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SHORT HOMERIC GRAMMAR

PART I. - THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER

SHORTENINGOFLONGSYLLABLES

25.Hiatus(Latin for gaping) occurs when a word ending in a vowel immediately precedes another which beginswith a vowel. It may be avoided, of course, by elision, as(). It is chiefly found under the following

conditions:1.If the first of the two words ends in a long vowel or a diphthong which is regarded and used as a short syllable.Thisshorteningof a final long vowel or diphthongin thearsis, before an initial vowel of the following word, is verycommon. E. g.A 14,||| A 15,| (- is pronounced as one syllable; cf. 43). 3.164,||: |||| a. Final - and -, though short in determining word accent, are metrically long except under the condition justnoted.

2.If the first word ends in - (dative singular of third declension) or -. E. g.B 6,.387,.But many such instances (e. g. A 393) must be referred to 25.3.

3. If the first word is followed by a natural pause ( 16, 19,20). E. g.

(a) Feminine caesura of third foot:A 27,?||.(b) Masculine caesura of third foot:A 114,,||.(c) Bucolic diaeresis:B 3,,|.(d) Diaeresis after first foot:I 247,,|.After the formulaat the beginning of a line hiatus is several times found (as in A 333), although there isactually no pause in sense.

4.If the first word ends with the thesis of a foot, even when no natural pause occurs at that point. E. g.A 30,| | . 27. Hiatus seems to occur in some places where it really did not exist in the original words of the poet. This isbecause he or his predecessors pronounced an initial letter, usually digamma (), which later disappeared (cf.61). E. g. A 7,.

34.Initial syllablesof words that could not otherwise be introduced into the hexameter are sometimeslengthenedby theictus. E. g.A 265.|. So too | (A 489), | (B 113) 35. The vowel thus lengthened isoftenwrittenlongin the text. E. g.

A 2, (Attic) A 155,(, feed, and)A 252,(-,very) B 77, (,sand)B 89, (,spring). B 448,(,raise)B 460,(,long). Compare(I 13) for.

PART II.

LENGHTENINGOFSHORTSYLLABLES

39. These same consonants 38) are sometimes found written double, within a word, lengthening a preceding

short syllable on which the ictus rests. E. g.A 173,. A 278,.A 420,for-. B 170,.B 452,. 34, .

T 35, [].A 7, ,but A 1,. A 145,,but A 138,.

The longer spellings of the last two words may be original.

ELISION 40. Final vowels that are superfluous to the meter are elided before words beginning with a vowel, in the followinginstances, and the elision is marked by an apostrophe:1.-, -,-,of the various parts of speech. E. g.

A 2, (),()(= Attic) A 23, =A 32, () A 33, ()A 52, () =

2.-.E. g.

B 132,().Except the final -of,and its compunds:stands for,never for. E. g.A 244,(). Cf. 123.7.

3.-of various verb endings. E. g.A 117,() A 546,()

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B 137,()4.-of the dative singular of personal pronouns. E. g.

A 170, () Perhaps3.235,()I 673, ()

The context proves that the dative of the pronoun is intended in the first and third examples.

Contraction 41. Very many forms that would be contracted in Attic Greek are found uncontracted in the text of Homer. E. g.

A 1, (= Attic) A 8, -(= Attic-,from-)A 30, A 49, (=)A 76, (=)

Synizesis 43. Allied to contraction is Synizesis (Greek,settling together). This occurs when two neighboringvowels, regularly pronounced separately, must be pronounced as one syllable, to suit the meter. E. g.A 1, -(of)must be pronounced as one syllable (but cf. 68). So tooA 15, -(of) A 18, A 131, A 340,A 540,For the last three examples the MSS. read, respectively,,,,readings which perhaps had betterbe retained, if== 31).

DIGAMMA

60. The letter digamma, , which belonged originally to mostif not allGreek alphabets, means literally double

gamma, from its form . Its value was that of the English w; when vocalized, it became . When epic poetrybegan to flourish, it was a living sound; but in the progress of the ages during which the Iliad and Odyssey weretransmitted, it seems to have disappeared from the Ionic dialect; and when at last these poems were written down,no sign was used to indicate a sound with which the scribes themselves were possibly unacquainted. Neverthelesstraces of the letter survive in lengthened syllables and in instances of hiatus which otherwise would be irregular;compare 27, 37,38.

PART III. INFLECTIONS WORD-FORMATION

65. Endings of the First Declension, Nouns and Adjectives (distinctively Homeric endings in bold type):

Masc. Fem.Nom. Sing. - -, -Gen. -, -(cf. 68) -Dat. - -Acc. - -, -Voc. -, - -, -

Nom.Acc.Voc.Dual - -Gen. Dat.DualNom. Plur. - -Gen. -, -, - -, -, -Dat. -(), - -(), -Acc. - -Voc.

66. One frequent feminine noun ends in -: ,,Attic. A few proper names also have nominativesin-(masculine) and - (feminine); e.g. B 104,.Such nouns of course have datives in - andaccusatives in -.

68. The genitive ending -,which is always pronounced as one syllable ( 43), seems to have been substitutedin the text, not uncommonly, for the elided - (), which was the earlier ending. E. g. the first line of the Iliad very

likely ended originally,. 73.Endings of the Second Declension, Nouns and Adjectives (distinctively Homeric endings in bold type):

Masc. and Fem. Neut.Nom. Sing. - -Gen. -(-), - - (-), -Dat. - -Acc. - -Voc. - -Nom.Acc.Voc. Dual -Gen. Dat. Dual -Nom. Plur. - -Gen. - -Dat. -(), - -(), -Acc. - -

Voc. - 76. The dative plural ending -()is by far more common than -. The latter is, in many instances, only theelided form of -and might be so written. E. g. A 307,might be written for.

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78.Endings of the Third Declension, Nouns and Adjectives (distinctively Homeric endings in bold type):

Masc. and Fem. Neut.Nom. Sing. -, -- --Gen. - -Dat. - -Acc. -, - --Voc. -, -- --

Nom.Acc.Voc. Dual - -Gen. Dat. Dual - -Nom. Plur. - -Gen. - -Dat. -(), -() -(), -()Acc. -, [] -Voc.

82. The two endings of the dative plural often occur in the same word. E. g.(-) has-(A 4),and-for-(18.179).

A few selected paradigms are added for illustration ( 86-95)1.

86. Singular Plural

Nom.

Gen. Dat. ()Acc. Voc. []

87. Simtlarly are inflected(), Achilles,,priest, [], mule, etc.

91.word; stem-, is typical of the large number of third declension neuters in -Singular Plural

Nom. Gen. [] Dat. , (),(),()Acc. Voc. [] []

Note that final of the stem is dropped before endings beginning with a vowel.

96.SOMEIMPORTANTNOUNSANDADJECTIVESTHATEXHIBITIRREGULARITIESOFINFLECTIONFirst declension Third declensionNom. (Attic,i. e.), Hades (stem-)Gen. , Dat. Acc.

The initial vowel ofis long in the verse ending.

98.

Forcf. 155.2.

NUMERALS 109.(note the accent), not , is found in Homer: countless.

VERBS 125. The syllabic and temporal augments are often omitted. E. g.A 4, A 6, (=-)A 10, (= Attic) A 56, (=).

Noteworthy Tense Formations

In general, the tense suffixes are the same in Homer as in Attic Greek.

150.PresentandImperfect. Many presents end in-E. g.(+,i. e.yo), Attic. A 5,, Attic(Attic) is probably for-.NOTE. Very many contract verbs in -,which were not contracted in the earlier epic tongue, often appear in the MSS. in so-called assimilated or (according to others) distracted forms. E. g.for(A 31),(B 92),(X 400), and (O 742), the MSS. have respectively, , ,and .

Such artificial forms, which probably were due to the influence of the Attic contractions (,,,) onthe epic dialect, are replaced throughout the accompanying text by the original uncontracted forms.

1The bracketed cases of the particular words do not actually occur in Homer, but other similarly inflected words may have them.

like the Attic: also:Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. ,Voc.

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Some Suffixes added to Noun Stems(Secondary Suffixes)

157.Masculine patronymicsend in--,--,--,and-:,,(), son of Peleus; (), son of Thestor;,son of Megas; ,son of Cronus.

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