hospital acquired infection mahadi ppt
DESCRIPTION
nosocomial infectionsTRANSCRIPT
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AlZaiem Alazhari University
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Microbiology
Systemic Bacteriology course
U.Mahadi Hassan Mahmoud Bsc, Msc, MIBMS Microbiology
Hospital acquired
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Hospital acquired infection
Also called nosocomial infection. (noso: study of disease, comial: the area
from which infection acquired).
It’s infection which the patient acquires
during his stay in hospital or after he leaves the hospital.
Nowadays, it is very important and it cost
life and money.
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Infection spread need three factors:
Endogenous or auto-infections (from
normal flora of the same patient e.g.
E. coli, Staph… etc. Exogenous from many sources of
hospital environment (e.g. from doctor or nurses).
1. Source of the organism:
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2. Susceptible host:
There are many factors that make the patient susceptible to infection, such as:
Surgery because it break the first defense line.
Catheters- canulation-drug in using .
Drugs that inhibit the normal flora.
Drugs that causing immunosuppressant
(Cortisol) organ transplantation.
3.Route of Transmission
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Causative agent: UTI:
E. coli, drug resistant G-ve bacilli (Klebsiella, Serratia macroscus) &
Pseudomonas usually followed the
catheterization.
Usually HAI start as a local infection and
then complicated to septicaemia, so fever
is the most important symptoms
Causative agent:
RTI: Acquired in patient with mechanical
ventilation or comatose patient (because many mechanical procedure done to him).
Klebsiella, drug resistance G-ve bacilli,
Enterococci, Legionella and Pseudomonas.
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Causative agent:
Skin and wound infection: S. aureus (mainly), Pseudomonas C. perfringens and Bacteroids & drug
resistance G-ve bacilli.
Important strain of Staph that causes
HAI (methicillin resistant S. aureus ).
Causative agent:
Foreign bodies related infections:
Include catheter-canulation-tubes.
Serious infection caused by non-
pathogenic organism, as S. ablus,
diphtheroides, Candida.
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Causative agent:
GIT infections:
Can be caused by different types of
organisms that cause GITI. Important HAI is C.difficile (toxigenic Clostridia) cause
serious
infection
called Pseudomembraneous colitis and some time
called antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Also can be cause by S. aureus or Candida
albicans .
Causative agent:
Infection through the blood product:
Most important HIV, HB virus.
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The role of the lab in HAI:
Isolation and identification of the
causative agent.
Sensitivity testing to the causative agent.
Detection of the reservoir(source of
infection).
Typing for epidemiological studies
(identification of the organism to the
strain levels.
Collection of specimens:
Persons: From all people on ward (patients and workers in hospital staff). Take specimen from skin, hair, throat and
nose. Moist the swab before collect hair swab by sterile D.W. The best part of the skin to
collect specimen from back of the wrist.
Furniture: floor, equipment by using moisture swabs.
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Collection of specimens:
Sample from textiles (cotton, gauze). Take small pieces by sterile forceps and then press
it on the surface of agar plate.
Lotions (fluid): amount of fluid added to
peptone water, then subculture from it. From air: by one of the following methods:
Settle plates (exposed BA plates): Put Petri dishes containing an agar medium on known surface and left open for a measured period of
time. Large bacteria carrying dust particles settle on the medium.
Collection of specimens:
Slit sampler (air slitter): it drawn in air from the environment (by -ve pressure)
at the surface of an agar plate.
Slit sampler
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Air centrifuge.
Collection of specimens:
Surface air system (SAS).
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Settler plates:
Advantage: simplicity.
Disadvantages:
Measure only the rate of deposition of large
particles from air, not the total number of large
and small bacteria carrying particles
suspended in it.
Slit sampler:
Advantage: it gives count of organism in amount of air per hours (sensitive).
Disadvantage: Noisy. Incubation: in all HAI incubate some plates
aerobically and others anaerobically
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Precautions:
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Precautions:
Wear full length plastic coat (best to be
disposable).
Wear gloves.
Use mask.
Hat.
Over shoes.
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Nails
Rings
Hand creams
Cuts & abrasions
“Chapping”
Skin Problems
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION