hormones - s3.studentvip.com.au · oxytocics oxytocin tocolytics atosiban facilitates _____...
TRANSCRIPT
BIOM2010 (till mid sem)
Endocrinology
Endocrine system : a __________________________that acts by ________________________
directly into the ____________________ which then ____________ to other
parts of the body to act on ___________________ (cells, tissues, organs)
Endocrine gland : ___________________________ found ____________ at ______________
e.g. anterior pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal
Major endocrine organs
Pineal Heart GI Female
Hypothalamus Adrenal gland Liver Ovaries
Pituitary Kidney Stomach Placenta (pregnant)
Thyroid Adipose tissue Duodenum Male
Parathyroid Skin Pancreas Testes
Hormones
Physiologic response
Hormone action on target cells
1. ___________________________________________________
↓ or no receptor present
2. ___________________________________________________
Modification to receptor so it doesn’t activate signalling cascade
3. ___________________________________________________
Downregulation of a component of signalling pathway
Upregulation of an inhibitor of signalling pathway
4. ___________________________________________________
Binding with receptor
1. Alters ____________________________________________by acting on
_________________________________________
/
2. Acts through _________________________________to alter activity of
________________________________
+/-
3. Activates ______________________to cause formation of ___________________________
Hormone bound to _______________________
____________, ____________ _____________ hormone
_______________
___________ response
_____________________ in liver or other tissues
Excretion in _______
Hormone action on target cells – intracellular signalling pathways (signal transduction)
1. ____________________________________________________
e.g. OT, GNRH, somatostatin, DA receptors
2. ____________________________________________________
e.g. insulin, IGF1 receptor
3. ____________________________________________________
e.g. EPO, leptin, prolactin & GH receptors
4. ____________________________________________________
e.g. oestrogen receptor
Homeostasis : the state of ___________________________________of the body that is
maintained by _______________________________________________of
_______________________________ & ____________________________.
Involves both the __________________ & ____________________ systems.
Negative feedback : ___________________________________________________________
Positive feedback : ___________________________________________________________
Endocrine Disorders
Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
Hormone activity
Clearance
Other
Pituitary Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary
Neural Blood borne
Cell types 5
Hormones released 6
PVN
SON
Releasing & inhibiting
hormones
Posterior pituitary gland
1. _______________________ - VP (_______________________________________________)
2. _______________________ - OT
Neurons
- One neuron express ONLY _________ type of peptide (VP/OT)
- Project to the ___________________________________________________
1. ___________________________________________ (SON)
2. ___________________________________________ (PVN)
Hormones VP OT
Actions
Parturition:
Lactation:
Secretion Regulation
Stimulation
Inhibition
Target cells
Oxytocin
Synthesis
Secretion
MOA
Regulation
In males
Class Compound Receptor Pathway Effects
Oxytocics Oxytocin
Tocolytics Atosiban
Facilitates _________________________________________________________________________
Anterior pituitary gland
Cell type Hormone Grouping
Have direct effect in their own right
Trophic hormones
Function :
Regulation of other tissues
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
Hypothalamus Pituitary Axes
e.g. ______________________________________________________________________ (HPA axis)
activity of each cell type is regulated independently of the others
“Stalk Section” Hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection”
RF RIF
↑ Prolactin √
↓ GH √
↓ TSH √
↓ ACTH √
↓ FSH & LH √
RF RIF
↑ Prolactin ?
↓ GH
↓ TSH
↓ ACTH ?
↓ FSH & LH
Median eminence
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
Fenestra
Portal veins
Pituitary stalk
Secretion control
Response to neurohormones called
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
From hypothalamus
Releasing factors
Structure
Often __________________ ____________________
Secretion
From ________________________ into ________________________ at
specialised region of hypothalamus “_________________________________”
Transportation
In ________________________________ to a _________________________
____________________________ in the anterior pituitary gland.
Prolactin Growth hormone
Structure
Synthesis
&
secretion
__________________ -
Prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF)
Short term response –
_________________________________
Medium term response –
_________________________________
Long term response –
_________________________________
Receptor -
__________________________________
Expressed by
_________________________________
__________________- Signals via
multiple pathways to suppress PRL
_________________________ -
Inhibiting factor
Females Males
Amplitude
Frequency
Pulse
Peak in 24 hour:
_________________________________
__________________ -
Prolactin releasing factor (PRF)
__________________ - ↑ PRL synthesis
_____________________ -
Releasing factor
Action Reproductive role
Stimulates
__________________________________
________________________ to
_________________ &
_________________________of
__________________
e.g. milk proteins
Major determinant of growth
Generally ________________________
- ↑ no. & size in cells in
__________________________
e.g. skeletal muscles
- ↑ thickness & length of
__________________________
Non-reproductive role
e.g.
__________________________________
____, _____________________
_________________________________
distinct from effects of growth
Disorders
Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
PRL
______________________________________
Female - _______________________________
_______________________________
Male - _________________________________
_________________________________
GH
Adult
No major Sx
Adult
e.g. thyroid tumour ______________________
1. Enlarged ________________________
- Bones in ________________________,
______________ & ________________
2. Thickening _______________________
__________________________leads to
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
Children
_______________________________________
Body proportion:_________________________
Stature:__________________ max.________m
Muscle development:_____________________
Subcutaneous fat:________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
- Diagnosed before puberty
- Gives near normal growth
Children
_______________________________________
Body proportion:_________________________
Abnormally tall: ________________________m
____________________________also affected
Somatomedin Hypothesis
Growth
Not weight gain alone
Involves ____________________________________________________________________
- Net synthesis ________________________________________________________________
- Lengthening of _______________________________________________________________
- ↑ cell _____________ (___________________) & ________________ (________________)
Growth curves : 2 major growth spurts
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
Control of growth & metabolism
Role of circulating IGF from liver
__________________________________________________________________________________
Relative contributions from tissues other than liver
Pit1 is necessary for __________________________________ & _____________________________
___________ GHRH +/- _________ somatostatin → ↑ GH
Growth Plate Closure
- Occurs after ________________________
- Due to _________________________________ action
- GH/IGF1 cannot cause further growth in _____________________________________ bones
(but can ↑ __________________________________________________________ of bones)
Growing person / child Adult
Epiphyses
GH action
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
- ____________________________
____________________________
(anti-insulin effect)
- ____________________________
____________________________
(anti-insulin effect)
- ____________________________
____________________________
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
Growth Drug
1. _______________________________________________________(GHRH agonist)
- Use test growth axis
2. _______________________________________________________(rhIGF1)
- For growth defects
3. _______________________________________________________(somatostatin analogue)
- Inhibit GH excess : for acromegaly & gigantism
- Inhibits other hormones producing tumours
4. _______________________________________________________
- Similar to octreotide
- Used for _____________________________________________________________ tumours
Endocrine pancreas
1. Carbohydrate
(4.1 kcal/g)
2. Lipid
(9.4 kcal/g)
3. Protein
(4.3 kcal/g)
Glucose
- Important _____________________________________ for all cells
- Main energy source for __________________________________
- Neurones cannot store __________________________________ (glia can)
- _________________________________________ are essentials for normal CNS function
Glucose homeostasis
↑ blood glucose ↓ blood glucose
GI tract
______________________________________
Transport of glucose into cells
- ______________________________
______________________________
- ______________________________
As _________ through _____________
As ______________________________
Liver – hepatic
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
Kidney
- _______________________________
- _______________________________
_______________________________
Facilitated diffusion
1. Carrier protein takes conformation in which solute binding site is exposed to region of high
concentration
2. Solute molecule binds to carrier protein
3. Carrier protein changes conformation so that binding site is exposed to region of lower
concentration
4. Transported solute is released & carrier protein returns to conformation in step 1
GLUT
Name Tissue Insulin sensitive Comments
1
2
3
4
5
Hyperglycaemia Hypoglycaemia
Signs of diabetes mellitus
e.g. osmotic diuresis
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
Insulin & glucagon
Simple control system
Insulin Glucagon
Islet of
Langerhans
Homeostasis
Glucose, fatty
acids & a.a.
Impairment
Receptor
CHO
Fats
Proteins
Characteristics Type I Type II
Descriptions
Onset
Insulin dependency
Speed development Sx
Tx
Drugs
1. Insulin - __________________________________________________________________
Tx for
1. ________________________________
________________________________(sometimes)
2. Emergency tx for ____________________________________________________
3. ________________________________ diabetes
MOA: acts like ___________________________________________
Administration: ___________________________ (or ______________________________)
Duration action: different for different formulations
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
Oral
hypoglycaemics
Biguanides Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones
(glitazones)
e.g.
MOA
SE
1. Repaglinide
- Act like _____________________________________________________________
- Block _______________________________________________ _____________ cells
2. Acarbose
- Reduces ____________________________________________________________ in GIT
- Reduces _______________________________ increase _____________ during absorption