Honors Horticulture II

Mr. Jason Dellinger 2015This course pack includes all notes for the Honors Horticulture II curriculum at Jesse Carson High School.

Jesse C. Carson High School Course Pack

Leadership

A. Leadership Qualities

a. _________________

- Honesty

b. _________________- Willing to go forward under difficult circumstances

c. _________________- Using people, resources, process to reach a goal

d. _________________

- Placing the desires and welfare of others above yourself

e. _________________

- Reliable support for an individual, group or cause

f. _________________

- Energy to do a job and the inspiration to encourage others

g. ___________

- Able top think through, determine procedures

h. _____________

- Awareness, understanding

i. _____________

- Enjoying and doing the right thing without offending

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B. Program Components

a. FFA Student Organization

- Club or Student Organization

- Develops __________________, Leadership and _____________________________ Skills.

- _________________________: Skills are developed by participation as chapter officers, committee members, group leaders, mentors, etc.

- _________________________: Skills are developed through speaking career development events such as prepared public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, extemporaneous speaking, agricultural sales and poultry, dairy and livestock oral reasons.

- ________________________: Skills are developed to promote community service involvement by volunteering at food banks, animal shelters, nursing homes, etc.

b. ____________ (Supervised Agricultural Experience): Provides opportunities to explore interests, gain work experiences, and keep records.

c. Classroom ______________________: Studying and learning subject matter in the classroom.

d. _____________________ Instruction: Learning by demonstrations and practice in shops, greenhouses, nurseries, and other settings.

C. Cooperative Extension Service

a. Educational agency of the USDA and part of the university system.

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- Sponsors 4-H clubs to enhance personal development and provide skill development for agricultural youth.

D. Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts

a. Provide excellent leadership development

- Focus on the out-of-doors and natural resources skills

- Recognition through merit badge system.

E. Public Speaking

a. Types of Speeches

- To ____________ (gives knowledge)

- To ____________ (Convinces people)

- To ____________

1. introductions

2. welcome speeches

- _____________ (written and learned)

- _________________ (written with little or nor preparation).

F. Things to consider...

a. ____________________

- why are you giving the speech

b. Analyze the _____________________

- What group is hearing the speech

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c. _________________

- What is the event

d. ________________

- What is in the speech

e. _________________

- How is the speech written and organized.

G. Delivery

a. _____________

- pitch

- ________________

- articulation

- _____________________________

1. over pronounce each word

- force

1. may the force be with you

b. ____________ presence

- ________________________

- poise

- attitude

1. always _____________________

- confidence

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1. but not _______________ confident

- personality

- posture

c. Power of ____________________

- _____________________

- sincerity

- _____________________

- directness

- conveyance of thought and meaning

d. Response to ____________________

- _____________________

- ability to think quickly

- If you can not answer a question:

1. “That is an interesting question, however, I am not sure of the answer at this time.”

e. General effect

- ___________________

- understandable

- convincing

- ____________________

- holds attention

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H. Delivering a Speech

a. Outline

- ______________________1. Used to create interest and get the audience’s attention.

2. Sets the stage for the speech

- ______________

1. Contains most of the content

2. Largest content and longest part of the speech.

- _________________________

1. Sum up the speech

2. Repeat major points

I. Workforce Preparation

a. _________________

- Designed to give the employer information about your background skills, job experience and education.

- Should be tailored for ____________ job.

- Purpose is to get an interview.

- Most resumes should be 1 page, but no more than 2 pages.

- What to include:

1. Name and address

2. ___________

3. Education

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4. _________________

5. Activities

6. _____________

7. References

b. ____________ letter

- Preview to your resume

- Should be brief, ½ page, but not more than 1 page.

1. Include:

a. ___________________ you are applying for.

b. Outline your key selling points.

c. __________________ the needs of your employer

d. Invite employer to contact you.

c. ________________________

- Cover letter sent in to assist in establishing an interview date.

- Follow-up ________________ call is typically recommended to secure interview.

- Resume is sent with cover letter. Typically suggested that the individual bring a copy of resume to the interview as well.

- Individual should dress in ______________________ attire.

- Prepare for the interview and application process.

- _____________ _____________ questions asked during an interview.

1. What are your three greatest attributes or strengths?

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2. What are your three biggest weaknesses or things you would like to improve upon?

3. Where do you want to be in 5 years?

4. What leadership qualities can you bring to our company?

5. Why are you the best candidate for the job.

- Gather ______________________ typically requested during the application process.

1. General Applicant information: name, date of birth, address, email, phone

2. __________________: name of school attended, degree obtained, graduation date, etc.

3. Previous work experience: dates employed, address, name of supervisor, etc.

4. References: name, address, phone, email.

J. Conducting a Business Meeting

a. Parliamentary procedure is a ________________________ way of organizing meetings.

b. Parliamentary procedure is governed by ________________________________________________.

c. Robert’s Rule of Order

- Rules for conducting a meeting

- Assures that all sides are treated fairly and that everyone has the opportunity to discuss and vote

d. Main Objective:

- Focus on __________ item at a time

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- Extend courtesy to _____________

- Observe the rule of the ______________

- Ensure the rights of the ______________

e. Requirements for a meeting:

- ____________________: number of members required to conduct business.

- Chairperson: can be the president or vice-president

- Secretary

f. Methods of Voting

- _______________: aye for yes, no

- ______________: standing or show of hands

- __________________________: written vote

- _________________: secretary asks each member to state vote.

g. Voting

- ____________ majority

1. one vote more than 50% of the votes cast

- ___________________ majority

1. 2/3 of the members must be for the motion

2. usually used when the rights of the members are limited

h. Gavel

- Symbol of __________________

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- Meaning of the taps

1. 1 tap means to be seated, the meeting is adjourned or the result of the vote has been announced.

2. 2 taps means the meeting is called to order

3. 3 taps means that members should stand

4. Series of taps

a. “be quite and orderly”

i. Table of Motions

- ________________

- ________________

- Subsidiary

- Unclassified

j. Presiding Officer

- Chapter FFA President

- Must be fair and _______________________

- Must _________________ the chair when the president desires to discuss business

k. Motions

- _______________________________

1. Used to get group approval for a new project or some other course of action

2. Wording: “I move” NOT “I make a motion”

3. Requires _______________________

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4. Debatable

5. Amendable

6. Majority vote required

7. Can be reconsidered

- ___________________________

1. Used to change a main motion

2. 3 ways to amend: addition, substitution, striking out

3. Wording: “I move to amend the motion”

4. Requires second

5. _______________________

6. Amendable

7. Majority vote required

8. Can be reconsidered

- ______________________

1. Used to end a meeting

2. Wording: “____________________________”

3. Cannot be debated

4. Cannot be amended

5. Cannot be reconsidered

6. Requires second

7. Requires majority vote

- _______________________________________

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1. Used when one believes a parliamentary ____________ has been made

2. Wording: “I rise to a point of order”

3. Not debatable

4. Amendable

5. Does not require second

6. Cannot be reconsidered

7. No vote required

- _________________ of the House

1. Calls for a counted vote

2. Wording: “I call for a division of the house.”

3. Not debatable

4. Amendable

5. Does not require second

6. Cannot be reconsidered

7. No vote required

- __________________________________

1. To __________________ a motion to the next meeting

2. Motion must be taken from the table at the next meeting to be discussed

3. Wording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”

4. Requires second

5. Not debatable

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6. Not amendable

7. Cannot be reconsidered

8. Majority vote

- ________________________________

1. Used to _____________ debate and vote

2. Wording: “I move to previous question”

3. Second required

4. Not debatable

5. Not amendable

6. Can be reconsidered before vote

7. ________ vote required

- ______________________________________

1. Used to gain more information on a motion before voting

2. Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next meeting.”

3. What to include: Number on committee, powers to act, when to report back.

4. Second required

5. Debatable

6. _______________________

7. Can be reconsidered

8. Majority vote

- ___________________________________-

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1. Allows members to do something it needs to do that cannot do without suspending the rules.

2. Requires 2/3 majority

3. Requires a ______________________

4. Not debatable

5. Not amendable

6. Cannot be reconsidered

- ____________________________________

1. Allows members to limit or extend debate to a specified time frame.

2. Requires 2/3 majority vote

3. Does not require a second.

4. Not debatable

5. Amendable

6. Can be reconsidered.

K. SAE’S

a. _________________________________

- The student plans, implements, operates and assumes __________________ risks in a farming activity or agricultural business. In Entrepreneurship programs, the student owns the materials and other required inputs and keeps financial records to determine return to investments.

- Entrepreneurship examples:

1. Growing an acre of corn

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2. Operating a Christmas tree farm

3. Raising a litter of pigs

b. _______________________________

- Placement programs involve the placement of students on farms and ranches, in agricultural businesses, in school laboratories or in community facilities to provide a "______________ by doing" environment. This is done outside of normal classroom hours and may be paidor non-paid.

- Placement Examples

1. Placement in a florist shop

2. Working after school at a farm supply store.

c. _________________

- An extensive activity where the student plans and conducts a major agricultural experiment using the ______________ process. The purpose of the experiment is to provide students "hands-on" experience in:

a. Verifying, learning or demonstrating scientific principles in agriculture.

b. Discovering new knowledge.

c. Using the scientific process.

- Research Examples

1. Comparing the effect of various planting media on plant growth

2. Determining the impact of different levels of protein on fish growth

d. _____________________________________________

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- Students choose an agricultural problem that is not amenable to experimentation and design a plan to investigate and analyze the problem. The students gather and evaluate data from a variety of sources and then produce some type of finished product.

- Non-Experimental Examples:

1. A marketing plan for an agricultural commodity

2. A series of newspaper articles about the environment

e. _______________________________

- Exploratory SAE activities are designed primarily to help students become literate in agriculture and/or become _____________ of possible careers in agriculture. Exploratory SAE activities are appropriate for beginning agricultural students but is not restricted to beginning students.

- Exploratory Examples:

1. Observing and/or assisting a florist

2. Growing plants in a milk jug "greenhouse"

f. _______________________________

- Improvement activities include a series of learning activities that improves the _________________________________ of the place of employment, home, school or community; the efficiency of an enterprise or business, or the living conditions of the family. An improvement activity involves a series of steps and generally requires a number of days for completion.

- Improvement Examples:

1. Landscaping the home

2. Building a fence

3. Remodeling and painting a room

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g. _____________________________ (Minor)

- A supplementary activity is one where the student performs one specific agricultural skill outside of normal class time. This skill is ___________ related to the major SAE but is normally taught in an agricultural program, involves experiential learning and does contribute to the development of agricultural skills and knowledge on the part of the student. The activity is accomplished in less than a day and does not require a series of steps.

- Supplementary Examples:

1. Pruning a fruit tree

2. Changing oil in a sod cutter

3. Balling & burlaping a tree

L. Factors to Consider When Selecting A Career

a. Standard of ______________: pay, location

b. ________________ Contact: Working more with people or with things.

c. ________________________ requirements

d. Practice experiences or skills required.

e. _________________ of employment.

f. Your interests, likes and dislikes.

g. Working ______________________

h. Working hours and time for leisure activities.

i. _______________________ benefits.

j. Your health and happiness.

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M. Steps in Choosing a Career

a. Consider your ___________________, abilities, and other characteristics

b. ____________________ the field of jobs.

c. Study the ________________________________ of the job

d. Plan for alternative occupations.

e. Prepare a plan for a career preparation.

f. Be __________________ to pay the price for success.

g. Get work _____________________________.

N. Financial Records

a. ____________________

- Things that one owns and completely pays for.

a. Example: Your car after all payments have been made.

- __________________ Assets-items quickly converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months

1. cash

2. checking

3. savings

4. stocks or bonds

- _________________________-items that have a useful life or more than one year

1. land

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2. machinery

3. breeding livestock

b. __________________________

- Things that you owe money to other people for or debts

a. Example: My Visa

- _____________________-debts that are due to be paid this year

1. fertilizer and feed bills

2. tractor and building payments

3. part of the mortgage due this year

- _________________________-debts not due this year

1. mortgages not due this year

c. __________________________

- One’s assets minus their liabilities.

a. You have $3000 in the bank, but you owe $1750 for your bills. Your net worth is $1250.00.

d. __________________

- An itemized list of things owned by a business with the beginning value and depreciated value

e. Non-depreciable-items that will be used or sold within a year

- feed

- supplies

f. ____________________-items that have a useful life of more than one year and lose value because of age, wear or becoming out-of date because of technology advancements.

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- Land is NOT depreciable property

1. tractor

2. computer

3. chainsaw

g. Profit and loss statement

- A financial statement of a business that reports the profit made by the business or the losses incurred.

h. Cash receipts

- Cash that is paid for services or merchandise.

i. Non-Cash receipts

- Payment for services in other ways than cash.

j. _________________________________

- Shows items and prices for things that have been bought from a certain business.

k. __________________________________

- Used by banks and lending institutions to decide whether or not to lend money to specific people or businesses

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Plant Production

O. Nursery Management

a. Nursery Structures and Growing Environments

- Consider:

1. ________________

2. soil and topography

3. available _________________ source

4. type of ________________ material

5. production method when selecting a nursery structure or growing environment.

- _________________ Houses

1. Advantages

a. Constructed of wood, PVC or galvanized steel

b. No ______________ heat source, heated by solar radiation

c. Used for ___________ off plants and hot weather holding.

d. Protects plants from adverse weather conditions.

e. Cover with white plastic during the winter to reduce overwintering injury to wood ornamentals as well as reduce temperature fluctuations during the overwintering period.

f. A variety of plant material can be grown in a shade house structure.

g. Provides good air _______________________.

h. Provides filtered light when covered by shade cloth.

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i. ________________________ growing structures.

2. Disadvantages

a. Some plants ______________ be grown year round.

b. No ______________ source other than the sun.

c. No heat or cooling.

- ______________________

1. Advantages:

a. Constructed of wood or galvanized steel, glass and/or plastic.

b. _____________ heated, electric cables, steam or heated by natural materials such as hay, manure.

c. Used for starting plants earlier than in a cold frame.

d. ___________________ growing structure.

2. Disadvantages:

a. Can be ______________________ to heat.

b. Hay or manure needs to be replaced when the temperature in the hotbed drops below 50 degrees.

- _______________

1. Advantages

a. Plants are easy to move and ________________

b. Grown to sellable size in the container

c. Less _____________ to plants

d. Retailers can keep plants longer before selling

e. Uniform soilless media

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f. _________________, diseases, fertility and pH are easier to control.

g. Monitoring of water intake is easily controlled.

2. Disadvantages

a. Requires _____________ water

b. More labor _______________________

c. May become pot bound

d. May require winter protection

e. May have a higher start-up cost: pots/potting media.

f. Plants may have to be moved to a larger container.

g. May be _______________________ to ship.

- Field grown

1. _____________________________ (PNP) uses a slightly larger pot (socket pot) buried in rows in the grown and the potted plants (production pots) are placed inside.

- Field grown, PNP

1. Advantages:

a. No _______________________

b. No blown over containers

c. Cooler roots in the summer

d. Well __________________ root system in winter

e. Easy to move and transport

f. Becoming more viable option to the traditional field grown.

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g. Combines the benefits of field production with the marketing flexibility of container production.

2. Disadvantages

a. Startup cost is ____________________ largely due to field preparation and purchasing two containers for every plant as opposed to one. 15-25 gallon pots are more commonly used.

b. Labor costs.

- Field grown (_______________________)

1. Advantages

a. Plants are grown directly in ___________________ soil

b. Bare root plants are easy to handle and plant

2. Disadvantages

a. Requires ______________________ to be harvested

b. Plants may go into shock when moved or transplanted.

c. Harder to control ________________, diseases, fertility, ________

d. Soil must be well drained

e. Limited time to harvest

f. Supply cost, liners, supplies burlap, wire baskets, twine, and pinning nails.

g. Expensive to ship

- Maintenance of Structures

1. Shade houses (cold frame)

a. Need painting or ___________________ over time

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b. Plastic covering will need to be replaced on a regular basis

c. Replacement of __________________ and weed block.

d. __________________ removal.

2. ___________

a. Change out heat source (straw, hay, manure)

b. _____________ control

c. Cover replacement

d. Debris removal

3. Container

a. Pest control

b. Replace weed block

c. Replace gravel on roads and under containers

4. Field grown, PNP

a. Replacement of _________________ pots

b. Pest control

c. Replace gravel on roads

5. Field grown, traditional

a. ___________________ control

b. _______________ control

c. Replace gravel on roads

- Maintenance of Plants

1. _________________________: needs to be replaced regularly in order for the plants to continue to grow and remain strong.

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2. _______________________: Sprinkler or drip is determined by crop requirement and container arrangement.

3. _______________________: On newly established plants or plants that will grow in shady areas

4. ____________________

a. Shape plant material

b. Make plants more ___________________

c. Train growth to form into a mature plant (central leader or many stems).

d. Remove dead or diseased parts.

e. _____________________: A plant that is trained to grow flat against a wall, railing or trellis.

5. Pest Control Methods/Program

a. ___________: is a process used to solve pest problems while minimizing risk to people and the environment

b. ____________________ control: uses chemicals to eliminate plant pests

c. ______________________ control: using living organisms such as predators, parasites and pathogens to control the population of pests.

d. _______________________: Manages pests by physical means such as the use of a barrier, screens, row covers, trapping, weeding or removal of the pest by hand.

b. Pest Problems

- __________

1. Identify insect: _________, spider mites, whitefly, scale, etc.

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2. Determine ___________ of control: chemical, biological or mechanical.

3. Treat based on _______________ recommendations

- Weeds

1. Identify weeds: ___________, chickweed, ___________ etc.

2. Dig or pull ____________

3. Treat based on method recommendations.

- Rodents

1. Identify the rodent: _______, moles, mice, squirrels, etc.

2. Trap or treat based on method recommendations.

- Disease

1. Identify disease: blights, ____________, rusts, etc.

2. Treat based on method recommendations.

- Mollusks

1. Identify mollusks: _____________, slug, etc.

2. Treat based on method recommendations.

c. Winter Protection

- ______________ blanket

1. Traps and collects __________ during the day and releases it at night to keep your plants warm and growing.

2. In the spring it gives you a jump-start on plants and wards off pests.

3. In fall, use it to __________________ your growing season

4. Float or drape the lightweight fabric over your plants.

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- _______________ (bud protection)

1. Spray water on _________ before a freeze

2. Often used on fruit trees and strawberries

- ___________________________

1. Reduce overwintering injury to woody ornamentals.

2. Protects __________________ plants in early spring.

P. Nursery Production

a. Types of plants for container, PNP and traditional field balled and burlapped (B&B), bare root.

- __________: container, PNP, B&B, bareroot

- ____________: container, PNP, B&B

- ___________________: container, PNP

b. Propagation

- ____________ (seed)

1. __________________________: chilling seeds to stimulate winter conditions before germination.

a. Examples: baptisia and daylilly

2. ___________________________: breaking of the seed coat.

a. Examples: redbud and maples.

- _________________

1. ____________________

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a. ___________________ (herbaceous) cutting: leaf, pieces of the stem or roots from non-woody plans. Cuttings are taken late spring through early summer.

b. ____________________ cutting: pieces of stem from wood plants. Cuttings are taken fall through winter.

2. ______________

a. A form of grafting when a bud is used instead of a scion

3. __________________: joining separate plant parts together to form a union and grow.

a. ___________: top portion of the graft

b. _______________: root or bottom portion of the graft

4. ___________________: forcing roots to grown on the stem of the plant while it is still attached to the parent plant.

c. Soilless media:

- ________________

1. Partially decomposed material mined from swamps.

2. Good moisture holding capacity

- __________

1. Ground pine or oak bark

2. Increases the ____________________ of a soil

- __________________:

1. Natural volcanic material that helps _____________ the soil

2. Good moisture holding capacity

- _____________________________

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1. Mica mineral matter used to start cuttings

2. Neutral ________

3. Good moisture holding capacity.

- _________________:

1. _____________: calcium and magnesium increased the pH level of soil making it alkaline or “sweet” correcting the acidity of the soil.

2. ____________: adds macro and micro nutrients to the soils.

3. __________________: increases water retention of the soils.

Q. Soil for planting in the ground

a. Use _____________ soil in traditional field planting

b. Tree and shrub roots need to grow in native soils.

c. Soil amendment functions:

- ______________ water and nutrient holding capacity

- Improve ___________________ and water infiltration.

- Soil amendment should be mixed with the natural soil

d. _______________: “fresh” organic material should be first composted.

- _______________ peat

1. _______________ remains of acid bog plants

2. Holds moisture and are high in acidity

- Grass __________________: add nutrients to the soil

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- ________________: high carbon to nitrogen ratio, can make nitrogen unavailable to plants.

- __________________: decayed organic matter, good fertilizer and soil conditioner.

- __________________: adds nutrients to the soil, good moisture holding capacity.

e. _______________________

- ________________________: good moisture holding capacity

- ________________: good for aerating soils

- ______________________: good for heavy clay soil

R. Planting

a. ____________________

- Place one plant in the center of the container

- Evenly space plants in the container if more than one plant is used.

- Planting depth is important and varies depending on plant material.

b. Field

- Determine the ______________ and spacing of trees and shrubs in the field.

- Determine the __________________ needs of field grown plants.

S. ____________

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a. Container and PNP

- Watering is more ____________ for _______________ grown plants than field grown plants because roots can go no deeper or spread any wider than the container.

- It is best to water container plants in the __________________ for maximum absorption, however, some may need to be water more than once a day depending on the weather.

b. Container and PNP

- Container plants should be watered until the water runs through the holes in the bottom of the pot.

- A ________________ container needs about a _________ of water at each watering.

- Container plants require more water in dry, _________, windy weather.

- Container plants need ______________ water when actively growing and flowering

- Do NOT allow any container plants to dry out.

c. Field grown

- Field grown plants should be watered in the ________________ for maximum absorption

- A more _____________ soil needs more water than a clayey soil.

- Watering for field production depends on the _______________.

- Field grown plants require more water in dry, hot, windy weather

- Field grown plants need ___________ water when actively growing and flowering.

- Do ___________ allow any field grown plants to dry out.

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T. _____________________

a. A fertilizer schedule should be established for _______ ________ of plant grown.

b. Scheduled _____________ liquid fertilizing should be established depending on plants, soil, size, etc.

c. _________________________ fertilizers such as Osmocote and Magamp are mixed into the potting media or top dressed on the soil surface.

d. Plants in containers for more than one year require _________________ fertilizer and should be watered thoroughly after fertilizing (varies on pot size and plant material).

e. Plants should be observed and fertilization changed as plant foliage shows a need for either more or less fertilizer. Tissue _________ can be done to determine ___________________.

U. Marketing

a. Develop a marketing plan

- Complete a _______________ analysis (research used to predict the future of a market) to determine your ____________ market.

- Once a marketing analysis is complete, determine what to sell.

- Know your _________________________!

b. Price your product

- Use this formula to determine your price

- _______________________________________________- Pricing may ___________ depending on availability of plant

material in your area.

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V. Promotion and Placement

a. Promotion

- _____________________

- Public relations

- Personal Contact

- _______________________

b. _______________________

- Providing a place that is __________________ to the customer

- _______________, delivery, internet ordering or nursery pick up.

W.Plant Production- Greenhouse Plants

a. Greenhouse Management

- Greenhouses

1. The “________________________” collects and stores heat from the sun (radiant heat).

2. Provides a protective environment to grow plants.

b. Detached houses

- ________________

1. _____________ (half moon) roof bars.

2. Covered with plastic or fiberglass panels.

- _________________:

1. Roof ___________ in _________ direction only

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2. Built against other greenhouses or buildings

3. Generally faces south

- _______________________

1. Roof is ____________ in width and pitch on both sides

2. Most commonly used as a single greenhouse

3. Clear span, truss supports, no columns

- ________________________

1. One side of the roof is ________________ than the other side for southern exposure

2. Usually found on hillside with one wall.

3. May have a solid north wall.

- Advantages

1. Easy to program and maintain temperature

2. Easy to ventilate without exposing the plants to blasts of cold air.

- Disadvantages

1. Requires more energy to heat and cool

2. Higher initial cost.

c. Connected Houses

- ______________________________

1. __________ span structures placed one after the other.

2. No side walls.

- _______________________

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1. Quonset houses set on sidewalls.

2. Height of sidewall range from 7’ to 10’ depends on ______.

- ______________________

1. Ridge and furrow construction

2. Highest percentage of __________ transmission

- _________________________________

1. Used to reduce the intensity of bright sunlight in frost free areas.

2. Mainly used for florist crops.

- Advantages

1. Requires _________ land area

2. Less construction materials

3. Heat loss is less

- Disadvantage

1. Snow build-up in connecting gutters

2. Gutters shade parts of the greenhouse.

d. Greenhouse Equipment and Controls

- _________________: Gas or electric

- _________________: controls the temperature, should be at plant level

- _____________: for lights, shade cloth, irrigation etc.

- __________________: pulls hot air from the greenhouse.

- _____________________________ cooling systems

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1. Most effective method for cooling a greenhouse

2. Constructed of thick _______________ cardboard

3. _____________ watering due to higher humidity created by evaporation from the dripping water in the cool pad.

- ______________: located at the opposite end from the exhaust fan. Vents open to allow fresh air in the greenhouse.

- ______________________: circulates air in the greenhouse even when the exhaust fan is not running. Provides a uniform temperature throughout the greenhouse.

- _______________________: cools the greenhouse and provides a fine mist for seeds and cuttings.

- ________________ Irrigation System: Waters greenhouses or shadehouses but may not give the deep watering some plants need.

- _____________ Irrigation: Tubes with emitters go to individual pots for water. A very efficient way to water.

- ____________: provide additional lighting for plants on cloudy or wintery days. To block out light for certain crops in the greenhouse use black cloth.

X. Greenhouse Coverings

a. Greenhouse film (_______________________ film)

- _____________ thick

- Standard UV treated. UV film keeps UV rays from damaging plants

- __________________

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- Long _________________ and easy to replace.

b. ______________ Panels

- Energy _________________

- Impact resistant

- Available in a variety of widths and lengths.

c. __________________ panels

- Twin wall panels

- ___________________ panels

- Available in a variety of widths and lengths

- Relatively ____________________.

d. ____________ panels

- Flexible

- ______________ wall

- 3-6mm thick

- Opaque

- Relatively _____________________

Y. Greenhouse Plant Terminology

a. ____________: completes life cycle in 1 year

b. ____________: completes life cycle in 2 years

c. ____________: completes life cycle in more than 2 years.

d. __________: Soil

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e. __________: to plant seeds

- __________________: starting seeds directly into the soil or pots. No transplanting necessary.

- ___________________________: starting seeds in flats, trays, etc. and transplanting them into the soil or other pots.

- ___________________: removal of spent or dead flowers

f. _________________: removal of the top portion of a plant to make the plant more compact.

g. ________________________: at least 6 hours of sun each day.

h. _____________________: morning sun until 12:00 noon, no afternoon sun.

i. ______________: a few hours of morning sun, filtered light or full shade

Z. Bedding Plant Soils/Media

a. ___________________: expanded mica, sterile

b. _________________: Expanded volcanic rock.

c. _____________________: decomposing parts of sphagnum moss typically found deep in bogs.

d. ____________: finely ground stone

e. ____________________: tree bark is usually shredded or ground.

f. Commercially prepared soil mixes usually contain peat moss, perlite and vermiculite and are sterile, weed, insect and disease free.

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AA. Container

a. _____________: plastic tray usually for planting seeds or holding cell pack. Sizes vary

b. __________________________: several small cell like pots of plastic molded together. Common size: 804, 606, 1206 and 1801.

c. _______________: Insulate the roots, can be planted directly into the soil, breaks down when planted, roots grow through the peat material.

d. ____________________: Expensive, made from plants and vegetable oil.

e. Jiffy 7: compressed peat moss covered in a fine mesh. They expand when soaked in water and can be planted directly into the soil. Can be used for sowing seeds or rooting cuttings.

f. Plastic Pots

- ______________ pot is the same width at the top as it is high.

- Azalea pot is ¾ as high as its top diameter or width.

- Vary in _______________ and in _________________.

g. _________________ pots

- Made of _________________

- Can be glazed

- Various sizes and shapes

h. ____________________ baskets

- _______________, wire, cloth pouches (living walls).

- Wire hanging baskets may require some type of _____________.

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- Varies in sizes 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”

BB. Greenhouse Production- Seeds

a. Select seeds to _______. Read ____________ instructions for selected seeds.

b. Sow selected seeds in sterile seed starter media. Cover if ____________.

c. Water seeds from the ___________________ or mist.

d. ______________ seeds with a humidity dome (if necessary).

e. Place seed flat on the bench in the appropriate light and/or on propagation mats if needed.

f. Check seeds _________________ for moisture.

g. Once seed germinate and _________ leaves (2nd set of leaves) appear, prepare to _____________________.

h. _________________ media to prevent breaking roots and stems of seedlings.

i. Hold plants by their leaves. Do ____ hold the stem as they bruise easily.

j. Transplant seedlings into saleable containers slightly deeper than it grew in the flat. (Tomato seedlings- plant to the bottom of the true leaves).

k. Water _______________ transplanted seedlings.

l. Provide the ___________________ light for the plants.

m. Create a pest free environment and/or control pests as needed.

n. ________________________ off (drop the temperature and reduce water) before moving plants out to shade houses or protected area.

CC. Greenhouse Production- Cuttings

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a. Select plants for cuttings (English ivy, pothos, wandering jew, etc.)

b. Make cuts ___________________ the node (area on the stem where leaves grow), remove leaves (if necessary), dip in water and dip in rooting hormone, tap lightly.

c. Make a ____________ in the sterile soil.

d. Stick cutting(s) into the hole.

e. Gently push soil _________________ cutting

f. _______________ the cuttings

g. Place under greenhouse benches for a couple of days to lessen shock.

h. Grow in a sunny location in the greenhouse.

DD. Bedding Plant Problems- Cultural Disorders

a. Seed germination problems

- __________________- temperatures

- Over-watering or under-watering

- ________________ ___________________ in soil

- Seed planting depth

- Low quality seeds

b. Seed germination solutions

- Maintaining ____________ temperature

- Maintain proper moisture levels.

- Chemical ___________ soil.

- Plant at _________________ depth

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- Use high quality seeds.

c. ____________________ problems

- ____________ of nutrients

- Root injury

- Improper pH in soil

- Excessive fertilization

d. Fertilization solutions

- ________________ soil

- Applying ________________ amount and kinds of nutrients

- Correct pH

e. Uneven growth problems

- Poor _________________ of soil

- Uneven moisture levels

- _________________ flats

- Uneven bottom heat

- Poor grading of seedlings.

f. Uneven growth solutions

- __________________ mixing soil

- Even watering

- Placing flats level

- Replace damaged propagation mats or cables.

- _________________ seedlings by size

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g. Tall and Spindly growth problems

- Too much ___________________ fertilizer

- ___________________________

- Low light intensity

- High ______________________________

h. Tall and Spindly growth solutions

- Use the ___________ amount of nitrogen

- Reducing _____________________ of watering

- Lowering temperature

- Provide ____________ light

- Use a growth retardant such as B-nine.

EE. Bedding Plant Problems- Diseases

a. Disease Problems

- _____________________: Seedlings fall over causing the stem to rot.

- ______________: lower leaves are brown, rotting and drying out.

b. Disease Solutions

- Use _______________ soil

- Use _________________ to control diseases.

- Improve air ___________________________

- Increase air temperature around plants

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FF. Bedding Plant Problems- Pest Problems

a. Plants or seedlings missing caused by ____________, snails, or roaches.

b. ________ in the leaves, damaged leaves or missing plant parts.

c. _______________: Green soft bodied, winged or non-winged, sucking insect.

d. _______________: white cottony, sucking insect

e. ___________________: red body pest with 8 legs.

f. __________: brown, hard shelled, sucking insect

g. __________: small translucent, sucking insect.

h. ______________: Powdery insects with 4 white wings, sucking insects.

i. ___________________ thrive in moist wet environments, larva feed on plant roots and new callused tissue.

j. _____________________: larva produces mines by burrowing and feeding between the upper and lower epidermis. This allows air in and changes the leaf color in the mines to pale green or silver.

k. _________________: can enter the greenhouse as moths and lay eggs. Cutworms chew stems at the soil level.

l. ______________: 2”-3” slimy brown body, burrowing pests, damage roots and leaves of plants.

m. ____________________: eat plant parts, chewing insects.

GG. Bedding Plant Problems- Pest Solutions

a. _________________ plants on a regular basis for insect problems.

b. Identify pest

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c. Use beneficial insects- parasitic wasps, ladybeetles, praying mantis or lacewings or use an insecticide.

d. Aphid: ladybeetles, praying mantis, _______________________ soap.

e. Mealybugs: __________________ soap

f. Spider mites: ______________________ mites, ____________________

g. Scale: outdoor use _______________ oil, greenhouse use _____________ on individual insects or insecticidal soap.

h. Thrip: parasitic wasps, insecticidal ________________.

i. Whitefly: whitefly ____________ (sticky board), insecticidal soap.

j. Fungus gnat: watch moisture levels in the greenhouse, __________________ control such as Bacillus thuringiensis.

k. Leaf miner: ________________ (attacks the exoskeleton of the insect).

l. Cutworms: Bacillius thuringiensis

m. Slugs: slug traps, ___________________

n. Caterpillar: Bacillius thuringiensis

o. **Set up a pesticide program. Use pesticides if necessary.

HH. Greenhouse Maintenance

a. Structure

- __________ (wooden (rot) and metal (rust) structures) as needed

- __________ (gravel, wood, cracked concrete) replace as needed

- __________ (steel, wood, metal) repair as needed.

b. Replace covering:

- Glass replace when _____________ or broken

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- Fiberglass replace when _______________________

- Greenhouse film (polyethylene film) replace when ________ or damaged.

- Shade cloth: cover or take off depending on season.

c. Equipment repair

- Heater: _________, fan blades, gas/electric __________, etc.

- Ventilation system: ____________, motor, etc.

- Irrigation: clogged _______________________, holes in tubing.

- Lighting: ______________, bulbs

d. Pest Control

- Weeds: set up a maintenance schedule

- Insects: set up a maintenance schedule

- Diseases: set up a maintenance schedule

II. Plant Maintenance

a. Water plants _______________, avoid watering in the middle of the day during the summer.

b. Set up a ______________ schedule

c. Check for insects and diseases and treat appropriately

d. _________________ weeds

e. Pinch plants to encourage fullness if necessary.

f. Keep the greenhouse __________.

JJ.

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Landscape, Turf and Floral Design

KK. Landscape Design

a. Principles of Design

- _______________: materials are distributed evenly on opposite sides of a central axis.

1. Three types of balance

a. ______________: one side is a _____________ mirror image of the opposite side, most formal type of balance.

b. ________________: each side has as much interest as the other, but is __________ a mirror image.

c. __________________: balances _______ and left as well as near and _________.

2. _________-range: the viewer sees the landscape from the most distant point.

3. __________-range: the views from other locations not as distant.

- _________________: selects and positions visually strong items in the landscape composition to create focal points. It draws the eye of the viewer to __________ major feature in each use area such as a corner planting.

- _______________: seeks to make viewers comfortable within the landscape. It _____________ any unnecessary changes in shape, color, direction, etc.

- ______________________: repeating something at a standard interval or pattern creates rhythm and lines. It establishes the ________________________ of the landscape replicating strong existing lines such as the lines of a house or pool. Functions of

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line plantings include foundation plantings, block a view, frame a view and provide privacy.

- _________________: the size relationships between all the features of the landscape including vertical, horizontal and spatial relationships. It will maintain proportional relationships in a landscape between:

1. Buildings and people

2. Buildings and plants

3. Plants and people

4. Plants and plants

5. Masses and soils.

- ______________: all the separate parts contribute to the creation of the total design. It ties together the individual parts of each use area by:

1. Repeated ____________ colors

2. Repeated construction materials

3. Continued interior design themes to outdoor rooms.

4. Repeated plant ______________

5. Raised patios, decks and porches to door level.

b. Plans used in Landscaping

- _________________

1. Each is increasingly more specific and detailed

- Functional diagrams:

1. Begins the ________________________ of the client’s program on the site. Bubble diagrams (thumbnail sketch)

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are loosely drawn freeform shapes to represent areas or spaces. They help the designer make decisions concerning layout, sizes and the used of each area.

- Outdoor room concept moves the indoor out for __________________ flow.

1. _________ area: usually the front yard portion of the landscape.

2. Private area: a secluded area, _________ or screened porch.

3. _____________ area: recycle, garbage, storage

4. Family/play area: ___________, open areas, play structures.

- ______________________: breaks the bubble diagram down to show ___________ draft vision of how each landscape area will be shaped. The landscape is given its form, type of materials to be used and application of landscape design principles. They are ___________________ without real details, but the horizontal and vertical relationships between objects and areas are now included. A number of preliminary designs may be shown to a client before the final plans are made.

- ____________________: Suggestions and reactions of the client to make a master drawing that is graphically ________________ and completely specific in its intent for the landscape. They include precisely ______________ plants and other materials, paving patterns and other specific detailed information such as construction drawings for the landscape contractor and subcontractors. Graphics are designed to impress.

- Computer ____________ drawing board

- Computer aided design or design programs.

- _________________. Many professionals choose to hand draw their designs.

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- Graphics

- Free-hand lettering

- Mechanical

- Computer

c. Drawing Instruments

- ____________

1. Mechanical pencils

a. Lead sizes: 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, ____, 0.9mm in thickness

b. Use a lead holder

c. Does not require sharpening

2. _________________ pencils

a. Varying degree of hardness in mechanical and drawing pencils: _____________________________

b. H is _________________ lead and produces lighter lines and is less likely to smear.

c. B is a softer lead and produces darker lines and _______ smear

d. A good choice for landscape designer is HB-2H

- _______________: a vinyl eraser will erase pencil marks without damaging the paper. Magic rubber is a good eraser to use.

- ____________: adjustable instrument used to draw circles or arcs.

- T-Square: used for drawing ____________ or ________________ straight lines that are parallel to the edge of the drawing board.

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- __________:

1. _________________

a. Contains scales of ½, ____, 1/8, 1/16, _____, ¾, 3/16

b. Most commonly used by landscape designer is ____.

2. ________________

a. Contains scales of 1/10 (one inch=10 feet), 1/20-1/60

b. Most commonly used by landscape designers is ____.

- __________________: used to draw circles and landscape features such as fences, hedges, etc.

- ___________________: used to measure the angle of any two joining lines from 0-180 degrees.

- Triangles

1. Used to draw ___________ lines

2. Most common angles are 45 and 90 degree

3. Other angles are 30, 45, 60 or 90 degree

- __________________: gives a smooth surface for drafting paper

- Drafting paper

1. Available as ____________ or transparent in a wide variety of sizes.

2. ________________ paper (100% cotton) is commonly used for hand drawings

3. Gridded paper is also popular to use in landscape design. Grid size available ¼”=1’, 1/8”=1’, etc.

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LL. Landscape Process

a. Process is a sequence of steps to reach a goal.

b. Project development process

- __________ or objectives

- Design process

- ___________ the design

- Contracting

- _________________________

- Actual landscaping acceptance

- Billing and ____________________

c. Project maintenance process

- Need or ____________

- Selecting a landscape __________________ company which assesses the needs and presents a proposal.

- If the proposal is ________________, the company schedules and does the work.

- After work is complete, bill the customer.

- Design process includes site analysis and program analysis.

MM. Landscape Occupations

- _______________: profession that includes designing, installing and maintaining the outdoor human environment.

b. Landscaping ________________: Licensed professionals who ________________________ and plan the outdoor environment or

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landscape for both residential and commercial clients (customers). Landscape _____________ usually do actual drawings for residential and commercial landscapers.

c. Landscape ________________: must pass a ___________________ exam. They are professionals who carry out the installation or actual construction of the landscape plan. Landscape contractors hire subcontractors to do special work such as pools, electrical work, stonework, outdoor features such as kitchens. Landscapers are no licensed but can do the same work by cannot use the title “Landscape Contractor”

d. Landscape ______________: the care of newly installed and existing landscapes.

e. ________________________ firms: landscape businesses that handle everything from the _________________ contact with the client, the design, construction process, long term care and maintenance. They may hire subcontractors for specific jobs.

f. ________________________________: a professional who sells and installs landscape plants and related materials

g. _______________________________: works directly with clients to develop creative design solutions.

h. ______________: specialist in the care, treatment, trimming and/or removal of trees.

i. _______________________: designs, installs and maintains irrigation systems.

j. __________________ color specialist: works directly with clients, possesses a thorough knowledge of seasonal color in both design and maintenance along with a strong understanding or plant materials.

k. ________ specialist: Inspects and diagnoses insect and disease issues, develops treatment plans, applies treatments effectively and safely,

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preforms necessary record keeping duties, maintains supplies and equipment.

NN. Planting and Maintenance

a. _______________

- ____________________________ (B&B) plants

1. Plant in a flat-bottomed, straight-sided hole ___________ the width of the root ball.

2. _________________ soil should fill the hole enough to raise the plant slightly above the soil line.

3. Loosen the burlap around the top of the plant and tuck it down a few inches below the soil level.

4. After backfilling the hole, the soil should be __________________ in a circle around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.

5. Handle B&B plants by the root balls.

- _______________ plants

1. ________________ or dome is left in the bottom of the hole

2. Roots should be spread over the mound so roots will grow __________________ in the soil

3. Backfill with soil

4. After backfilling the hole, the soil should be mounded in a circle around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.

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- Container plants may need to have the roots cut or unwound before planting. This prevents the roots from continuing to grow in a circle pattern.

- Newly planted trees should be ________________ to keep trees growing straight.

- Careful observation of newly planted shrubs, trees, annuals, and perennials, on a regular basis, will determine the time and amount of maintenance needed.

b. ___________________

- Should be done at planting and ____________________- for a few days to prevent roots from drying out and the plant wilting. Water to a depth of 12”-16” initially. This helps the plant to develop a deep root system.

- Then ____________ often as needed

- Different plants have different water _____________ and watering should be adjusted to meet the needs of the individual plants.

c. _____________________

- ____________: drill holes or use a soil tube 12” deep at 24” intervals around the tree at the canopy drip line (tips of outer branches).

- __________________: hand apply small amounts of low analysis fertilizer but not too late in the growing season.

- Fertilizer should be mixed in back fill soil at planting for trees and shrubs and in soil beds during prep for annuals and perennials.

- _________________: need regular fertilizing. A fertilizing schedule should be established for lawn care.

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d. ____________________

- _______________________ weeds, retain soil moisture and equalize soil temperature.

- May need to be refreshed or replaced yearly.

- Mulch depths _____________ depending on type of material used and the moisture holding capacity of the soil. 2”-4” (after settling) is commonly recommended, add an inch more for sand soils.

- Types of mulch

1. _________________ or ground bark- hardwood, cypress, pine

2. Pine _______________

3. Stone

4. Shredded rubber

e. Pest

- Pest control is necessary to control damage from insects, diseases, weeds and rodents.

- Prevent pest problems by planting pest __________________ varieties, keeping the landscape free of debris and watering efficiently.

- Monitor ______________________ for pest problems.

- Set up a pest maintenance schedule if necessary.

f. Mowing and Edging

- _______ lawns at correct heights based on the _______ of grass.

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- Edging makes a sharp line of separation between plantings and the lawn.

g. __________________________

- Treat wintertime weeds such as chickweed and henbit.

- ______________________ leaves and other debris from lawns. It can smother grass, promote diseases and invite pests.

- Drain your irrigation systems.

- Mulch beds if mulch is thin

h. _______________________

- Shrubs that produce flowers on wood grown the previous season should be pruned ____________________ after flowers fall off.

1. ________________

2. Azaleas

3. Spirea

- Shrubs that bloom on ________________ year’s growth should be pruned in fall or early spring.

1. ___________

2. Butterfly bush

3. Crape Myrtle

i. Methods of pruning

- __________________: removes certain branches to open up the plant allowing ___________ through to keep the natural shape.

- __________________ back: removes the end section of braches at the same height so that the new shoots make a plant ______________.

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- ________________: removes old branches that are large and unproductive by cutting them back to ground level.

- _______________: usually done one growing season prior to transplanting. The general rule is that one inch of stem diameter equals 10” of circle diameter for pruning roots around the plant

j. Pruning tools

- Pruning __________

1. Will cut live or dead limbs

2. Has _______________ teeth

3. Blade may or may not fold into the handle.

- ___________ pruner

1. Has a saw and pruning tool on a pole to _____________ branches that are up to 12 feet overhead.

2. Non-powered or gas powered

- ______________- shears

1. Has two blades designed to cut grass around edges of walks or flower beds.

2. Non-powered or battery powered

- __________________ shears

1. Long handled, bypass cut (scissor type blade that overlap each other)

2. Cuts limbs from 1” to 1 ½” in diameter

- Hand shears or __________________________

1. Bypass shears: scissor type blade that overlap each other

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2. _______________________ shears: a single blade that strikes against a flat metal plate

3. Removes branches ¼”-1/2”

- _________________ shears

1. Has long blades

2. Trim hedges or shape shrubs.

3. Non-powered, gas or electric powered

- ____________________________

1. Cuts limbs from 3” up to the blade length

2. Gas, electric or battery powered.

OO. Turf

a. Turf grass Regions

- The United States has _______ regions or zones based on:

1. ____________

2. Temperature

3. Available ____________________

4. Length of growing season

- North Carolina has ___________ of the regions or zones

1. _______________ and Western Piedmont are region/zone 1

2. Central and Eastern/_______________ are region/zone 2

3. Extreme ____________________ Coast is region/zone 3

b. Turf Characteristics

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- Cool Season grasses

1. Grow best in the spring and fall ___________ degrees.

2. Stay ______________ in the winter

3. Best established in the fall

- Warm season grasses

1. Grow best in the summer ______________ degrees

2. Go ___________________ (turn brown) in the winter.

3. Best established in the spring.

- Leaf color

1. Light to dark green

2. Light green

3. Medium green

4. Light to dark green

5. Medium to dark green

- Leaf texture

1. ________: thin needle textured blades.

2. ___________: medium textured blades

3. ____________: thick, wide textured blades

4. _______________________: how new shoots are produced

a. _________: underground stem that grows horizontally

b. ________: above ground stem that grows horizontally

c. ________________________: above and underground stems that grow horizontally.

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d. ____________: blades grow in small cluster or tufts from the soil.

5. __________: how the grass stands up to foot traffic.

a. Excellent

b. Very good

c. ____________

d. Fair

e. Poor

f. Very Poor

c. Grasses for lawns

- ______________________

1. Region _________

2. Season: cool

3. Leaf color: medium green

4. Leaf texture: medium to coarse

5. Growth habit: ___________

6. Wear: very good

7. Location: sun and part shade

- ______________________________

1. Region 1,2

2. Season: _____________

3. Leaf color: medium to dark green

4. Leaf texture: fine to medium

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5. Growth habit: __________________

6. Wear: very good

7. Location: sun

- __________________________

1. Region ______ (some counties)

2. Season: cool

3. Leaf color: medium green

4. Leaf texture: ________

5. Growth habit: rhizome

6. Wear: ______

7. Location: shade

- ______________________

1. Region ____

2. Season: cool

3. Leaf color: bluish green

4. Leaf texture: fine

5. Growth habit: __________

6. Wear: poor

7. Location: sun

- ___________________

1. Region 2,3

2. Season: _______________

3. Leaf color: light to dark green

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4. Leaf texture: medium

5. Growth habit: stolon

6. Wear: ____________

7. Location: _____

- ________________________

1. Region 2, 3

2. Season: ______________

3. Leaf color: _______________ to dark green

4. Leaf texture: coarse

5. Growth habit: stolon

6. Wear: ________

7. Location: sun but shade tolerant

- _______________

1. Region __________

2. Season: _______

3. Leaf color: light to dark green

4. Leaf texture: _________

5. Growth habit: stolon and rhizome

6. Wear: excellent

7. Location: sun

- _________________

1. Region 2,3

2. Season: warm

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3. Leaf color: medium to dark green

4. Leaf texture: fine

5. Growth habit: _________________________

6. Wear: __________-

7. Location: sun or part shade

d. Grasses not used alone for lawns

- ___________________ (over seeding fields and some lawns, never used alone)

1. Region 2

2. Season: _________

3. Leaf color: light green

4. Leaf texture: medium

5. Growth habit: bunch

6. Wear: good

7. Location: sun

- _______________ (not recommended for lawns, most commonly used for highway grass)

1. Region _______________

2. Season: warm

3. Leaf color: medium to dark green

4. Leaf texture: coarse

5. Growth habit: _________________

6. Wear: good

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7. Location: sun

- _______________________ (seeded with Kentucky Bluegrass never alone)

1. Region 1

2. Season: cool

3. Leaf color: medium green

4. Leaf texture: ___________

5. Growth habit: bunch

6. Wear: very good

7. Location: __________

e. Turf Grass Site Preparation

- Remove trash and ______________

- Control weeds with _____________. Spray post-emergency broadleaf herbicides four to six weeks before seeding or sodding.

- Grade avoiding steep slopes, low areas and poorly drained areas (no more than ____ for mowing safety).

- Protect _____________________ trees and bed areas with silt fencing, edged borders or mulch.

- Incorporate a ________ slope away from the home or structure.

f. Soil preparation

- Till soil to a depth of _______

- Add __________ of top soil

- Run a soil _________

- Incorporate lime and fertilizer based on the soil sample results

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- __________ grade

- Roll area with a lawn roller

- __________

- Seed or install sod.

g. Methods of Establishing Lawns

- _____________

1. Is the most common and least ______________ way to start a lawn.

2. Seed is sown by hand or with a _________________ device such as a rotary or drop type spreader.

3. Apply half the seed in one direction and the other half at a ___degree angle to the first pass.

4. Roll the soil lightly to ensure good seed to soil contact.

5. Lightly ____________ the seed with peat moss or weed free straw.

6. ___________ to stabilize the seed and peat moss or straw.

7. Seeding for warm season grasses March 1-July 1.

8. Seeding for cool season grasses

a. Sept 1-Sept 15: ____________ region

b. Sept 15-Oct 15: coastal

c. Aug 15-Sept 1: _______________-

d. Emergency seeding mid-Feb to early March.

e. Purchase quality seed. Read the label.

- _________________

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1. Using _________________ turf (grass and roots) that is cut in thin layers and removed from growing area in strips.

2. It is then moved to the new lawn, rolled out and fitted together.

3. Start the _____________ process form a straight edge to ensure ____________________

4. _______ strips together and stagger rows in a brick pattern.

5. The new lawn soil should be moist before laying the sod.

6. Water after installing the new sod.

7. Install the new sod within _____ hours to prevent roots from drying out.

8. _______________ sod if it cannot be laid within 48 hours.

9. Sodding provides an ______________ lawn

10.Sodding for cool season grasses: anytime during the cooler times of the growing season.

11.Sodding for _______________ season grasses April-July 1

- _______________________

1. Uses small plugs or blocks or sod to plant in holes about 6-12 inches apart.

2. Very __________ consuming method of planting grass.

3. This is a common method used for many warm season grasses that are poor seed producers.

4. __________

5. Plugging for warm season grasses April-July 1

- Sprigging

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1. Uses plant runners, cuttings or sprigs (cut stems)

2. Sprigs are rolled or _____________ into the top ½ to 1 inch of soil.

3. Water

4. Sprigging is usually used on __________________ areas such as golf courses

5. Sprigging for warm season grasses March 1-July

h. Care for newly Established Lawns

- _____________________

1. Keep the top 1.5” of soil moist by ________________ two to three times a day for the first 7 to 21 days.

2. Water early in the _________________ to reduce the risk of disease and water loss.

3. Water established lawns two to three times a week ½ inch each watering.

4. Soil should be moist six to eight inches to encourage good root development

- ____________________

1. Mow when grass is ________ higher than the desired height.

2. Mow to the suggested height for the type of grass you have ______________.

3. Mow when the grass is dry with a ________________, clean blade.

4. Mowing height

- _______________

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1. Apply fertilizer with a ______________ or drop type spreader

2. Apply ___________ the fertilizer in one direction and the other half at a _____ degree angle to the first pass.

3. For seeded lawns fertilize ______ weeks after seed emerges.

4. For sodded, plugged or sprigged lawns fertilize every _________ weeks throughout the growing season.

i. Pest Control

- __________

1. Common in newly seeded lawn

2. Proper mowing will _______________ most weeds.

3. Follow the directions on a selective herbicide if weeds are an issue.

- Insects

1. Check newly established lawns on a regular basis for insect issues.

2. Identify and treat as needed.

- Diseases

1. Do ___________ overwater newly established lawns as this can cause diseases

2. Hot ________________ weather can also cause disease issues

3. Identify and treat as needed.

j. Grass seed terminology

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- ___________: the ability to germinate

- ___________ ingredient: stems and/or other plant products that is of viable

- _____________ seed: any seed not defined as a component in “other crop”

- ________________ weed: invasive, hard to control weed seed.

PP. Floral Design

a. Design Material

- ____________ (flowers and foliage): create height, width and a balanced look in the arrangement. Line flowers are attractive by themselves in a _________ vase. They produce floret blooms on tall spikes.

1. Examples

a. ______________________

b. Foxglove

c. Liatris

d. Gladiolus

e. Scotch broom

- _________ (flowers and foliage): give your arrangement weight. Mass flowers are usually round and full. They are usually the ____________ point of color and interest in an arrangement. Mass flowers are a good choice for a simple, quick vase of flowers and are often sold in bunches. They produce flowers on the end of stems.

1. Examples:

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a. Carnation

b. _________________

c. Alstroemeria

d. _________________

e. Shasta

f. Zinnia

g. Mums

h. Rose

i. Daffodil

j. Tulip

k. Hydrangea

l. Lemon Leaf

m. Design Materials

- __________ (flowers and foliage): center the arrangement. Form flowers are __________, large and unique shaped flowers. They ___________ the eye of the viewer.

1. Examples:

a. Anthurium

b. ________________________

c. _____________

d. Calla lilies

e. Peony

f. Stargazer

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g. Wax Flower

h. Orchids

i. Ferns

- ____________(flowers and foliage): fill your arrangement. Filler flowers usually have many ____________ flowers and small foliage giving your arrangement a soft, full look. They connect mass and line flowers. A few branches can give added beauty to any arrangement.

1. Examples

a. ____________________

b. Queen Anne’s lace

c. Ferns

d. Heather

e. Statice

f. _________________

g. Sprengeri fern

h. Bear grass

QQ. Floral Design Principles

a. _______________: the flower size and container flow together and _________________ each other.

b. ________________: creates the accent and interest to catch the eye.

c. ____________________________: keeps relative size, color and texture of the flowers to create a pleasing arrangement. Floral designs should be at least 1 ½ to 2 times the height or width of the container.

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d. ________________: the design must be in proportion to the surrounding area where it is placed.

e. ___________________: catches and draws attention to the design

f. ______________________: accentuates the flowers and colors by repeating their used throughout the design

g. _______________: creates a sense of continuity or flowing together

h. _______________: When all parts flow together to give a completed look to the arrangement

i. _____________: when the flowers complement each other through color, size and shape.

RR. Floral Design Shapes

a. __________: round in shape

b. __________: oval in shape

c. _______: fan or semicircle in shape

d. ___________________: may be equilateral triangle with all three sides the same length or asymmetrical triangle with sides of different lengths.

e. ___________________: flower arrangement makes an L shape.

f. ___________________: make an upside down T

g. ______________: Straight up in a bud vase. It is tall, vertical and narrow

h. ______________: long horizontal and short vertical.

i. ______________: halfway between vertical and horizontal

j. ______________: Shaped like a quarter moon

k. ____________________: like and S curve.

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l. ______________ Foam: foam used to hold flowers in a container.

- _______________: absorbs water. Soak it in water prior to starting your arrangement.

- _________flower: Does not absorb water. Used for dried or silk flowers. Dense.

- __________________: course in texture and is used mostly for silk flowers.

m. ___________: supports flower stems or creates artificial stems.

- Boxed wire measures 18” in length

- Wire gauge ranges from #6 or #30

- The higher the gauge the thinner the wire

- ________ gauge wire is used for wiring heavy flowers

- #24-26 gauge wire is a good general purpose wire, used for securing bows.

- #28 gauge wire is used for wiring average weight flowers.

- Paddle wire (wire on a wooden or plastic spool) is used to wire pine cones and accessories to wreaths, etc. and is available in different gauges

n. ________________: cuts wire

o. ________________: wooden picks with wire increase the stem length and attach bows or ribbon used in the design.

p. __________________________

- Waterproof tape is used to attach floral foam to the container.

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- Floral tape (stem wrap) is a tacky tape used to wrap wire. It is used to conceal wire and stems when creating boutonnieres and corsages.

q. _____________: cut woody stemmed flowers/plants

r. _____________: cut ribbon or fabric

s. __________________________: cut flower stems

t. ________________: range from bud vases to large containers. Can be made of plastic, glass, glazed pots and light weight liners.

u. __________________: paper to wrap a potted plant. Sold in rolls or pre-cut sheets.

v. ____________: sold in bolts by number size and texture.

- Number Size

1. #1.5= 5/16”

2. #2= _______”

3. #3= 9/16” (corsages and boutonnieres)

4. #5= 7/8”(potted plants)

5. #_____= 1 5/16 (potted plants)

6. #40= 2 1/2” (wreath bows)

7. #100= 4” (funeral sprays)

SS. Design Techniques for a fresh floral arrangement

a. Select a design ___________

b. Select appropriate container

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c. __________ floral foam and soak in water for _______ minutes if needed.

d. Set foam in container and ___________ if needed.

e. Select _______ or other ____________ and arrange to cover the foam if needed. Extend at least _______ times the width of container.

f. ___________ flower to create desired height

g. Insert __________________ flowers to make the design outline and focal point.

h. Add other flowers as __________________ to create the arrangement.

i. Arrange filler flowers such as baby’s breath last to give a _____________________ appearance

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