host defenses overview and nonspecific...
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Host Defenses Host Defenses Overview and Nonspecific Overview and Nonspecific
Defenses Defenses II
Immunology
Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Aref (Molecular Virologist & Immunology)
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The Nature of Host DefensesThe Nature of Host Defenses
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1st line of defense - ◦ intact skin ◦ mucous membranes & their secretions
2nd line of defense - ◦ phagocytic white blood cells ◦ inflammation -complement ◦ fever -interferon
3rd line of defense- ◦ B & T lymphocytes
specific ◦ antibodies
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nonspecific
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Physical or anatomical barriersPhysical or anatomical barriers
Outermost layer of skin is composed of epithelial cells compacted, cemented together & impregnated with keratin
Flushing effect of sweat glands Damaged cells are rapidly replaced Mucous coat impedes attachment & entry
of bacteria Blinking & tear production Stomach acid Nasal hair traps larger particles
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Chemical defensesChemical defenses
Sebaceous secretions
Lysozyme, an enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria, in tears
High lactic acid & electrolyte concentration in sweat
Skin’s acidic pH
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Digestive juices and bile of intestines
Semen contains antimicrobial chemical
Vagina has acidic pH 7
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Physical & chemical barriersPhysical & chemical barriers
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Genetic defensesGenetic defenses
Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts.
Some pathogens have great specificity
Some genetic differences exist in susceptibility
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A healthy immune system is A healthy immune system is responsible forresponsible for
1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
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Structure and Function of the Structure and Function of the Organs of Defense and Organs of Defense and ImmunityImmunity
The study of the body’s second and third lines of defense is called immunology
Functions of a healthy functioning immune system:
1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
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Immune SystemImmune System
Large, complex, and diffuse network of cells and fluids that penetrate into every organ and tissue
Four major subdivisions of immune system are:
1. Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
3. Bloodstream
4. Lymphatic system
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Self and NonselfSelf and Nonself
White blood cells must distinguish self from nonself cells
Evaluates cells by examining markers on their surfaces
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Immune Functions of the Immune Functions of the Reticuloendothelial SystemReticuloendothelial System
Provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs
Coexists with the mononuclear phagocyte system
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Figure 14.6
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Origin, Composition, and Origin, Composition, and Functions of the BloodFunctions of the Blood
Circulatory system ◦ Circulatory system proper
◦ Lymphatic system
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Actions of the Second Line of Actions of the Second Line of DefenseDefense
• Recognition
• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
• Interferon
• Complement
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Figure 14.7
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Fundamental Characteristics of Fundamental Characteristics of PlasmaPlasma
Hundreds of different chemicals
Main component is water (92%)
Proteins such as albumin and globulins, immunochemicals, fibrinogen and other clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products
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Phagocytes and PhagocytosisPhagocytes and Phagocytosis
Main types of phagocytes: 1. Neutrophils – general-purpose; react
early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and to damaged tissue
– Eosinophils – attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions
2. Macrophages – derived from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes
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LeukocytesLeukocytes
Neutrophils- 55-90% - lobed nuclei with lavender granules; phagocytes
Eosinophils – 1-3% - orange granules & bilobed nucleus; destroy eucaryotic pathogens
Basophils, mast cells – 0.5% constricted nuclei, dark blue granules; release potent chemical mediators
Lymphocytes – 20-35% - large nucleus B & T cells involved in the specific immune response
Monocytes, macrophages – 3-7%- large nucleus; phagocytic
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Characteristics of leukocytesCharacteristics of leukocytes
Diapedesis – migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues
Chemotaxis – migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection
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LeukocytesLeukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
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GranulocytesGranulocytes
Neutrophils ◦ Phagocytosis
Eosinophils ◦ Attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens
◦ Also involved in inflammation and allergic reactions
Basophils ◦ Parallel eosinophils in many actions
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AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
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MonocytesMonocytes
• Discharged by bone marrow into bloodstream, live as phagocytes for a few days, then differentiate into macrophages
• Responsible for –Many specific and nonspecific phagocytic and killing
functions –Processing foreign molecules and presenting them
to lymphocytes –Secreting biologically active compounds that assist,
mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions
• Dendritic cells
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Erythrocyte and Platelet LinesErythrocyte and Platelet Lines
• Erythrocytes –Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow
–Lose their nucleus just prior to entering circulation
–Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues
• Platelets –Formed elements in circulating blood
–Not whole cells
–Function primarily in hemostasis and in releasing chemicals for blood clotting and inflammation