Honors Notes 1.5 2014 copy.pptxActivity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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9/17/13  
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening •Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s • The First Great Awakening began around 1720 • It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies • Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time • Traditional Puritanism was not revived
Jonathan Edwards •Born in East Windsor, CT •Went to Yale at 13 – valedictorian •M.A. in theology •Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher
Jonathan Edwards, cont. •Edwards was very orthodox and fervent •Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of
conservatism and alienation •Was president of what is now Princeton University
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” •According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm
voice during the sermon •People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror • This is his most famous sermon
Word Size = Word Frequency
Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2
Sermon •A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of
worship •Expresses an author’s message or point of view •Can be inspiring or instructional
Sermons v. Homilies •Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the
day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel •Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their
preaching with scripture verses
like, as or than
characteristics
Wrath (n) •Extreme anger
Rhetoric Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald
rhetoric •Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively
4 forms of discourse •Narration – telling a story •Description – appealing to the senses •Exposition – communicating information •Persuasion –modifying behavior
Persuasion
Speaker •The person(s) delivering the communication •Those who want certain behaviors modified
Audience •Those for whom the communication is intended •Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify
Occasion •The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication
Means of persuasion •The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker
Aristotelian appeals •ETHOS •LOGOS •PATHOS
Ethos •Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience •Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. •“Ethics,” “Ethical”
LOGOS •Logos is appeal based on reason. •Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect •“Logic” and “Logical”
Pathos •Pathos is appeal based on emotion. •Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. •They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. •“Pathetic,” “Sympathy,” “Empathy”
Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies •Fear •Limited opportunity •Bandwagon •Repetition •Rhetorical questions •Bait and switch •Humor •Testimonial •Appeal to the common man •Ad hominem – “against the man” •Appeal to prejudice
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Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature – Unit 1
Early America – The Colonies ìFirst settlement in the U.S. – St. Augustine, FL in 1565
(Spanish) ìRoanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ìJamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in
1607 ìPlymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620
The Puritans ìFundamentalist reformers who wanted to “purify” The Church
of England; they felt it was still too “Catholic” ìReceived a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ìIntended to purify America before returning to “save” England
= New England
How are they different from Pilgrims? ìPilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they
withdrew from the Church of England and became known as “Separatists”
Pilgrims ìFewer colonists (201) ìEarlier arrival (1620) ìPoorer class ìSeparatists from state church ìSettled in Plymouth ìLed by William Bradford
Puritans ìMore colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ìLater arrival (1629) ìUpper Middle Class ìLoyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ìSettled in Salem and Boston ìLed by John Winthrop
A “City upon a Hill” ìPuritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; “city on a
hill” ìA model community guided by the Bible ìTheocracy – state under the immediate guidance of God
Puritan Religious Beliefs ìCalvinism and final predestination ìThe sign of one’s predestination was his or her willingness to
obey the commands of the Bible ìIndependent congregations; pastors democratically chosen
and fired
T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism
Five Points of Calvinism T – Total Depravity U – Unconditional Election L – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the Saints
Total Hereditary Depravity ìCalvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race;
Adam’s guilt was transmitted to all humans (“Original Sin”); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth
Unconditional Election ìCalvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct.
ìThis is called final predestination ìThose who are predestined to be saved are the “elect”
Limited Atonement ìCalvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be
lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus’ atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else
Irresistible Grace ìCalvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are
unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call
Perseverance of the Saints ìCalvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and
irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away
ì“once saved always saved”
What were the Puritans’ Central Beliefs? ìHuman beings exist for the glory of God ìThe Bible is the sole expression of God’s will ìMan is basically evil ìPredestination: God has already decided who will achieve
salvation and who will not ìContinual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of
predestination ìEducation (for religious purposes)
Think About It ìHow do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the
Catholic Church? ìHow do you think the Puritans’ religious beliefs affected their
way of life? ìWhat can we expect from Puritan literature?
How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ìWrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and
autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction
ìFiction and Drama = Sin ìPuritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual
enlightenment
Puritan Life ìLiteracy rates were high ìFarm work for boys beginning at age 5 ìGirls helped with spinning/sewing ìWomen were not involved in decision-making in the towns or
churches ìChurch attendance was mandatory ìHarsh punishments for those who strayed from God’s work
Other Puritan Facts ìPuritans established Harvard ìThey had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine,
and beer ìIn addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like
blue, violet, and yellow ìThey had large families
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ìAnne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God
without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ìBanished to Rhode Island ìLater killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern
day The Bronx)
The Salem Witch Trials
How it started . . . ìBetty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove
under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.
ìTalk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.
ìA doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.
- Douglas Linder
The Trials
Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been
convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under
heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges
Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison
Why the Hysteria Ended ìDoubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and
executed. ìAccusations of witchcraft include the powerful and well-
connected. ìThe educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude
spectral evidence. ìGov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court
The Puritan Legacy ìThe Protestant Work Ethic ì1. Prudence ì2. Thrift ì3. Discipline ì4. Hard work
Anne Bradstreet ìSelf-educated ìDeveloped a strong sense of independence and self-worth for
the time period ìGained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of
Tenth Muse. ìShe challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting
the woman’s right to study, produce creative works, and read ìOne of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen)
Literary Terms
Puritan Writing ìSole purpose = moral instruction and education ìThe writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of
their lives – spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects
Puritan Plain Style ìReflected Puritan life – simple and straightforward ìShort words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ìPoetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ìPurely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate
Direct Address ìA name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or
something ì“Lead me, Lord” ì“God, grant me the serenity . . .”
Conceit ìFigurative language that draws an extended and unusual
comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects
Connotation ìThe idea or meaning associated with words or objects
Rhyme Scheme ìRegular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ìOften represented by letters
Vocabulary
Recompense (n) ìRepayment; something given or done in return for something
else
Persevere (v) ìPersist; be steadfast in purpose
Piteous (adj) ìArousing or deserving pity
Bereft (adj) ìDeprived of happiness by loss or death
Repine (v) ìTo complain or fret; to feel discontent
Vanity (n) ìA thing or act that is worthless or futile
Chide (v) ìTo scold or blame
Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature
The