household water treatment for water from surface … water treatment for water from surface water:...
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Household Water Treatment for Water from Surface Water: Ponds in Salinity Affected Areas
R.SeenivasanDHAN Foundation, India
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Tanks and Ponds in Southern India
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Coastal Districts of Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin in southern India
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Coastal areas of Southern India
• Geology is fluvi-marine zones, mostly with saline ground water
• Closer to the sea, water is mostly saline and not fit for consumption of animals and men
• Soils are deep vertisols with black clay • Surface water is mostly muddy with high
turbidity – suspended colloids of the black clay
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Present Drinking Water SourcesGround water below 3 m is highly saline
• Surface water from rainfall runoff harvested in open village ponds
• Shallow ground water from wells closer to the ponds
• Water oozing from top soil layers in the depressions dug out from the dried river beds
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In the Indian state of Tamilnadu
• Around 3 Million people still depend on water from the ponds as their source for drinking water due to – Non availability of any other source – ground
water– Taste preference over the available source of
water– As a customary and traditional use
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Ramanathapuram in Southern India
• Coastal and drought prone district around 2000 sq.km
• 2010 habitations (villages) with 1 Million people
• Groundwater is saline.
• Drinking water: A survival issue– Lack of access to water more than 68% of the population have
no access to safe drinking water– Burden on women – Drain in public money
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In search of Drinking Water: A common scenario
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Waiting endlessly for water
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All in One Village: Government Efforts to Provide Water• Desalination plants - reverse osmosis
plants• Combined drinking water supplies
linking several villages • Several (average 6 per habitations)
hand pumps• Bore wells fitted with motors and over
head tanksNone of them working
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DHAN Foundation Programs
• Revival of Village Ponds • Deepening • Technical improvement to hold more water• Fencing Around 40 village ponds revived serving
around 50,000 population for drinking and domestic use
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Results of IWMIs Research on Ponds revived by DHAN Foundation 2003
• One of the most innovative solutions• Most preferred, Superior in quality, Low Cost,
Reliable and affordable solutions compared to Desalination, Combined drinking water systems
• A Savings of 2.5 hours every day in fetching drinking water
• Quality needs to be improved. TDS and Bacterial contamination are the major threat.
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How do villagers get their drinking water ?
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Pond with a well in Ramanathapuram, Southern India
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A Pond with a Well, Ramanathapuram, Southern India
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What does the water contain ?Parameters Standards Pond waterTurbidity (NTU) 5-10 98 - 472
PH 6.5 - 9.2 8 - 9TDS (mg/l) 500 - 2000 <500Chloride (mg/l) 200 - 1000 <100
Faecal coli form per 100 ml
Nil >300
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Turbidity
Turbidity can not be removed by filtration – Water contains suspended fine clay in
colloidal state comprising of Quartz, illite-smectite
– Take very long time may be weeks to get the particles settled
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What do the villagers do ?
• There are no collective or village level water treatment mechanisms for treating the pond water.
• Since the government declares the ponds as unsafe, no development work undertaken with a view to make them as a source of water.
Household water treatment
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Household Water Treatment
Clay removal is the biggest treatment at the households – pathogens are not removed
1. Use of seeds Stychnos Potatorum- a peanut sized seed is enough for 1 pot of 12 litres
– Scratch the pots holding water and the mud settles –the taste of the water does not change – no control of pathogens
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Household water treatment
2. Add 1 litre of saline water for a pot of 12 litres –
– taken from the nearby hand pumps and the mud settles – the taste of water changes to saline and no control of pathogens
3. Adding burnt Kankar – a calcareous rock powder
– Add around 10-20 grams of the powder for a pot of 12 litres and stir the water – no change in pathogens and the taste of the water changes
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No filter mechanism works
• Due to the presence of clay none of the filters work – they are prone to immediate failures– Candles made of ceramic and carbon choke
up immediately – even a residual amount of clay chokes the candles
– Biosand filters marginally reduce the clay but does not get choked
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Considering the difficulties in candle filters….• Biosand filter is introduced and promoted
– Households use the same clay removal mechanisms by seeds or adding saline water or the powder from the calcareous rock
– Then the water is put into the Biosand filters
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The Filter Project
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Use of Biosand filters
• It is affordable Rs 750 (18 USD) to make them in the village
• Does not get choked due to the clay
• Plans for deploying around 1000 filters to develop an institutional model for large deployment