horticulture in east africa...growing populations: percent of urban population by 2030 0 10 20 30 40...

Horticulture in East Africa

Dr. Lusike A. Wasilwa

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

What are the key issues to consider?

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⅓ of 1 billion undernourished people live in sub-Saharan Africa

Developing Countries

Sub- Saharan Africa

Asia & South Pacific

Latin America & Caribbean

Near East & North Africa

Countries in transition

Stringer, 2004; Spore, 2010

%

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute www.kari.org

Facts: Size of informal economy

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Gitobu, 2004


Growing populations: Percent of urban population by 2030

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70

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030


Production: The yield gap -1

)

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Banana Papaya Mango

Reseacher Farmer (A) Farmer (B)

Yiel

d (t

ha)

Potential yield

Actual yield

Yield gap

Biophysical limitations - Soil fertility - Water - Variety, etc

Socio economic and policy limitations - Knowledge - Credit availability - Inputs-Output - Markets

Which inputs are lacking?

Why inputs are not used?

Source – Africa Soils Net, 2009

Exp

erim

enta

tion


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Tomato Cabbage French beans


Yiel

d (t

ha)

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Banana Papaya Mango


Yiel

d (t

ha-1

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Fruit Research: Outputs


Current Prediction for 2050

Prediction for 2020

Source: GIS-Unit CIAT, June 2009

Climate change


Climatic effects

p Floods and droughts p Pests and diseases p Land degradation p Food security p Human health


Carbon foot print: How much do crops contribute?

High postharvest losses: 10 to 40%

Spoilage Postharvest

Inadequate transport,

power, marketing,

and certification infrastructure

5-21% Drying, storage,

processing

Processing

Limited agro-

processing and value addition

technologies

Harvest process

5-16% Picking, handling, sorting, Cleaning


Harvesting and consistent delivery of quality, safe and

nutritious products from FIELD TO PLATE

Field production

Consumption

Pre-postharvest

Narrowing the GAP of postharvest losses


Vegetable N Mean Std. Deviation MRLs % above

MRLs Cabbage 40 0.21 0.11 3.00 0 Courgette 1 0.12 0.0 2.00 0 Kenya beans 9 0.11 0.01 1.00 0

Kale 16 0.16 0.16 0.50 6 Pea 4 0.17 0.08 1.00 0 Spinach 6 0.13 0.02 0.05 83 Tomato 8 0.41 0.88 3.00 0 Average 0.19 0.21 1.36 13

Exceeded MRLs are strong indicator of chances of pesticide side effects to consumers and farmer themselves

Dithiocarbamate residue data (mgCS2/kg), mancozeb, maneb, propineb

Macharia, 2009

Pesticide Residue Analysis: Vegetable Crops

Policy Guidelines • Visions advocate for:

• Transformation of smallholder agriculture from subsistence to an innovative, commercially oriented sector to achieve positive economic growth

• Through: • Improving market access especially for

smallholders • Value addition to farm produce before

reaching local and external markets • Encourage growth of agri-business to

markets • Increasing agricultural productivity


Contribution of Horticulture to Smallholder Livelihoods p Contributes 33% of the GDP and 38% of export

earnings p In Kenya horticulture affects 4.5 million people

directly (in production, processing, and marketing) plus 3.5 million benefit indirectly

p Contribution of horticulture to total household income is 7% to over 25%

p Top 20% of sellers; 15% of population account for 80% of sales

p Income share of horticultural sales is only 22% p There is more room for specialization


Prospects for Domestic and Export Horticulture p Growth in exports has declined over past

decade n International standards – GlobalGAP n Competition from other African countries

(Egypt, South Africa, Morocco, Ghana)

p Growth rates in domestic system could exceed those in export sector over next decade n domestic system is already much larger n dominated by smallholder production


Change in crop production

Intensive Commercial Vegetable Farming: Greenhouse production


Use Pollinators pWhat losses realized

from poor pollination

p Internet (Agri Focus) n Pollination: Key to

food security and environmental health (Kasina et al., 2009)

pMacadamia production: n Nut set by 57 to 97% n Kernel weight by 20%


Wallace, 1996

Value Chains

Horticulture Industry: Subcomponent contribution

44%

26.1%

26.1%

2% 1.3% 0.6%

Vegetables

Flowers

Fruits

Nuts

Africa leafy

MAPs


Commercialization and Utilization of Underutilized Crops

p Fruit - guava increase from KES 27 million in 2006 to KES 58 million 2011 (50%); 147 million in 2012

Increased income: Growing trade of indigenous crops (Kenya 2011)


Going Back to Our Roots

p About 240 occur in East Africa

p 210 have been recorded in Kenya


p Indigenous vegetables constitute 3.7%; exotic vegetables 95.7 and Asian vegetables 0.7%

p % of indigenous crops in markets and what time of year

p % of land under these crops

p % consumption and utilization

p Role of private sector in processing and marketing

Why African Leafy Vegetables? The case for Kenya


African Indigenous Vegetables: ASARECA p Seed system developed

for spider plant and vegetable amaranth

p Spider plant and amaranth registered

p 800 kg currently being packaged by KARI Seed Unit (KSU)

p Seed technical manual developed

p Partnerships – CABI, KARI, Lagrotech


Involvement of private sector and marketing opportunities

Farmers

Farmers

Private sector

Con

sum

ers

Traceability/ standards

Produce sourcing Fee Markets

Profit to smallholder farmers in value chain


Constraints: Indigenous crops Research and Development

•Have not been characterized

•Dissemination / advocacies

•Classification of indigenous crops to give chance to others

•Low local funding from the government

Production inputs

•Lack of production packages

•Standards •Lack of market based

production •Fragmented farming

– not economic •Smallholders voice

in value chain


Horticulture q Poor production systems q Dynamic and changing market demands q Essential public-private partnerships q Access to technology, knowledge and

information q Investment in Research and Development,

human and institutional capacity


Production data along the value chain

Natural resources Physical environment

Inputs

Research and Developm

ent

Production

Collection / Processing

Distribution Productivity challenges Market challenges

Wholesaling

Policy and institutional environment

Retailing


THANK YOU

horticulture in east africa...growing populations: percent of urban population by 2030 0 10 20 30 40...

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