hosted by hayley 100 200 400 300 400 g.1g.2g.3g.4 & g.5 300 200 400 200 100 500 100
DESCRIPTION
G.1G.2G.3G.4 & GTRANSCRIPT
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Hostedby
HAYLEY
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• Temperature• Water• Breeding Sites• Food Supply• Territory
What are some factors that affect the distribution of animal species? (there are 5)
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• Need to construct food web – this is complicated because animals eat/are eaten by more than one type of animal
• Where to put omnivores?? Example: bears eat plants, insects, andfish…so are they primary/secondary/or tertiary consumers?
Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic levels.
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•Kudzu (deliberate release..thought to solve soil erosion)
rapid growth (≥ 60ft per season)costs US $500 million per year
•Zebra mussels (accidental release)in Great Lakesone mussel 100,000 eggs per year
•Prickly pear (under control)cactus in Australia
What are 3 examples of the introduction of alien species that have had significant impacts on the ecosystem?
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R-strategy: disposable offspring• Ex: zebra mussels; hundreds of
offspring; more likely to survivenatural disaster (unstable environment) K-strategy: nurture offspring
• Ex: zebra (larger animals/most mammals); few offspring; time/energy spent nurturing young; notlikely to survive catastrophe (stable environment)
Distinguish between r-strategies & k-strategies.
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Fundamental niche: potential mode of existence, given the adaptation of the species
complete range of biological & physicalconditions under which an organism can live
Realized niche: actual mode of existence, results from adaptations & competition with other species
narrower range
Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches.
IDEAL
REAL
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Gross production: total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants (per area per time)
Net production = gross production – respiration
Biomass: dry mass of an organism
Define gross production, net production, and biomass.
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•Process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at eachtrophic level
Define biomagnification.
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•Restoration•Recovery of threatened species•Removal of introduced species•Legal protection against development/
pollution• Funding and prioritizing
What are some roles of active management techniques in conservation?
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No two species in a communitycan occupy the same niche
one species will survive & otherwill die out (interspecific competition for same resources)
*experiments by Gause with 2 Paramecium species
Explain the principle of competitive exclusion.
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Construct a general pyramid of biomass and explain the reason for its structure.
higher trophic levels – smaller biomass biomass is lost during
respiration at each trophic level
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• nonlethal skin cancer- basal, squamous cell carcinoma• lethal skin cancer- malignant melanoma•mutation of DNA• sunburn- enlarged blood vessels - red skin • cataracts- clouded eye lense• reduced biological productivity- kill plant cells (affects ability to photosynthesize)damage DNA growth cells
Outline effects of ultraviolet radiation on living tissues & biological productivity.
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Indicator Species: sensitive to environmental change
• Example: lichen- indicator of air quality; shows presence of lead/mercury in air• Example: macroinvertebrates- judge of water quality*cleaner the water: higher the # of sensitive organisms
Explain the use of an indicator species in monitoring environmental change.
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• Competition: for food supply (survival of fittest)• Herbivory: eating of plants (producers)• Predation: consumer (predator) eating another
consumer (prey)• Parasitism: parasite lives on/in host : host is harmed• Mutualism: two species live together, both benefit from the relationship
Explain the different interactions of organisms with those of other species.
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Desert –• temperature: mostly very hot; 140º F (60º C)
during day; cold at night• soil temperature: < 60º C• low precipitation: < 30 cm per year• vegetation: Cacti - water storage tissues,
thick cuticles (to reduce water loss)
Outline the characteristics of a DESERT biome.
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CFCs causing ozone layer to become thinner!!In Stratosphere:• CFCs breakdown to release chloride ions (Cl-)• Cl- react with ozone molecules (O3) to produce ClO &
oxygen (O2)• ClO joins with O2 to form more O2 & release Cl-
Cl- now free to destroy another ozone molecule (start the cycle over ---- depletion of ozone)
*Montreal protocol - phase out use of CFCs in:refrigerator coolants, aerosol propellants, foampackaging material
Outline the effect of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer.
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*Used if species cannot be kept in natural habitat, danger of extinction
• Captive breedingo artificial inseminationo embryo transfer to surrogate mothero cryogenics: egg/sperm cells, embryos frozen for future useo human-raised youngo keeping a pedigree to minimize inbreeding• Botanical gardens – plants easy to keep in captivity• Seed Banks – kept in cold, dark conditions: metabolism of
seed slows down, prevents it from germinating (seeds stored for decades)
What are some methods of ex situ conservation?
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1. Map entire area of habitat2. Determine size of quadrats3. Place numbered grid over map4. Choose which quadrats to sample using
random number table5. Count # of organism 1 in each sample quadrat6. Count # of organism 2 in each sample quadrat7. Calculate averages of organisms 1 & 28. Multiply average # of organism 1 by total # of
quadrats on map to get estimate of # of organism9. Repeat step 8 for organism 2
Describe one method of random sampling, based on quadrat methods, to compare population of 2 species.
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Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
Primary Succession Secondary Succession
•Begins with no life •Follows disturbance of primary succession
•No/little soil •Soil is present•New area ex: volcanic island
•Old area ex: after forest fire
•Lichen/moss: first plants •Seeds/roots already present
•Biomass: low •Biomass: higher•Low production (increase in biomass or energy)
•Higher production
•Extreme temp. changes •Occurs faster
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EconomicMost nutrients in plants, not in soilLogging nutrient-poor soilSources of medicines, chemicals...could go extinctEcotourism ($$)EcologicalLoss of one species could affect others (interdependent)Diversity protects against invasive speciesFewer plants more CO2 in atmosphere global warmingSoil erosion, floodingEthicalAffects local human populationsHelp them make a living from it while preserving itEthical responsibility to conserve it for future generationsReduce human impact, increase education/awarenessAesthetic EcotourismBoosts human well-beingInspiration for artists, writers, photographers, ...
Discuss reasons for the conservation of biodiversity.
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1. Catch some of population and mark them2. Release marked animals – allow to “mix” with others in population3. Capture second sample of population – some will be marked, some
unmarked
Proportion of marked to unmarked in 2nd sample =Proportion of originally marked to whole population
# marked in 2nd sample = # marked in 1st sample total caught in 2nd sample size of whole population
Limitations:• marks on animals may injure them/make them more visible to predators• method assumes population is closed (no immigration/emigration) – this
very rarely occurs
Describe capture-mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size of an animal species.