Honors Latin II

Test Next Wednesday• Vocabulary, Chapters 1-4

• Present Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative Active of the First and Second Conjugation

• Uses of the Cases

• First Declension

• Second Declension

• Present Tense of Sum

Present Active Verbs

First and Second Conjugation

Implicit and Explicit Subjects

• For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love”

• There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminae amant, “the women love”

Principal Parts of the Verb

• Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung

• The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cōgītō, “I think”

The Verb Stem

• For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stem and the personal ending.

• The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)

Determining the Verb Stem

• To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –re from the second principal part:

• amō, amāre amāre amāre • stem = amā• moneō, monēre monēre monēre

• stem = monē

Conjugations

• As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations.

• The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.

Second Principal Part

• The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre

• The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre

• Note: the macron over the penultimate e in the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.

Personal Endings

• The personal endings are the same for both conjugations:

• -ō first person singular, “I”

• -s 2d person singular, “you”

• -t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it”

• -mus 1st pl., “we”

• -tis 2d pl., “you”

• -nt 3d pl., “they”

Forming present-tense verbs

• the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it

• get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re

• to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Example I

•amō, amāre•1st person singular: amō, “I love”

•Stem: amā

Example – Part II

• Stem: amā

• 2d sg. = amā + s = amās, “you love”• 3d sg. = amā + t = amat, “she loves”• 1st pl. = amā + mus = amāmus, “we

love”• 2d pl. = amā + tis = amātis, “you love”• 3d pl. = amā + nt = amant, “they love”

Example II

•moneō, monēre•1st person singular: moneō, “I warn”

•Stem: monē

Example II – Part II

• Stem: monē• 2d sg. = monē + s = monēs, “you warn”• 3d sg. = monē + t = monet , “he warns”• 1st pl. = monē + mus = monēmus , “we

warn”• 2d pl. = monē + tis = monētis , “you

warn”• 3d pl. = monē + nt = monent, “they

warn”

Translating the Present Tense

• moneō• “I warn”• “I am warning” (present

progressive)• “I do warn” (present emphatic)

Present Active Imperative

• The imperative mood is used for commands or requests.

• The singular imperative is identical in form to the stem of the verb.

• The plural imperative is the stem + te.

• amo, amāre, amāvi, amatum• Singular imperative: amā• Plural imperative: amāte

Present Tense of the Verb “To Be”

• The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.)

• It must simply be memorized.

• The first two principal parts are sum, esse

Present Forms of Sum, Esse

• Sum, “I am”

• Es, “you [sg.] are”

• Est, “s/he is”

• Sumus, “we are”

• Estis, “y’all are”

• Sunt, “they are”

Similarity to Regular Verbs

• Sum, “I am”

• Es, “you [sg.] are”

• Est, “s/he is”

• Sumus, “we are”

• Estis, “y’all are”

• Sunt, “they are”

Studying Noun Forms

How to Do It

1st and 2nd-Declension Nouns

• Memorize the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns.

• On a test, you’ll usually be given the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns to decline.

• To decline a noun is to put the noun into its singular and plural forms in the five cases: nom., gen., dat., acc., and abl.

Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns

• Write down the memorized or given nominative singular form.

• From the genitive singular, drop the ending, e.g, -ae, -ī, to get the base

•ara, arae arae ar•puer, puerī puerī puer

•ager, agrī agrī agr

Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns

• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:

• First declension• N. –a (memorized) –ae• G. –ae (memorized) –ārum• D. –ae –īs• Acc. –am –as• Abl. –ā –īs

You must memorize the

first-declension case endings

Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns

• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:

• Second declension, masculine• N. – (memorized) –ī• G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum• D. –ō –īs• Acc. –um –ōs• Abl. –ō –īs

You must memorize the second-declension

masculine case endings

Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns

• To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:

• Second declension, neuter• N. –um (memorized) –a• G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum• D. –ō –īs• Acc. –um –a• Abl. –ō –īs

You must memorize the second-declension neuter case endings

Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns

• Note: the dative and ablative plural endings are -īs in the first and second declension.

• In the second declension, the dative and ablative singular are identical, –ō

• In the neuter of any declension, the nominative and accusative forms are identical.