Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

Growth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin (PRL) Milk synthesis

Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition)

Thyroid

1) Increased amino acid levels (blood) 2) Hypolipidemia 3) Hypoglycemia *Controlled by GHRH/GHIH (Somatostatin)

Anterior Pituitary (Somatotrope

cells)

1) Muscle 2) Adipose Tissue 3) Cells in General 4) Cartilage/Bone

1) Muscle build-up (anabolic) 2) Lipolysis (catabolic) 3) Hyperglycemia 4) Cartilage build-up (anabolic) 5) Growth of long bone

1) High levels of estrogen (blood) 2) Breast feeding 3) Birth control pills 4) Opiates *Controlled by PRH/PIH

Anterior Pituitary (Lactotrope

cells)

Breasts (Lactiferous glands)

1) Low body temperature 2) Pregnancy *Controlled by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)/TIH

Anterior Pituitary (Thyrotrope cells)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulation of the Thyroid Gland to release: 1) Thyroxin (T4) 2) Triiodothyronine (T3)

1) Long-term stress 2) Fever 3) Hypoglycemia *Controlled by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)/CIH

Anterior Pituitary (Corticotrope cells)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal Gland 1) Zona glomerulosa 2) Zona fasiculata (MAIN) 3) Zona reticularis

Stimulation of the Adrenal Gland (cortex) to release: 1) aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) 2) cortisol (glucocorticoid - MAIN) 3) testosterone (gonadocorticoid; androgen)

Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

Posterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin

Melatonin

Negative Feedback Controls (Circulating levels of sex hormones) *Controlled by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)/GnIH

Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotrope cells)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing

Hormone (LH)* *Interstitial cell-

stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Gonads: Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

Stimulation of the Gonads to release: 1) estrogen/progesterone (female) 2) testosterone (male) FSH: Sperm and egg production LH: maturation of egg and ovulation (female); testosterone production (male)

Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus: 1) Dehydration 2) Low plasma volume/BP

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Kidneys (Collecting tubules)

1) Water reabsorption 2) Concentrated urine 3) Decreased urine output

Stimulation of the Paraventricular Nucleus: 1) Breast feeding 2) Labor

1) Breasts (Myoepithelial cells) 2) Myometrium of uterus

1) "Milk letdown" 2) Contraction of uterus

Absence of light (input from the visual pathways)

Pineal gland (pinealocytes)

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Influences the setting of day/night cycles influencing physiological process such as sleep, appetite,

body temperature and hypothalamic activity in general

Activation of the renin-angiotensin pathway by lowered blood pressure/blood volume, elevated K ion and lowered Na ion blood levels, and ACTH release (minor influence)

Adrenal gland cortex (zona

glomerulasa)

Aldosterone - "Mineralocorticoid"

Kidneys (Distal convoluted tubules)

1) Increased blood levels of Na ions and increased excretion of K ions 2) Water reabsorption accompanies Na reabsorption causing increased blood volume and blood pressure

Stimulated by ACTH

Stimulated by ACTH Sex organs

Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

Stimulated by TSH (anterior pituitary)

Same as thyroxine stimuli

Hypercalcemia

Adrenal gland cortex (zona fasiculata)

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) - "Glucocorticoid"

1) Body cells and tissues 2) Adipose tissue 3) Muscles

1) promotes gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia 2) moblizes fat for energy metabolism 3) stimulates protein catabolism 4) depresses the inflammatory and immune response

Adrenal gland cortex (zona reticularis)

Androgens (Testosterone) -

"Gonadocorticoid"

May be responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause

1) Short term stress ("Fight or flight response') 2) Extreme emotion

Adrenal gland medulla (chromaffin cells)

Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

Organs/tissues around the body

Activation of sympathetic nervous system target organs

Thyroid glands (follicle cells)

Thyroxine (Thyroid Hormone or T4)

Body cells (Exceptions: brain, spleen, testes, uterus, thyroid gland itself)

1) Major effects throughout the body - affects practically all body systems (see text) 2) Increases cellular metabolic rate

Thyroid glands (follicle cells)

Triiodothyronine (T3) Body cells (Exceptions: brain, spleen, testes, uterus, thyroid gland itself)

1) Major effects throughout the body - affects practically all body systems (see text) 2) Increases cellular metabolic rate

Thyroid glands (parafollicular or C cells)

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)

1) Skeletal system/bones 2) Kidneys 3) Small intestine

1) Building up of bone 2) Antagonistic effect to parathyroid hormone 3) Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia Parathyroid glands

Hypoglycemia Glucagon Liver

Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

Hyperglycemia Insulin

Secreted in response to food Stomach Gastrin Stomach Stimulates glands to release HClDuodenum Intestinal gastrin Stomach

Secreted in response to food Duodenum Secretin Stomach and Pancreas

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

1) Skeletal system/bones 2) Kidneys 3) Small intestine

1) Bone resorption 2) Decreased urinary excretion of calcium 3) Increased gastrointestinal absorption of calcium (vitamin D) 4) Hypercalcemia

Pancreas ( a cells) - Islets of Langerhans

1) Hyperglycemia 2) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) 3) Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from lactic acid, glycerol, and amino acids)

Pancreas ( b cells) - Islets of Langerhans

1) Liver 2) Body tissues

1) Hypoglycemia (stimulates glucose uptake from the blood) 2) Stimulates glucose uptake from the blood

Secreted in response to food, especially fats

Stimulates HCl secretion and gastrointestinal tract motility

Stomach: inhibits secretory activity Pancreas and liver: stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich juice

Secreted in response to food Duodenum Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Pancreas

Pancreas, Gallbladder and Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Pancreas: stimulates release of enzyme-rich juice Gallbladder: stimulates expulsion of stored bile Hepatopancreatic sphinter: causes sphincter to relax, allowing bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum

Secreted in response to glucose in intestinal lumen

Ducodenum and other gut regions

Incretins [glucose-dependent

insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucose-like

peptide (GLP-1)]

Enhances insulin release and inhibits glucagon release caused by increased blood glucose

Comments

Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition)

Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion: Gigantism Acromegaly

Hyposecretion: Poor milk production Hypersecretion: Galactorrhea Cessation of menses

Hyposecretion: Cretinism Myxedema Hypersecretion: Hyperthyroidism (similar to Graves' disease) Exopthalmos

Hyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretion: Cushings symptoms

Comments

Hyposecretion: Failure to mature sexually Hypersecretion: N/A

Hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus Hypersecretion: Retention of fluid (SIADH)

Hyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretion: N/A

Hyposecretion: Addison's disease Potassium retention (blood) Hypersecretion: Hypertension Sodium retention (blood) Potassium excretion (urine)

Comments

Therapy for Paget's disease

Hyposecretion: Addison's disease Hypersecretion: Cushings disease

Hyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text)

Hyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text)

Comments

Hyposecretion: tetany Hyperparathyroidsim Weakness of bones Weakness of muscles Kidney stones

Hyposecretion: diabetes mellitus Hypersecretion: hyperinsulinism (severe hypoglycemia)