Bio Diversity Project

Honors BiologyMr. DansDiversity Of Life Topic #12Domain Bacteria* 2Must know all*Collective biomass is at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes (a handful of rich soil contains more bacteria than the total number of humans that have ever lived).Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycans ( also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea), Eukaryotic cell walls made up of cellulose or chitin.Gram positive bacteria: have large amounts of peptidoglycanGram negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan but more lipopolysaccharides. This makes them more complex than gram positive and usually are more pathogenic (cell wall prevents antibiotics from entering and protects bacteria from immune systems). Contains DNA as plasmids. Cell Respiration occurs where?What is encapsulation?See next page3*

4Know all*Some are photoautotrophs (harness sunlight for energy and use carbon dioxide for to make organic molecules)Some are photoheterotrophs (obtain energy from sunlight but get carbon from organic sources)Some are chemoautotrophs (obtain energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide to make organic molecules)Some are chemoheterotrophs (obtain energy from chemicals and carbon from organic molecules and are the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes)5Shapes*:6Bacilli: rod shaped

Cocci: spherical

Spirilla: spiral

Phylum Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)*: photosynthetic, contains chlorophyll and other pigments (red & yellow), undergo nitrogen fixation, are important ecologically!!

Phylum Schizophyta:Class Myxobacteria: glide in movements similar to amoeba, secrete extracellular enzymes to digest like fungi 7

Class Spirochetes: are curved, spiral anaerobic parasites in warm blooded animals. Lyme disease caused by this type8

Class Rickettsia: tiny rod, cocci, or thread-like (less than 1 micron) parasites living in arthropods which may be transmitted to animals (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Most are harmless.9

Phylum Actinobacteria: They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Actinobacteria is one of the dominant phyla of the bacteria. They include some of the most common soil life, freshwater life, and marine life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin, and thereby playing a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. Some are pathogenic causing tuberculosis or leprosy. Streptomycin is an antibiotic against these bacteria.10

Phylum Proteobacteria (Eubacteria): They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes. Picture shows Escherichia coli.

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Domain Archaea*12Many live in extreme environments (and are called extremophiles).Extreme halophiles: salt loversExtreme thermophiles: heat loversMethanogens: live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product (many thrive in mud at bottom of lakes and swamps) . Marsh gas is methane bubbling up from swamps. Some inhabit mammalian digestive tracts (also aid in breakdown of cellulose in cattle, dear etc).Archaea also live in moderate environments like oceansOther general considerations with prokaryotes:Some release exotoxins (proteins released that can be poisons)example tetanus is caused by an exotoxin released by Clostridium tetani.Endotoxins: are components of the bacterial membrane of gram negative bacteria released when the cell dies or is injured. These endotoxins may produce fever, aches, and hypotension. Meningitis is caused by these endotoxins (Neisseria meningitidis).13Domain Eukarya*

14Kingdoms:ProtistFungiPlantaeAnimaliaKingdom Protista*Protozoa vs. AlgaeContain cell walls made of celluloseMove using two flagellaePhotosyntheticUsually reproduce asexually

PHYLUM PYRROPHYTA*

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PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA*

Unicellular aquatic algaeOuter part of the cell has a firm and flexible layer called a pellicleSome are photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic. Euglena is a memberWhat is an eyespot

PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA

Cell walls composed to cellulose with a lot of silicaContain photosynthetic pigmentsReproduce by cell division

18PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA Animal-like protistsThey eat either living matter of animals or decaying matterSwim in their environments with flagellaReproduce asexually with binary fission

PHYLUM SARCODINA/RHIZOPODA*

Capture food using a pseudopodLargest phylum of protozoansContain forms with exterior shellsContain ameba (naked forms)

PHYLUM SPOROZOA/aPICOMPLEXA*

Can cause malaria because they are parasitesAre heterotrophic organismsToxoplasma is the most common found in humans

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA (CILIATES)*

They contain two nucleiHeterotrophic parameciaSwim by beating their ciliaCan hop or jump with their cilia

PHYLUM OPALINIDA

Covered in cilia or flagellaAre found in the digestive tracts of toads, fish and reptilesAre heterotrophic organisms

PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA*

Also known as slime moldsProduce sporesIngests food by phagocytosisWere thought to be fungi however they ingest food differently

Arcyria cinereaKnown as cellular slime moldsHave pseudopodsAre heterotrophic organismsMembers of this phylum alter their appearances throughout their lives

PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA*

DictyosteliumDiatoms: have glass-like walls, freshwater and marine.Glass-like walls remain after they die and form diatomaceous earthDiatomaceous earth is a great filtering mediumPHYLUM BACILARIOPHYTA*

PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

Cell walls contain chitinAlso known as chytridsAre heterotrophic organisms

PHYLUM OOMYCOTA

Cell walls contain celluloseThey cause mildews of plantsAre heterotrophic organismsAlso known as oomycetes

PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA*

Are autotrophic (green algae)Can live on water, snow, and tree trunksUnicellular and some are multicellularMicroscopic organisms

PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA* Autotrophic organisms found in marine conditionsContain chlorophyll a and cCell walls contain celluloseLargest protists

PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA Autotrophic organisms found in warm marine waterContain chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins (distinct color)Build up coral reefs

Kingdom Fungi*32

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA*

Usually saprobes living in soil and feeding on dead plant or animal matterSome are parasites of plants, insects and soil mammalsAre terrestrial

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

Largest fungi divisionSpores are called conidiaHave perforated cell walls in which the cytoplasm and nuclei can leave and enter other adjoining cells

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA*

Mushrooms are actually the spore producing body which is composed of tightly packed hyphae. Club fungi is an example.Mushrooms of the genus Amanita are the most poisonous

PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA

No sexual reproduction is knownCauses athletes foot and thrushMakes penicillin, cheese and other medicines

LICHENS* (not a fungus)

Algae and fungi in a symbiotic relationshipUsually first to colonize barren landBegin process of soil formation

MYCORRHIZAE* (not a species)

Fungus-roots mostly from phylum ZygomycotaSymbiotic relationship between a vascular plant root and a fungus

Kingdom Plantae*

SUPER PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA*

Do not have vascular tissueSmall organismsDont have true roots but attach by rhizoids (elongated single cells)Need water for fertilization

PHYLUM/DIVISION* PTEROPHYTA*

Ancient plants (ferns)Simple stems when compared to those of gymnosperms or angiospermsLeaves may be divided into leaflets called pinnaeDo not produce seedsIn botany the term division means phylum

Super-Phylum Tracheophyta*: Vascular Plants

GYMNOSPERMS Division Coniferophyta*

Vascular seed plantsNaked seedsContain subdivisions cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, and coniferophyta

ANGIOSPERMS /Division Anthophyta*

Supposedly evolved from extinct gymnospermsFlowering plantsVascular plants contain xylem and phloemCarpel made of stigma and styleClass monocot and dicot

Kingdom Animalia*

PHYLUM PORIFERA*

Sponges SessileMostly marine2 layer perforated bodyWater is drawn through body wall (collar cells) into animal where food/water is trapped and ingested.Flagella aid in the movement of water and foodHermaphroditic

PHYLUM MESOZOA

Wormlike, live as parasites inside marine invertebratesMay have been flatworms that have become simplified due to a parasitic way of life

PHYLUM CNIDARIA OR COELENTERATA*

Aquatic hollow organismsClass hydrozoa contains the HYDRA2 cell layers and sac like digestive system (gastrovascular cavity)Radially symmetricalHave nematocysts (stinging cells)

CLASS SCYPHOZOA

Medusa form is dominantMoon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is an example

CLASS ANTHOZOA

Sea anemones and coralsEach polyp can retreatPolyps can form limestone, making a coral reef

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

Contain comb jellies and sea walnutsBioluminescent hermaphrodites

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHE* FlatwormsHave bilateral symmetryContain classes Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda

CLASS TURBELLARIA

Planaria*Contain cilia for locomotion (only large animal that has cilia for locomotion)Great regenerative ability

CLASS TREMATODA

FlukesAre parasites of mollusks and vertebratesMay infect turtles and fish as wellHave a complex life cycle in hosts

CLASS CESTODA

TapewormsAre parasiticFound commonly in cats and dogs

PHYLUM NEMATODA RoundwormsContain 12,000 speciesAre microscopic parasitesNematode is common

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA*

Soft bodied organismsSome have exterior shells to protect their soft bodies (not squid/octopus)Also known as MollusksHave 3 major body regions: foot (movement), visceral mass (organs contained), mantle (which may secrete a shell).

CLASS BIVALVIA

7,500 speciesClams, oysters, scallops, musselsHave 2 parts or a shellClams have a foot that helps them move

CLASS GASTROPODA

Contain snails, whelks, periwinkles, abalones and slugsCan digest cellulose

CLASS CEPHALOPODA*

Most advanced invertebratesContain octopus and cuttlefishOctopus mother smart-protects her eggs

PHYLUM ANNELIDA*

Include earthworm, leeches and sandwormsThere are freshwater, terrestrial and marine leeches HermaphroditicSegmentation throughout bodyHave metanephridia for excretion

CLASS OLIGOCHAETA

EarthwormsSegmented bodiesHermaphroditicMostly made up of terrestrial organismsHave a spacious body cavityHave setae

CLASS POLYCHAETA

All marineHave tiny tentaclesSome segments have different functions (a condition called tagmosis)Have distinct head, trunk and tail regions

CLASS HIRUDINEA

LeechesHave a sucker at each endSome are bloodsuckingNo setaeSecrete hirudin, a powerful anticoagulant

PHYLUM SIPUNCULA

Peanut worm, have long retractable proboscisNo segmentation or setae

PHYLUM ECHIURA

Spoon wormsLong, unretractable proboscisContain setaeNo segmentation

PHYLUM PRIAPULIDA

Have a retractable proboscis with spinesMarine wormsMedian anterior mouthHermaphroditic organisms

PHYLUM POGONOPHORA

Giant tube wormLive deep in ocean fissuresWorms living in long tube have segmented posterior end with setae but no mouth or digestive tractTentacles absorb nutrients

PHYLUM PENTASTOMIDS

Parasitic of vertebrate respiratory systemPrimitive organismsInvertebratesUse hooks to attach to the hostThe anterior end of the body bears five protuberances, four of which are clawed legs, while the fifth bears the mouth

PHYLUM TARDIGRADA

Segmented and microscopic organismCalled a water bearFound in fresh water and in the film of moisture in mossesMouth has sharp points to eat plantsSlow walkers as in name tardi-grada. Have 8 legsNamed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777.

PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA

Caterpillar-likeHave segmented bodyLarger brains than other phylaAre terrestrial

PHYLUM PHORONIDA

Live in tubes in oceanShallow waterCan withdraw logophore (food gathering organ) when disturbedNo segmentation

PHYLUM BRYOZOA OR ECTOPROCTA

Colonial organismsDivide labor among membersSalt water organismsSecrete hard protective coveringLook like patches of moss

PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA

BivalvesHave lophophore: a crown of tentacles that filters food particles out of the waterHave annelid and arthropod characteristics300 speciesMarine organisms many extinct

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA*

Cephalization evidentJointed appendagesSegmented bodiesArticulated exoskeletons containing chitinExcretion by way of Malpighian tubulesRespiratory system by way of tracheaeOpen circulatory system

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATANo antennaeNo mandibleFirst pair of appendages called chelicerae which have sharp pincers and are fanglike for biting prey

CLASS MEROSTOMATA

Horseshoe Crab and EurypteridMarine organismsContain many fossil speciesPossess compound eyes

CLASS PYCNOGONIDA

Sea spiders500 speciesHave long legsFour pairs of legs (sometimes have 5)No respiratory system (exchange gasses by diffusion)

CLASS ARACHNIDA*

30,000 speciesHave eight legs, 2 body segmentsTerrestrial organisms (some found in edge of aquatic environs).Spiders have spinnerets (produce silk)Have two pairs of appendages for feeding, defense, and sensory perceptionNo antennae or wingsUse chelicerae (1st pair of appendage) for feeding and defense (spiders can inject venom with these).Use pedipalps (2nd pair of appendage) to feed, locomotion,reproduction

CLASS CRUSTACEA*

25,000 speciesAquatic and live in marine or freshwater environments (some adapted to terrestrial environments like the woodlouse pictured below)MotileFew are parasiticHave biramous appendages (The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous or uniramous. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end).

CLASS DIPLOPODA

7,000 speciesAre arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind the head which does not have any appendages at all, and the next few which only have one pair of legs). Eat dead plant matterMove slowlyHead has mandiblesExample is millipede

CLASS CHILOPODA

Have segmented bodies with one pair of legs per segmentMove rapidlyHave forcipules are modifications of the first pair of legs, forming a pincer-like appendage always found just behind the head. Forcipules are not true mouthparts, although they are used in the capture of prey items, injecting venom and holding onto captured prey. Venom glands run through a tube almost to the tip of each forcipule.Terrestrial in damp areasCentipede is an example (you can see forcipule in lower picture)

CLASS INSECTA*

700,000 speciesSegmented bodyExoskeletonOnly invertebrates that can flyThree interconnected units (head, thorax, abdomen)Thorax has six segmented legsUniramous appendages only

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA*

Spiny skinnedMost have radial symmetryAbundant in oceansOutstanding feature is their water vascular systemSlow moving, spiny exoskeletonHave a water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding/gas exchange/locomotionSea urchin, starfish, sand dollars

CLASS STELLEROIDEA

Starfish and brittlestarsAlso known as class asteroideaCan regenerate lost armsMove by wiggling movements or tube feet

CLASS CRINOIDEA

Sea lilies and feather starsSessileHave a U-shaped gutAnus located next to the mouth surrounded by feeding arms

CLASS OPHIUROIDEA

Brittle stars and serpent starsLook like stelleroidea except that the arms are clearly marked off the bodyCrawl using flexible arms

CLASS ECHINOIDEA

Sea urchins and sand dollarsMouth contains teethMove by hundreds of tiny tube feetMove slowly Feed on algae

CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA

Sea cucumbersLack arms like echinoidsMove slowlyMouth has tentacles that secrete mucusEndoskeleton below the skin

PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA

Arrow wormsImportant components of marine planktonThey also eat many copepodsFeed near surface at nightHeat adapted to catch prey with spines

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

Acorn worms (80 species)Has 3 body areas: proboscis, collar and trunkHemichordates have both features of echinoderms and chordates

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Notochord at some stage of lifeDorsal tubular nerve cordEndoskeletonVentral heartPost-anal tail at some stage in life history

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

TunicatesMarine group including sea squirtsLook nothing like other chordates, besides the fact that a notochord present in tadpole-larual stage

CLASS ASCIDIACEA

Sea squirtsSessileSecrete outer covering of polysaccharide (cellulose)Only animal to do this

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA

Amphioxus the lancelet29 speciesTwo generaAsymmetron and BranchiostomaPrimitive organisms

Phylum Chordata* -SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

Vertebrates (have a vertebral & spinal column)Vertebral column replaces the notochordCephalization is pronounced58,000 species

CLASS AGNATHA

Jawless fishLampreysResemble brachiostoma by sucking up mud containing microbes and organic debrisHave a notochord but have a cartilaginous skeleton

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES*

Sharks and rays250 speciesSkeletons of cartilage onlyBreathe through gillsSome lay eggs and some live youngLateral line organs are special pressure receptors which detect water vibrations

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES*

Also known as bony fishGillsLay many eggsFresh and marine formsHave swim bladders which are gas-filled sacs which keep them buoyantExist in saltwater and freshwater

CLASS AMPHIBIA*

Frogs, salamanders, newtsMost amphibians must return to water to reproduceLay soft-shelled eggsAdapted to land and water environmentsHave aquatic larval stage and metamorphosis into terrestrial adult.

ORDER URODELA

320 speciesSalamanders, mud puppies, newtsMost have 4 toes on the front legs and 5 toes on the backCan regenerate lost limbs

ORDER ANURA

4,810 speciesTail-less(an- without, oura-tail)Frogs, toadsHave protruding eyes, long back legs, and no tailLay their eggs in moist areasDevelop as tadpoles

ORDER APODA

55 speciesCaeciliansResemble earthworms or snakesLack limbs entirelyTail either short or absentNone in N.America

CLASS REPTILIA*

Cold blooded6,000 speciesMostly TerrestrialMay live in waterHard shell eggHave lungsDry skin covered by protective scalesTurtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakesDominated the land during Permian period

CLASS AVES*

Birds are tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings but are bipedalLay eggsHave lungs, feathersAre endothermicAre essentially reptiles specialized for flight (Archaeopteryx is the fossil found that is probably missing link between both)

CLASS MAMMALIA*

Descended from reptilesBecame diversified after extinction of dinosaurs but their ancestors predated the dinosaursHave hair, 3 middle ear bones, mammary glands and are endothermicSome have placenta

ORDER MONOTREMATA*

Non-placentalMonotremes that lay eggs with shells but nurse them after hatchingDuckbill platypus and spiny anteaterInclude Platypoda and Tachyglossa

ORDER MARSUPIALIA*

Bear live premature young that must be kept in a pouchNon-placental (see discussion under Placental Mammals)Kangaroo and possumFront limbs highly developed at time of birth

Eutherians or Placental Mammals*Placental mammals all bear live young, which are nourished before birth in the mother's uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall, the placenta. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround the embryos in the amniote eggs of reptiles, birds, and monotreme mammals. The term "placental mammals" is somewhat of a misnomer because marsupials also have placentae. The difference is that the placenta of marsupials is very short-lived and does not make as much of a contribution to fetal nourishment as it does in eutherians, as "placental mammals" are known scientifically.

ORDER INSECTIVORA

Small insect-eating mammalsMoles, hedgehog (see below) and shrew (top right) are examples

ORDER DERMOPTERA

Flying lemursUse flaps of extra skin to glideLarge tree-dwelling animalsExcellent binocular vision

ORDER CHIROPTERA*

BatsForelimbs are webbed and developed as wingsCapable of true and sustained flightFeed on fruit, insects or the blood of mammals

ORDER EDENTATA

Sloths, anteaters, armadillosKnown as XenarthraLack front teethHave two or three very long fingers on each hand

ORDER LAGOMORPHA

Rabbits, hares, pikasHerbivoresLong hind limbsTeeth grow throughout their lives (constantly chewing to keep them short)

ORDER RODENTIA

Have two constantly growing incisors in the upper and lower jawsMost eat seeds or plantsRodents make up the largest order of mammals

ORDER CETACEA

Whales, dolphins and porpoisesMammals best adapted to aquatic lifeForelimbs are modified into flippersNearly hairlessSome very intelligentAll marine except 4 species of dolphins The order contains two suborders, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises). The species range in size from Commerson's dolphin, smaller than a human, to the Blue Whale, the largest animal ever known to have lived.

ORDER CARNIVORA

Primarily carnivoresNo fewer than 4 toes on each footHave large brains encased in a heavy skullReproduce in litters

ORDER PINNIPEDIA

Seals, sea lions and walrusesSemi-aquatic marine animalsAll are carnivoresFemales give birth frequently

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA

Elephants (Asian Elephant, African Bush Elephant and African Forest Elephant)HerbivoresLargest known land animals

ORDER PERISSODACTYLA

Odd-toed ungulates (horses, tapirs, rhinos)Grazing mammalsHave simple stomachs and digest plant cellulose in their intestines

ORDER ARTIODACTYLA

Even-toed ungulatesFoot has greater flexibility due to the astragalusHerbivoresInclude pigs, hippos, giraffes, buffalo , deer, moose and domestic cattle

ORDER PRIMATES*

Divided into prosimians (which are not monkeys or apes: example lemurs)and simians (monkeys, apes and humans)All species possess adaptations for climbing treesSome walk on their knuckles

FAMILY HOMINIDAE

Great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans)Humans are most closely related to earlier variations of the great apes

GENUS HYLOBATES

Four genera of gibbonsCharacterized by 44 chromosomesHave white rings around their faces

GENUS PONGO

OrangutansLargest living arboreal animalsHands have four long fingers and an opposable thumb (grasp with both hands and feet)

GENUS GORILLA

Largest living primatesPrimarily herbivoresGround-dwellingDNA of gorillas is close to that of humans (closest relatives are chimpanzees and humans)

GENUS PAN

ChimpanzeesClosest living relatives to humansDNA is 99% identical to that of humansArms are longer than legs and span half the length of the body

GENUS HOMO

Genus that modern humans are most closely related to2.5 million years oldEvolved from early primatesHumans belong to species Homo sapiens.Modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth.

Additional Terminology*(see handout)Posterior vs. AnteriorDorsal vs. VentralSuperior vs. InferiorCephalic vs. CaudalBilateral vs. Radial SymmetryDistal vs. ProximalThorax, Abdomen in ArthropodsBipeds and Quadruped.What are Appendages?Stereoscopic Vision