Homework for Unit 2Homework for Unit 2 Page 40 # 1, 2 & 3 Page 44 # 1 & 2 Page 45 # 4, 5 & 6 Page 48 # 1 & 2 Page 49 # 6 (REALLY IMPORTANT) Page 52 # 1, 2 & 3 Page 53 # 6, 7, 9, 10 & 11 Page 56 # 1, 2 & 3 Page 57 # 7 Page 61 # 1, 2 & 3

The economy was doing well.

Business owners were making profits.

The economy was, however, too dependent on farming.

Just one bad season would create a shortage of food, loss of profits and ultimately increase in price of food.

Native North Americans did not know the continent of Europe existed and Europeans were unaware of North America.

Ships were not advanced enough to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

European countries rushed to explore unknown waters to find new trade routes.

1. Economic motives:

Gold was used as currency in Europe.

Europe needed more gold to make coins.

Marco Polo reported that China and Japan

had lots of gold and precious resources.

European merchants grew rich and powerful by importing and trading goods from Asia.

There was only one problem!

European merchants were forced to buy from Italian merchants living in Venice.

European merchants wanted to change this by trying to find new trade routes to Asia.

They wanted to trade directly with Asia.

This is how trading took place during the Renaissance:

The Asian merchants traded goods with the Arab merchants. The Arab merchants re-sold these goods to the Italian merchants. Finally, the Italian merchants re-sold the goods to the rest of Europe.

Each time a trade took place, the price for the merchandise increased!

The Arabian Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of Asia. As you can see on the map, it lies near the intersection of three continents - Africa, Asia, and Europe. Trade routes linking the three continents have passed through the region for thousands of years. Geographers call Arabia a "crossroads" location.

In the Middle Ages, European demand for Eastern goods led to the rise of Istanbul as a key link between Europe and Asia. When the Ottoman Empire gained control of the city in the 1400s, Europeans had to find a new way to transport goods between Europe and Asia. The water route they found made Singapore one of the major outposts for trade between Europe and Asia.

European merchants did not like paying higher prices for goods they could have purchased for less, had they done business directly with Asia.

By the 1400´s European merchants – as well as the monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal and France – sought to find a new route to Asia so that they would not have to trade with the Italian merchants.

This meant finding a sea route directly to Asia.

Where was the meeting place between

Italian traders and Arab traders?

Constantinople was an important trade city linking Europe to Asia.

The Muslim Turks would capture the city and rename it Istanbul.

Turks placed heavy taxes on trade.

Europeans decided the duties in Constantinople were too expensive!

Europe needed to find a new route to Asia.

A sea route would be more suitable since all of the land routes were full of problems.

This set in motion “the Age of Discovery”; a race between European countries to find this route!

3. Political Motives: European kingdoms wanted to conquer more

territories, acquire more natural resources and dominate (control) more people.

More land meant more crops, trees, gold etc.

4. Religious Motives: The desire to spread Christianity around the

world

The Spanish and Portuguese felt they had a God-given duty to drive Muslims out of other lands, they hoped to take Africa from the Muslims and convert the peoples of Asia.

Bartholomeu Dias, an early Portuguese explorer, explained his motives: “To serve God and his Majesty, to give Light to those who are in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire”.

Advances in technology made the voyages of discovery possible.

During the 1200´s it would have been nearly impossible for a European sea captain to cross over 3000 km of ocean and return again.

European ships could not sail against the wind.

In the 1400´s, shipbuilders designed a new vessel, the caravel.

Explorers needed knowledge and technology to set out across the oceans.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 to 1543) He theorized that all the planets, including the

Earth, orbited around the Sun.

The Church denounced his theory.

Galileo (1564 to 1642) He concluded that the Earth rotated on its own

axis as well as orbiting around the Sun, thus CONFIRMING Copernicus's theory.

He had to retract his theory to avoid death penalty before a church tribunal.

Explorers needed strong ships to travel across the Atlantic Ocean.

Portuguese developed a new ship called the caravel.

Rudder made it easier to steer.

Triangular sail (lateen) made use of winds coming from all directions.

Arab invention

Used to calculate latitude by aiming the pointer at the sun or North Star.

Small box filled with water or oil with a magnetic needle floating on top, which points to magnetic north.

The portolan: Navigation charts,

often bound like a book, illustrating shorelines, islands and the location of ports.

Voyages of exploration:

Funds ($) needed for organizing these voyages were given by European monarchs, with the support of the nobility and merchant middle class.

The Explorers who headed for Asia (via western route) across the Atlantic Ocean realised their mistake: it was not the coast of Asia, but it was in fact a new continent!

It was America!

Some explorers sailed around it.

Other explorers docked their ships and crossed it overland.

Christopher Columbus told Europeans about a new continent.

Natives had already been living there for thousands of years.

Traded many new items (see p.51)

Europeans believed that they were superior to other races.

They took possession of lands they discovered.

They began dominating (controlling) populations of these lands.

They began exploiting resources on these lands.

Europeans believed their civilization was better than any other.

They began to impose their ways, by force, on native people.

Natives and Europeans viewed the world differently.

Different worldviews led to misunderstandings.

Natives assumed Europeans were their allies because they were trading partners.

They were shocked to learn their business partners were trading with their enemies too.

To selfishly or unfairly use someone or something for one's own advantage. Abuse.

European kingdoms controlled and colonized discovered lands.

They built empires this way.

A colony is a territory ruled by another country.

An empire is a group of colonies ruled by a single authority (mother country).

Colony of exploitation: Occupied by soldiers and merchants to send items back

to its mother country.

Colony of settlement: Had permanent settlers who had come over from

Europe.

New France (Quebec today!) had many trading posts for fur trading with native peoples.

Natural resources (ex: trees, gold, etc.) were shipped from the colony to the mother country for processing (manufacturing).

All the manufacturing jobs were found in the mother country.

If these natural resources (raw materials) would have been processed at the colony it would have meant jobs for the colonists.

The natural resources would be transported back to the mother colony to be processed in factories.

The manufactured goods would then be shipped back to the colonies and sold to the colonists at a profit.

By doing this, all the jobs remained in the mother countries and limited job opportunities in the colonies.

European colonizers took control of North and South America.

Europeans created conflicts between native allies. In other words, “DIVIDE AND CONQUER”.

Contact with Europeans had devastating consequences for the indigenous people in America.

1. EPIDEMICS: Epidemics wiped out many indigenous

bands across America. Consequently, the indigenous population

declined. Immune system could not fight off

infectious diseases brought by the Europeans.

They were infected with the measles, smallpox, flu, and the plague.

The Europeans committed massacres and forced them into labour.

King of Spain was informed about these atrocious acts committed by the Spanish colonizers but did nothing to stop it!

European colonizers forced the Amerindians into slave labour.

The mid-16th century (1550s) marked the beginning of the Africa slave trade & the triangular trade.

Between 12-20 million Africans were brought to America to labour in mines and in plantations growing cocoa, coffee, tobacco, cotton, etc.

This was the name given to the trading route used by European merchants who exchanged goods with Africans for slaves, shipped the slaves to the Americas, sold them and brought goods from the Americas back to Europe.

Merchants who traded in this way could get very rich.

It was called the triangular trade because of the triangular shape that the three legs of the journey made.

The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves.

The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the 'middle passage.'

The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe.

Raw materials were shipped from the colonies to the mother countries.

These raw materials were then processed in the mother countries and sold back to the colonists as manufactured goods!

This practise caused the colony to become economically dependent on the mother country.