homology serial homology analogy - 2 individuals - structures have same developmental origin and...
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HomologySerial
Homology
Analogy
- 2 individuals- structures have same developmental origin and same or different functions
- 2 structures on 1 individual
- 2 individuals- structures have different developmental origins but same function
quill & hairbat wing & hand
cheliped & swimmeret
bird wing & insect wing
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homology
analogy
serial homology
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How do the Arthropods fit in?
unknown common ancestor
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes Nemertea
Nematoda
Rotifera
Annelida
Arthropoda
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Phylum Arthropoda
“joint-footed” animals
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Fossil Record
Devonian period
These fossilized tracks may push the date of land arthropods back into the Cambrian
540 million years old
A very ancient group with a ~500 million year fossil record
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Fossil RecordThese fossilized tracks may push the date of land arthropods back into the Cambrian
first dinosaurs, mammals, birds
Millions of years ago
0
First invertebrates
213
360 First reptilesFirst amphibians
65 – end of dinosaurs
First fishesFirst land plants
505
590
700
4,600
First ArthropodsCambrian
today
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Arthropoda
all other phyla
Phylum Arthropoda
• the largest phylum• comprises ~80% of all known animals
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Arthropoda CharacteristicsTriploblastic
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry
Organ level of organization
Eucoelomate
Protostome
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What characteristics have enabled Arthropods to achieve
such great diversity and abundance?
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Arthropoda CharacteristicsExoskeleton
• hardened external cuticle secreted by the epidermis• composed of chitin; has internal ridges/projections
called apodemes to which muscles attach • benefits: protection without loss of mobility• limits growth must be “molted” • limits ultimate body size because of weight
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Ecdysis (molting)
• molting fluid dissolves old endocuticle
• new exocuticle is secreted
exocuticle
endocuticle
• new exocuticle is formed under the old one• old exocuticle ruptures
• ecdysis! the animal backs out of old exoskeleton
• new endocuticle forms under exocuticle
• exocuticle hardens
under hormonal controlepicuticle
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Arthropoda CharacteristicsTagmatization and jointed appendages
• the fusion of segments into blocks called tagmata (sing:tagma) that are specialized for certain functions • usually each tagma has a pair of jointed appendages• appendages may be highly modified with tagmata being specialized for certain functions (e.g. feeding, moving, sensory)• appendages are essentially hollow levers that are moved by well-developed striated muscles (flexors and extensors) and are capable of fast, powerful movement
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Arthropoda Characteristics
Respiratory System
• on land: most have a respiratory system that consists of tubes that deliver air directly to tissues and cells• in water: most have gills• these systems allow for a higher metabolic rate and level of activity
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Arthropoda CharacteristicsSensory System
• similar to Annelida (ventral nerve cord, cerebral ganglia/brain…)
• possess a variety of sensory organs(e.g. simple and compound eyes, antennae,
chemoreceptors, sensory hairs…)
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Arthropoda CharacteristicsComplex Behavior
• have complex innate behaviors and some are capable of learning• some even show communication and cooperation!
Spiny lobster cooperative behavior
Dr. Herrnkind: http://bio.fsu.edu/~herrnlab/
Spiny lobster migration behavior
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Arthropoda Characteristics
Metamorphosis
• most have a larval stage that differs morphologically and behaviorally from the adult
• reduces competition between larvae and adults by allowing them to occupy different ecological niches
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Arthropoda Characteristics
• complete with regional specialization
Digestive System
Circulatory System
• open circulatory system consisting of a hemocoel (main body-cavity) filled with hemolymph (blood)
• no external cilia/flagella
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Arthropoda Characteristics
Excretion• usually glands, some classes have specialized excretory systems
Reproduction
• usually sexual and dioecious • usually internal fertilization
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Phylum Arthropoda
Class MerostomataClass PycnogonidaClass Arachnida
Subphylum Trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Branchiopoda Class MalacostracaClass Copepoda *Class Ostracoda *Class Cirripedia *
Class Chilopoda Class DiplopodaClass Insecta
* In your textbook, these are listed as subclasses within the class Maxillopoda. But follow what is here and in lab.
(Arthropoda II)
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Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobitmorpha)
• all are extinct• the most diverse of the extinct arthropod groups (~5000 genera)
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Subphylum Chelicerata• no antennae• 6 pairs of appendages:
1st pair = pincer, fang-like chelicerae2nd pair = pedipalps 3rd – 6th pair = walking legs
• body divided into 2 tagmata
prosoma: consists of the head and all the legs
opisthosoma:consists of the abdomen
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Subphylum Chelicerata
Class MerostomataHorseshoe crabs have been essentially
unchanged for ~250 million years
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Class Merostomataopisthosoma prosoma
telson
compound eye
carapace
book gills
walking legs
chelicerae
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Class Merostomata
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Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida
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Class Arachnida spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, chiggers, daddy longlegs
They usually have several adaptations for life on land:• book lungs or tracheal system or both• waxy cuticle
pedipalps
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Class Arachnida• arachnids as parasites• chiggers (mites) and ticks
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Class Arachnida• arachnids as disease vectors• Lyme disease is caused by infection with a bacteria that is transmitted by tick bites
BorelliaDeer tick
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Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Pycnogonida• sea spiders• ~1000 marine species• males carry the eggs
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Subphylum Crustacea• most are marine, some terrestrial and freshwater• head has 2 pairs of antennae• appendages are primitively biramous
(have 2 major branches)• body divided into 2 tagmata:
cephalothorax: consists of the head and the thorax
abdomen
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Subphylum Crustacea• have mandibles, 2 pairs of maxillae, and 1 pair of legs per segment
• cephalothorax:• 2 pairs of antennae• mandibles• 1st and 2nd maxillae• 3 pairs of maxillipeds• 5 pairs of walking legs
• abdomen• usually has 6 segments• # 1-5 have pairs of swimmerets• last segment has a pair of uropods and a telson
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Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchiopoda• sea monkeys and water fleas• marine and freshwater• important zooplankton
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Subphylum Crustacea
Class Ostracoda• have a bivalved carapace • marine and freshwater• reduced number of appendages• bioluminescence
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Subphylum Crustacea
Class Copepoda• mainly marine, some freshwater and terrestrial (e.g. mosses…)• usually the most abundant animal in the plankton• median eye
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Subphylum Crustacea
Class Cirripedia• acorn barnacles and gooseneck barnacles• marine and sessile as adults• feed with modified appendages called cirri
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Class Cirripedia
cirri
penis
Adhesive gland
mouth
Peduncle(absent in stalkless barnacles)
anus
• modified body form
ovary
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Class Cirripedia• often form dense mats • hermaphroditic with long extendable penis to reach neighbors
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Subphylum Crustacea
Class Malacostraca• largest class of Crustacea• marine, freshwater, terrestrial• shows great diversity
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Class Malacostracavery small to very large
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Class MalacostracaMany have complex behaviors
Attracting a mate
Brooding eggs
Finding a home
Etc…
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Subphylum Crustacea
Parasitism
Fish louse
Parasitic isopods
Parasitic barnacles:in the tissue, castrate crab host, produce large egg-sac which the host then broods as if it were its own
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Subphylum Crustacea
Commensalisms
Pea crabs in mussels
Pea crabs on a heart urchins & sand dollars
Barnacles on whales
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Subphylum Crustacea
Mutualisms
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Subphylum Crustacea
Mutualisms• e.g. cleaning shrimp
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How do the Arthropods fit in?
unknown common ancestor
PoriferaCnidaria
Platyhelminthes Nemertea
Nematoda Rotifera
Crustacea
Trilobita
Chelicerata
tagmatizatio
nAnnelida exoskeleton
Uniramia