 0 - C p s A - C R e s i s t a n c e

o f A C S R

c u rv e s gives p e r f o r m a n c e f o r A C SR u n d e rt h e f o ll o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s :

1 . B l a c k c o n d u c t o r , no sun, se a l e v e l .

2 , 3 . B l a c k c o n d u c t o r , sun; a n d new

c o n d u c t o r , no s u n ; se a l e v e l .

4 . Ne w c o n d u c t o r , sun, se a l e v e l .

5 . Ne w c o n d u c t o r , e l e v a t i o n o f 1 0 , 0 0 0 f t .

I n c o m p u t i n g s u n e f f e c t , a v a l u e o f 8 5

w a t t s / s q f t was u s e d f o r t o t a l r a d i a t i o n

and e=7 5 0 , g i v i n g an e f f e c t i v e h e a t f r o m

t h e su n o f 8 2 w a t t s / s q f t .

I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h e r e i s a d e f i n i t e

d i s c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e c u r v e s b e t w e e n t h e

s i z e s 4 / 0 A C S R 6 / 1 a n d 2 2 6 . 8 MCM

A C SR 2 6 / 7 . T h i s i s e x p l a i n e d b y t h e

i n c r e a s e d m a g n e t i z i n g e f f e c t on t h e s t e e l

c o r e ; t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e s i n g l e l a y e r o f

aluminum s t r a n d s g i v e s r i s e t o e d d y -

c u r r e n t an d h y s t e r e s i s l o s s e s i n t h e

s t e e l core w h i c h i n t u r n cause a marked

increase i n e f f e c t i v e a-c r e s i s t a n c e . I n

t h e case o f more than o n e l a y e r o f a l u -

minum s t r a n d s w i t h t h e s p i r a l i n g i n t h e

o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i n e a c h s u c c e s s i v e l a y e r ,t h e m a g n e t i z i n g e f f e c t i s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y

c q n c e l l e d .

E f f e c t o f Wind V e l o c i t y onC u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y

D r a k e 7 9 5 MCM A C S R 2 6 / 7 h a s b e e n

s e l e c t e d t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s -i n g w i n d v e l o c i t y , o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s re -

m a i n i n g c o n s t a n t . A m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e

was t a k e n a t 2 5 C a n d c o n d u c t o r tempera-

t u r e 7 5 C . C u r v e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 2

f o r new a n d b l a c k c o n d u c t o r , b o t h w i t h

a n d w i t h o u t t h e e f f e c t o f su n , a n d new

c o n d u c t o r a t 1 0 , 0 0 0 - f t e l e v a t i o n . N o t e

t h a t f o r b l a c k c o n d u c t o r w i t h su n e f f e c t ,

t h e i n c r e a s e in c u r r e n t c a p a c i t y o f 2 - f p sv e l o c i t y o v e r s t i l l a i r i s 1 4 3 % . The i n -

cre ase f r o m 2 f p s t o 5 m i l e s p e r h o u ri s 1 3 . 0 % . A d e s i g n w i n d v e l o c i t y o f 2 f p s ,

T o e n a b l e t h e e n g i n e e r t o c o m p u t e t h ec u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y , r e c e n t l y o b -

t a i n e d t e s t d a t a o n t h e 6 0 - c p s ( c y c l e - p e r -s e c o n d ) a - c r e s i s t a n c e ( c o v e r i n g t h e c o m -

p l e t e r a n g e o f s i z e s o f ACSR) a re g i v e n i n

F i g . 3 , i n t h e f or n o f curves f o r 5 0 C , 7 5

C , a n d 1 0 0 C c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e .

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room o n 1 2 0 - f t spans u n d e r t e n s i o n a t a n

a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y

2 0 C . The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r

was d e t e r m i n e d b y t a k i n g t h e average

t e m p e r a t u r e o f a number o f t h e r m o -

c o u p l e s .T w o v a r i a b l e s a f f e c t t h e a-c r e s i s t a n c e

o f ACSR. T h e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s e i n c o n -

d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e i s t o i n c r e a s e t h e

T a b l e V . C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y a t 6 0 C p s , A m p e r e s

Ne w C o n d i t i o n B l a c k C o n d i t i o n- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-ro m C h a r t i n

A C S R Su n No Su n Su n No Su n R e f e r e n c e I

1 , 5 9 0 MCM 5 4 / 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 4 3 0 . . . . . . . 1 , 4 8 2 . . 1, 5 6 4 . . 1 . 7 6 2 .......... . 5 0 0795MCM5 4 / 7 ........,,,,. 9 4 1.7 3.. 1 , 0 2 0., 1 3 0.. 9 6 0

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r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r w i t h a n i n -c r e a s e i n c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e . An i n -c r e a s e i n c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e m a y b ec a u s e d b y e i t h e r i n c r e a s e d a m b i e n t t e m -p e r a t u r e o r i n c r e a s e d c u r r e n t . E d d y -c u r r e n t a n d h y s t e r e s i s l o s s e s i n t h e c o r ei n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e a - c r e s i s t a n c en o t i c e a b l y f o r s i n g l e - a l u m i n u m - l a y e r c o n -d u c t o r s , a s p r e v i o u s l y e x p l a i n e d . T h e

m a g n e t i c l o s s c o m p o n e n t o f a - c r e s i s t a n c ei n c r e a s e s w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n c u r r e n tu n t i l t h e p o i n t o f m a g n e t i c s a t u r a t i o n h a sb e e n r e a c h e d , a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e i s n o f u r -t h e r i n c r e a s e i n t h i s c o m p o n e n t . T h i sp a r t i c u l a r b e h a v i o r o f ACSR i s d e a l tw i t h f u l l y b y L e w i s a n d T u t t l e . "

C o m p a r i s o n o f R e v i s e d C u r r e n t -C a r r y i g C a p a c i t y w i t h P r e v i o u s l yP u b l i s h e d T e m p e r a t u r e - R i s e D a t a

T h e c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y c u r v e sp u b l i s h e d b y A l c o a i n 1 9 4 6 1 a r e b a s e d o nan a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f 4 0 C a n d aw i n d v e l o c i t y o f 2 f p s . A c c o r d i n g l y ,c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h r e e t y p i c a ls i z e s o f A C SR h a v e b e e n c o m p u t e d b yt h e m e t h o d p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s p a p e r f o rb o t h new a n d b l a c k c o n d u c t o r , w i t h a n dw i t h o u t t h e e f f e c t o f s u n , a s s u m i n g ac o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 0 0 C o r a 6 0C r i s e , a n d 2 - f p s w i n d v e l o c i t y ; s e e T a b l eV .

P r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n , a l -t h o u g h l i m i t e d i n s c o p e , a p p e a r s t o b ec o n s e r v a t i v e . I n g e n e r a l , a c o n d u c t o rw e a t h e r s r a t h e r r a p i d l y t h e f i r s t y e a r o fo p e r a t i o n , s o t h a t i t c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o

o p e r a t e a t a l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e t h a na new c o n d u c t o r . H o w e v e r , i n c e r t a i na r e a s o f t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e U n i t e dS t a t e s , h i g h - v o l t a g e c o n d u c t o r s h a v e b e e no b s e r v e d t o s t a y b r i g h t f o r many y e a r s .F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e r m a l - r a d i a t i o n a n ds o l a r - a b s o r p t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m ay v a r yc o n s i d e r a b l y i n d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a ll o c a t i o n s . The new d a t a p r e s e n t e d r e p r e -s e n t l i m i t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r new a n dw e a t h e r e d c o n d u c t o r s .

C o n c l u s i o n s

T h e n e c e s s a r y f o r m u l a s , c u r v e s , a n d

t a b l e s h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d w h i c h w i l le n a b l e t r a n s m i s s i o n e n g i n e e r s t o s e l e c t t h es i z e o f ACSR m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e i r r e -q u i r e m e n t s . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e d a t ag i v e n t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s u n a r eo f i m p o r t a n c e i n l i g h t o f t h e f a c t t h a tmany s y s t e m p e a k l o a d s a r e now o c c u r -r i n g i n t h e d a y t i m e d u r i n g t h e s u m m e rm o n t h s , b e c a u s e o f a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g a n dp u m p i n g - e q u i p m e n t l o a d s .

C o m p u t e d v a l u e s o f c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n gc a p a c i t y a t s e a l e v e l a r e i m c l o s e a g r e e -

m e n t w i t h t e s t d a t a o b t a i n e d b y t h eA l c o a R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s a n d t h o s eo b s e r v e d b y o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . E L E C T R I C A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O P A C S R ( ap a m p h l e t ) . Al u m i n u m C o m p a n y o f A m e r i c a .P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , May 1 9 4 6 .

2 . C U R R E 3 N T C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Y O F WIRBS AND

C A B L E S , G e o r g e E . L u k e . W e s t i n g h o u s e E l e c t r i c

J o u r n a l , P i t t s b u r g h , P a . , A p r . 1 9 2 3 .3 . HEATING AND CURRENT C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Yo P BARB C O N D U C T O R S FOR O U T D O O R S E R V I C E ,0 . R . S c h u r i g , C . W. F r i c k . G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c R e -v i e w , S c h e n e c t a d y , N . Y . , v o l . 3 3 , M a r . 1 9 3 0 .

4 . D B T B R M I N I N G CURtBNT R A T I N G S O F O V E R -HEAD C O N D U C T O R S , P A R T S I AND I I , H . P . S e e l y e ,A . L . M a l m s t r o m . E l e c t r i c L i g h t a n d P o w e r ,C h i c a g o , I l l . , D e c . 1 9 4 3 .

5 . S A F B R A T I N G S FOR O V E R H E A D L I N E C O N D U C -T O R S , L e o n a r d M. O l m s t e d . AIEE T r a n s a c t i o n s ,v o l . 6 2 , 1 9 4 3 , p p . 8 4 5 - 5 3 .6 . E L E C T R I C A L H E A T I N G C R A C T E R I S T I C S OFO V E R H E : A D C O N D U C T O R S , PARTS I - I V , E . B .G e o r g e . E l e c t r i c L i g h t a n d P o w e r , D e c . 1 9 4 4 ;J a n . 1 9 4 5 ; A p r . 1 9 4 5 ; D e c . 1 9 4 5 .

7 . C U R R E N T C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Y OF O V 3 R H E A DC O N D U C T O R S , H . A . E n o s . E l e c t r i c a l W o r l d , NewY o r k , N. Y . , Ma y 1 5 , 1 9 4 3 .

8 .C U R R E N T C A R R Y I N G

C A P A C I T Y O FA C S RC O N D U C T O R S , J . H. W a g h o r n e , V . E . O g o r o d n i k o v .

AIEE T r a n s a c t i o n s , v o l . 7 0 , p t . I I , 1 9 5 1 , p p .1 1 5 9 - 6 2 .

9 . E I S S I V I T Y AND I T S EFFECT O N T E B C U R R E N T -CARRYING. C A P A C I T Y OF STRANDED ALUMINUMC O N D U C T O R S , C . S . T a y l o r , H. E . H o u s e . I b i d . ,v o l . 7 5 , p t . I I I , O c t . 1 9 5 6 , p p . 9 7 0 - 7 6 .

1 0 . MEASUREMBNTS OF R E S I S T A N C B AND R E A C T -ANCB O F EXPANDBD ACSR, J o e l T o m p k i n s , B . L .J o n e s , P . D. T u t t l e . I b i d . , v o l . 7 4 , p t . I I I , J u n e1 9 5 5 , p p . 3 6 8 - 7 5 .

1 1 . T H E R B S I S T A N C E C AND R E A C T A N C E O F A L U M I -NUM C O N D U C T O R S , S T E B L R E I N F O R C E D , W. A .L e w i s , P . D . T u t t l e . I b i d . , p p . 1 1 8 9 - 1 2 1 5 ot h i s i s s u e .

1 2 . TEE MAGNBTIC P R O P B E R T I B S OF ACSR C O R EW I R E , T . W. M a t e c h , W. A . L e w i s . I b i d . , p p .1 1 7 8 - 8 9 o f t h i i s s u e .

1 3 . HBAT T R A N S M I S S I O N ( b o o k ) , W . H . M c A d a m s .McGraw-Hill B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , Ne w Y o r k ,N. Y . , s e c o n d e d i t i o n , 1 9 4 2 .

1 4 . H B A T I N G , V E N T I L A T I N G AND A i R C O N D I T I O N -I N O G u I D E 1 9 5 6 . A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g an dA i r C o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s , Ne w Y o r k , N . Y . ,1 9 5 6 .

1 5 . P O WB R F R O M SOLAR E N B R G Y , J . r . Y o l l o t .T r a n s a c t i o n s , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f M e c h a n i c a lE n g i n e e r s , Ne w Y o r k , N. Y . , v o l . 7 9 , n o . 6 , A u g .1 9 5 7 , p p . 1 3 4 9 - 5 7 .

1 6 . A REVIBW Op T E R M A L RADIATION C O N -S T A N T S , 1 N . W . S n y d e r . I b i d . , v o l . 7 6 , 1 9 5 4 , p p .5 3 7 - 3 9 .

1 7 . Tim V I S C O a I r Y , THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y A NDP&ANDTL NUMBER FO R A N R mm OTHER GSEs,J . H i l s e n r a t h , Y . S . T o u l o u k i a n . I b i d . , p p . 9 6 7 -9 8 1 .

1 8 . FA N E N G I N E E R I N G , R i c h a r d D . M a s o n , e d i t o r .B u f f a l o F o r g e C o m p a n y , B u f f a l o , N . Y . , f i f t he d i t i o n , 1 9 4 8 .

1 9 .T H E A M E R I C A N N A U T I C A L ALMANAC 1 9 5 7 .U . S . Naval O b s e r v a t o r y , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , 1 9 5 7 .

2 0 . S I G H T R E D U C T I O N TABLBS FO R A I R N A V I G A -T I O N , V O L S . I I , I I I . P u b l i c a t i o n n o . 2 4 9 , U . S .Navy H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . ,1 9 5 7 .2 1 . B A R L o w ' s T A B L B S , L . J . C o m r i e , e d i t o r .C h e m i c a l P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , Ne w Y o r k , N . Y . ,f o u r t h e d i t i o n , 1 9 4 4 .

2 2 . T H E R M A L R A D I A T I O N T A B L B S AN D A P P L I c A -T I O N S , R . V . D u n k l e . T r a n s a c t i o n s , A m e r i c a nS o c i e t y o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s , v o l . 7 6 , 1 9 5 4 ,p p . 5 4 9 - 5 2 .

2 3 . GA s T A B L E C S ( b o o k ) , J . H. K e e n a n , J . K a y e .J o h n W i l e y & S o n s , I n c . , New Y o r k , N. Y . , 1 9 4 8 .

2 4 . PROPOsED STANDARD SOLAR RADIATIONCURtVS F OR E N O I N E B R I N G U S E , P a r r y M o o n .

J o u r n a l , F r a n k l i n I n s t i t u t e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ,v o l . 2 3 , no . 5 , Nov. 1 9 4 0 , p p . 5 8 3 - 6 1 7 .

2 5 . H E A T T R A N S M I S S I O N A S I N F L U E N C E D BYH R A T C A P A C I T Y AND SOLAR R A D I A T I O N , P . C .H o u g h t o n , J . L . B l a c k s h a w , B . M . P u g h , P .M c D e r m o t t . P a p e r no . 9 2 3 , T r a n s a c t i o n s , A m e r i -can S o c i e t y o f H e a t i n g a nd V e n t i l a t i n g E n g i -n e e r s , Ne w Y o r k , N. Y . , J a n . 1 9 3 2 .

2 6 . A RATIONAL H E [ A T G A I N M E T H O D F O RIT ED B T E R a I N A T I O N OF A L a C O N D I T I O N I N G C O O L I N G OL O A D S , F . H. F a u s t , L . L e v i n e , F . 0 . U r b a n .J o u r n a l , H e a t i n g , P i p i n g an d A i r C o n d i t i o n i n gS e c t i o n , I b i d . , A u g . 1 9 3 5 .

D i s c u s s i o n

W. A . M o r g a n ( W a s h i n g t o n W a t e r P o w e rC o m p a n y , S p o k a n e , W a s h . ) : The a u t h o r sa re t o b e commended f o r t h e t h o r o u g h n e s sw i t h w h i c h t h e y h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e f a c t o r sw h i c h m a y a f f e c t t h e h e a t b a l a n c e o f a

c o n d u c t o r t h a t i s c a r r y i n g a l t e r n a t i n g e l e c -t r i c c u r r e n t w i t h t h e u s u a l p r e s c r i b e d l i m i t so f c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a m b i e n tt e m p e r a t u r e . P a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e e f f e c t o fs u n s h i n e i s n o t e d .

H o w e v e r , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n a n d o p e r a t i n ge n g i n e e r i s i n n e e d o f p u b l i s h e d d a t a or

g u i d e s w h i c h s h o u l d b e f o r t h c o m i n g f r o mm a n u f a c t u r e r s o f A C S R a n d a l l - a l u m i n u mc o n d u c t o r s a s t o t h e e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n g a b o v et h e c u r r e n t s w h i c h g i v e t h e u s u a l t e m p e r a -t u r e r i s e s . O b v i o u s l y t h e r e i s a t i m e - c u r r e n tr e l a t i o n s h i p f o r s u c h o v e r l o a d s , i . e . , t h es h o r t e r t h e t i m e t h e g r e a t e r i s t h e amount o fc u r r e n t t h a t m a y b e a l l o w e d t o f l o w a b o v et h a t w h i c h w o u l d j u s t g i v e t h e d e s i r e d t e m -p e r a t u r e r i s e . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e r e i s p r o b -a b l y a t e m p e r a t u r e s o m e w h a t a b o v e 7 5 Cw h e r e c o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n w o u l d causea r e d u c t i o n i n t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , a n o t h e rt e m p e r a t u r e w h e r e t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t hw o u l d b e r e d u c e d 5% i f o p e r a t e d a t t h a t

t e m p e r a t u r e a s p e c i f i c t i m e , e t c . O r , ar e wet o a s s u m e t h a t a l u m i n u m h a s n o t a g r e e dupo n t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t a n d w i l l l o s e s o m ep e r c e n t a g e o f i t s t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h i f o p e r a t e dc o n t i n u o u s l y a t e v e n 7 5 C ?

T h e r e a re d a t a a v a i l a b l e f o r d e t e r m i n i n ghow much a t r a n s f o r m e r m a y b e o v e r l o a d e du n d e r e m e r g e n c y c o n d i t i o n s w i t h o u t j e o p -a r d i z i n g i t s l i f e , o r , i n some cases a c a l c u l a t e dl o s s - o f - l i f e e x p e c t a n c y m a y b e c a l c u l a t e d a n di s a c c e p t a b l e . S i m i l a r l y , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t oknow how much a c o n d u c t o r may b e over-l o a d e d d u r i n g an e m e r g e n c y a n d f o r howl o n g . F o r e x a m p l e , a s s u m e t h a t o n e o ft wo p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s i s o u t o f s e r v i c e a n di t i s d e s i r e d t o c a r r y an o v e r l o a d c u r r e n t( s a y 25% a b o v e t h e r a t e d v a l u e w h i c hw o u l d g i v e 7 5 C c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e )over t h e d a i l y p e a k r a t h e r t h a n t o c u t o f fc u s t o m e r s .

P e r h a p s t h e s t e e l r e i n f o r c i n g w i l l p r o v i d ef o r most o f t h e l o s s o f m a r g i n o f t e n s i l es t r e n g t h i n A C S R c o n d u c t o r s . B u t , a l l -a l u m i n u m c o n d u c t o r m a y b e p a r t i c u l a r l yv u l n e r a b l e t o o v e r l o a d c u r r e n t s , a n d , i f i t i s ,p e r h a p s we s h o u l d know i t s c r i t i c a l c o n d u c -t o r t e m p e r a t u r e s or t i m e - c u r r e n t o v e r l o a dc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

E . E . G e o r g e ( E b a s c o S e r v c e s I n c . ,L i t t l e R o c k , A r k . ) : The a u t h o r s h a v ed o n e a n e x c e l l e n t j o b i n u t i l i z i n g p r e -

H o u s e , T u t t l e - C u r r e n t - C a r r y i n g C a p a c i t y o f A CSR 1 1 7 3EBRUARY 1 9 5 9