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Host – parasite interaction 01

Paulina Kramarz

Lectures and so on

• Five lectures, last will be given by dr Hajnalka Szentgyoryi (bees parasites) and Aleksandra Walczyńska (symbionts of insects feeding on wood)

• Five conversional lectures – one presentation/three persons, judged by the rest (not only me

• Lab (three) – depends on you – need to stay longer, proposed topics:

• Isolation of bacteria from infected caterpillar (three consecutive days, one hour each)

• Infectivity depending on life-stage and temperature (two labs): Tribolium castaneum and Steinernema feltiae

Symbioses

• Intimate interaction between different organisms, where at least one of the parties is obligatorily dependent on the association as a part of its life history

• Host organism - the provider of resources or the resource base,

• Symbionts - the consumers of the resources, may or may not provide services in return

• Mutualism - both the host and symbiont reciprocally benefit from the relationship,

• Commensal - the symbiont utilises the host without benefiting or harming it

• Parasite -the symbiont is using the host as a resource and causing it harm as a result

Classification scheme rarely reflects the true dynamics of symbiotic relationships in nature.

Continuum

adarwinstudygroup.org/biology-culture-psychology/symbiosis-continuum/#img-01-1201

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Continuum

Symbiotic associations can be described according to: their impact on host biology spanning from parasitic to mutualistic (X); the nature of the association varying from facultative to obligate (Y); and the age of the symbiosis between partners (Z). Host and environmental factors influence the dynamics of the relations through time. Rio et all 2004

Hidden costs of parasites - examples

Cymothoid isopods Anilocra apogonae vs. the cardinal fishCheilodipterus quinquelineatus

www.lexagrutter.com/rachel_profile.htm

Pipefish Syngnathus typhle vs metacercariae of the trematode Cryptocotyle sp.

www.anst.uu.se/andberg/pipefish.htm

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Two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens and microsporidian infection

www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=ZG7280

Acanthocephalus dirus -infected (left) and uninfected Lirceus lineatus

kwcweb.kwc.edu/depts/biology/dfo09.htm

Deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus and trematode Schistosomatium douthitti

Hidden benefits for mutualists – examples

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Anemones and damselfish (clownfish)

hackingfamily.com/underwater/damselfish.htm

Santia spp. (isopod) and its ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria

(a) Epifluorescence photograph of the Santia spp. and ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria. (b) Cyanobacterial cells on an isopod antenna. (c) TEM micrograph of a cyanobacterial cell of an unpalatable red isopod and surrounding microorganisms. (d) TEM micrograph of a cyanobacterial cell of a palatable brown isopod and surrounding micro-organisms Lindquist et all 2005

Niche expansion for the host: Megacopta punctatissima and Megacopta cribraria

Adult insects of M. punctatissima (left) and M. cribraria (right). Normal, insects with original symbiont; Replaced, insects with heterospecific symbiont; Hosokawa et all. 2007

Niche expansion for the host: Osedax, (polychaetes, boneworms, zombie worms, or bone-eating worms

www.mbari.org/twenty/osedax.htm

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Niche expansion for the host: mycorrhizal fungi

gardenofeaden.blogspot.com/2009/05/what-are-mycorrhizal-fungi.html

Balance between the costs and benefits

Butterlfly fish, Chaetodon multicinctus, trematode Podocotyloides stenometra and corals

therightblue.blogspot.com/2010/01/multiband-butterflyfish-chaetodon.html

Protozoan parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis and mosquito Aedes albopictus

(A) Ascogregarina taiwanensis in Aedes albopictus—trophozoites in the mid-gut of the larva;

(B)—Ascogregarina culicis in Aedes aegypti—extra-cellular trophozoites (arrows) in larvae

Passos and Tadei 2008

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Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts

Bacteriocytes of the symbionts that form the functional consortium .B - Buchnera aphidicola; S - Serratia symbiotica

Hamiltonella defensa

Gosalbes 2010

Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts

(a) In A. pisum, facultative symbionts are often found in specialized sheath cells that surround the bacteriocytes housing the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola.

(b) A. pisum bacteriome with bacteriocytes harboring the obligate symbiont B. aphidicola and sheath cells harboring the facultative symbiont Candidatus Serratia symbiotica.

Pontes and Dale 2006

B - bacteriocyte; F- facultative symbiont (Ca. Serratia symbiotica); O - obligate symbiont (B. aphidicola); S.C. - sheath cell; M - mitochondrion.

Carnivorous plant Roridula dentata and hemipteran Pameridea marlothii

www.bestcarnivorousplants.com/CP_Photos/cp_photos_2.htm

Cleaner fish

www.newscientist.com/gallery/dn14854-best-wildlife-photography-2008/3

news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100924-whale-sharks-gulf-oil-spill-science-environment/

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Symbioses over time

Amphipod Hyperia medusarum, crab, Cancer gracilis and jellyfish, Phacellophora camtschatica

Joseph Dougherty, M.D./ecology.org

Fig and wasp (Ceratosolen)

Symbioses and transmission Wolbachia

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Upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana and algae Symbiodinium microadriaticum

imgfave.com/view/2661973

Perch (Perca fluviatilis) – almost 100 individual macroparasites from 8 different taxa. Schmid-Hempel 2011

Diversity of parasites

www.latvijasdaba.lv

Some more examples

Roach (Rutilus rutilus) – 38 fishes.rasmuswikman.com

Three-spined stickleback - 51

(Gasterrosteus aculeatus L.) fish.dnr.cornell.edu

Nine-spined stickleback -16

(Pungitius pungitius) www.grrb.nt.ca

Some more examples

Honeybee – 70

Apis mellifera

Fall armyworm

Spodoptera frugiperda

148 parastitoids using larva,

20 species attacking pupa,

8 species feed on eggs

feww.wordpress.com

www.sel.barc.usda.gov

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Types of parasites

Microparasites: up to a few hundreds of µm in size), viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa

Macroparasites: the worm-like parasites: nematodes, cestodes, trematodes), parasitic insects, and some other groups (Acanthocephala, Hirudinea, etc.)

Parasitoids: the adult is a free-living stage, the juvenile lives in or on the host animal. Parasitic insects (e.g. ichneumonid wasps), the mussel Glochidium (larva lives on the gills).

Endoparasites: live inside the host. Microparasites, parasitoids larvae.

Ectoparasites: live on the host or are attached to it. Mites, ticks, lice, or parasitic groups, such as suckerfish.

Social parasites: exploit the social structure of a host group. These are typically macroparasites, such as insects, or other higher eukaryotes

Social parasites

Commensalisms: species that mostly live on the debris or food remains without any noticeable harm; e.g. some beetles that live in the nest of ants,

Cleptoparasitism: species that rob food from their hosts, e.g. some spiders that live in the web of their host spider,

Brood parasites:

Maculinea and ants

www.eyefetch.com academic.reed.edu

Cuckoo species that seduce the host to raise the parasite’s eggs; closely related

Bumblebees lay their eggs into the nest of other bumblebees (all within the genus Bombus),

Gees dump their eggs into the nest of con-specifics (intra-specific parasitism).

Body size of parasites

Schmid-Hempel 2011

Viruses

pangmee97.blogspot.com

economicdisconnect.blogspot.com

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textbookofbacteriology.net

Archea

Thermoproteus

luirig.altervista.org

Methanocaldococcus

www.corzakinteractive.com

Bacteria

Gram-negative vs Gram-positive

www.nmpdr.org

www.123rf.com

Bacteria

www.merckmanuals.com

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Bacillus anthracis

www.txtwriter.com

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

Firmicutes

Bacilli, Clostridia, Mollicutes

Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptocooccus, Enterococcus, Listeria, Clostridium

Clostridium difficile

nutrivize.com

Mollicutes

Mycoplasma

www.invivogen.com

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Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease, Lyme borreliosis Chlamydia trachomatis Ch. pneumonia

www.ppdictionary.com

Spirochaetae

commentary-gonzalo86.blogspot.com

Gram-negative Proteobacteria

Alpha-group: Rickettsias Beta-group: Neisseria, Burkholderia, Gamma-proteobacteria: Enterobacteria, Vibrio (cholera), Salmonella, Yersinia (bubonic plague), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonaceae. Epsilon-group: Helicobacter pylori

www.webmastersitesi.com

Protozoa

Types of feeding: Phagotrophy: engulfing solid food (amoebae) Directly absorbtion of nutrients through the body wall (saprozoic feeding; amoebae, flagellates Cysts: can survive unfavourable conditions, also the transmission stage that infect a new host (Enamoeba, Giardia); can furthermore specialize with regard to the atthachment to the host’s surface www.superakwarium.pl

Ciliate Ichthyophthitius (freshwater white spot disease), excystation:process of opening and exiting from the cyst

Mastigophora

Kinetoplastida: Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Phytomonas

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Sarcodina

Actiopoda and Rhizopoda

Entamoeba histolytica

Sporozoa

Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia (Eimera tenella, that infect poultry; Toxoplasma gondii), Haemosporidia, and Piroplasmida (e.g. Babesia, a parasite of cattle)

www.sciencedirect.com

Toxoplasma gondii

Plasmodium

en.wikipedia.org

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Ciliophora

Balantidum coli,

Ciliophora

Ichthyophtthirius multifiliis

www.jcvi.org

Fungi

Four phyla: Chytridomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Chytridomycota: chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Xenopus

www.habitatadvocate.com.au

Zygomycota, order Entomophthorales

www.flickr.com www.pbase.com

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Ascomycota: Phyllachorales, Erysiphales

powdery mildew; www.wiki.lasypolskie.pl biologyarticle.blogspot.com

Microsporidia

Nosema apis, Honeybee Colony Colapse Disorder

www.extension.org

Nematodes (roundworms)

Medina worm, Dracunculus medinensis

Flatworms

Platyhelminthes- Tubellaria (planarians), Trematoda (the flukes, including the Digenea), Monogenea, and Cestoda (tapeworms)

Cestodes, Diphyllobothrium latum , 25 m, 2 cm diameter, 30 years

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Acanthocephala

Annelida, Hirudinea

Leeche, Hirudo medicinalis

Crustacea, Pentastomida

Linguatula serrate halzoun and marrara syndrome

Porocephalus crotali

Crustacea, Copepods

sea lice agsci.oregonstate.edu

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Isopods

Branchiura (fish lice)

eol.org

Crustacea - other groups

Barnacle Sacculina carcini: Female larva (the cyprid), specialized stage (the vermigon) is then injected into the host haemocoel

Mites (Acari), ticks, lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura)

Acariformes: mites (Trombidiformes, Astigmata), Parastitiformes including the Mesostigmata, the ticks (Ixoda) and Opilioacariformes (mites resembling harvestmen)

Borrelia burgdorferi

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Parasitic insects (parasitoids)

Hymenopteran: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Pteromalidea Dipteran: Phoridae, Conopidae, Sarcophagidea)

Insects as vectors