Presbyterian Ladies’ CollegeA College of the Uniting Church in Australia

11 ATAR HUMAN BIOLOGY 1 & 2 SEMESTER ONE EXAM 2018

WACE STUDENT NUMBER: In figures:

In words: ______________________________________________

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TIME ALLOWED FOR THIS PAPERReading time before commencing work: Ten minutesWorking time for paper: Two hours and thirty minutes

MATERIALS REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED FOR THIS PAPERTO BE PROVIDED BY THE SUPERVISORThis Question/Answer BookletMultiple Choice Answer Sheet

TO BE PROVIDED BY THE CANDIDATEStandard items: Pens (blue/black preferred), pencils (including coloured), sharpener, eraser or correction fluid/tape, highlighters and ruler.

Special Items: Graphic Calculators are not permitted in the examination room; non-programmable calculators are permitted in the examination room.

IMPORTANT NOTE TO CANDIDATES

No other items may be taken into the examination room.

It is your responsibility to ensure that you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the examination room. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor BEFORE reading any further.

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Structure of this paper

Section Suggested working time

Number of questions available

Number of questions to be attempted

Marks Student Score

SECTION ONE:Multiple-choice 40 minutes 20 All 40

SECTION TWO:Short answers 70 minutes 8 All 70

SECTION THREE:Extended answers 40 minutes 3 2

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Total marks 150

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Instructions to candidates

1. Please ensure you write your student number in the space provided on page 1.

2. Use the instructions below when completing the examination.

Section One Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square, do not erase or use correction fluid, and shade your new answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Section Two Should be answered in this Question/Answer Booklet. Write your answers in the spaces provided, using a blue or black ballpoint or ink pen. Draw any diagrams in pencil.

Section Three Write your answers in the Standard Answer Book. Your writing or printing must be LEGIBLE. Answer on the pages following the end of questions, using a blue or black ballpoint or ink pen. Draw any diagrams in pencil.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.

Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.

Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

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Section One: Multiple-choice (40 Marks)

This section has 20 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square, do not erase or use correction fluid, and shade your new answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Suggested working time: 40 minutes.

1. Which of the following objects has the greatest surface area to volume ratio?

a. 2000 m cube of potatob. 300 m cube of potatoc. 100 m cube of potatod. 2mm cube of potato

2. Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue?

a. Skinb. Skeletal musclec. Brain and spinal cordd. Blood

3. The production of glucose from a molecule of maltose is an example of:

a. anabolism of an organic molecule.b. anabolism of an inorganic molecule.c. catabolism of an organic molecule.d. catabolism of an inorganic molecule.

4. DNA and RNA consist of small molecules called:

a. fatty acids.b. glycerol.c. nucleotides.d. amino acids.

5. Phagocytosis is also known as:

a. cell eating.b. cell drinking.c. cell division.d. cell replication.

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6. The most appropriate representation of a triglyceride is:

i. ii.

iii. iv.

a. i.b. ii.c. iii.d. iv.

7. Which of the following is the correct hierarchical organisation of cells?

a. Tissue, cell, organ, systemb. Cell, organ, tissue, systemc. Organ, system, tissue, celld. Cell, tissue, organ, system

8. A potato tissue sample weighed 14.50g at the start of an osmosis experiment and at the end it weighed 10.73g. The percentage change is:

a. 26%b. -26%c. -35%d. 35%

9. The concentrations of substances in the blood and urine of a healthy person were measured. When comparing the blood and urine, you would expect a

a. higher concentration of glucose in the urine.b. higher concentration of proteins in the urine.c. lower concentration of urea in the urine.d. higher concentration of amino acids in the blood.

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Questions 10 and 11 refer to the diagram below.

10.Which label correctly identifies the structure that transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

11.Which label correctly identifies the left ventricle?

a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

12.The contraction of the diaphragm is accompanied by the

a. relaxation of the external intercostal muscles, increased thoracic cavity volume and exhalation.

b. relaxation of the external intercostal muscles, decreased thoracic cavity volume and exhalation.

c. contraction of the external intercostal muscles, increased thoracic cavity volume and inhalation.

d. contraction of the external intercostal muscles, decreased thoracic cavity volume and inhalation

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enzymes

13.Which one of the following changes occurs at the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli?

a. Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.b. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks into oxygen and haemoglobin.c. Carbon dioxide gas combines with the haemoglobin to form

carboxyhaemoglobin.d. Hydrogen ions combine with hydrogen carbonate ions to form carbon dioxide

and water.

14.A person with type AB blood can receive blood from:

a. a person with type O blood only.b. a person with type A & AB blood only.c. a person with type B & AB blood only.d. a person with any blood type.

15.Deamination is a process that occurs in the liver with the use of enzymes. The reactants are shown in the incomplete word equation below:

amino acid + oxygen

The products of deamination are:

a. urea and water.b. carbon dioxide and ammonia.c. urea and ammonia.d. carbohydrate and ammonia.

16.An increase in movement of the large intestine can lead to:

a. diarrhoea.b. constipation.c. Crohn’s disease.d. vomiting.

17.Bone is attached to bone by:

a. tendons.b. ligaments.c. cartilage.d. muscle fibres.

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18.Moving your arms away from the body would represent:

a. abduction.b. extension.c. adduction.d. flexion.

19.Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle are correct?

i. Atrial systole is the phase of active contraction of the atria.ii. During Diastole the ventricles start to fill.iii. Blood enters the right atrium from the pulmonary veins during atrial diastole.iv. Blood enters the aorta and the pulmonary arteries during ventricular systole.

a. i and ii onlyb. i, ii and iv onlyc. ii, iii and iv onlyd. All are correct

20.Which one of the following statements about systematic errors is incorrect?

a. Unpredictable errors that can occur in all experiments.b. Errors that cannot be reduced by averaging.c. Errors that can only be eliminated by changing the experimental procedure.d. Errors that occur because of the way in which an experiment has been

designed.

End of Section One

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Section Two: Short answer (70 Marks)

This section has eight (8) questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer. Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the

page. Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in

the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

Suggested working time: 70 minutes.

Question 21 (10 marks)

The heart is a muscular organ that lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum. It has four chambers and these are connected to large blood vessels that carry blood towards and away from the heart.

a. Name the blood vessel associated with the heart that matches the appropriate description in the table below.

(3 marks)

Description Blood vessel

It has the highest blood pressure

It carries oxygenated blood to the heart

Artery connecting the ventricles of the heart to the capillaries of the lungs

b. State one advantage of the double circulatory system found in the human body. (1 mark)

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c. Explain why it is important to prevent mixing of the blood in the two sides of the heart.

(2 marks)

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d. Identify the type of epithelial tissue that forms capillary walls. (1 mark)

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e. Explain how the tissue type identified in part d. relates to the function of capillaries (1 mark)

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f. Describe the relationship between antigens and the ABO blood groups. (2 marks)

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Question 22 (10 marks)

The following question refers to the diagram of the plasma membrane shown below.

Figure 1 Plasma membrane

a. Identify the type of membrane transport shown in the diagram above. (1 mark)

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b. Name one substance that is transported using the type of membrane transport identified in part (a).

(1 mark)

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c. Does this type of transport require energy? (1 mark)

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d. State two characteristics of carrier-mediated transport in the cell membrane. (2 marks)

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e. State why a small lipid-soluble molecule will diffuse more quickly into a cell than a large, water-soluble molecule.

(1 mark)

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Bacterial cells were placed in a solution containing two different solutes, A and B. The solution contained 8 mg/L of each solute. The bacterial cells did not contain any of the solutes A or B at the start of the experiment. The concentration of the solutes A and B inside the cells were measured regularly over a period of 2 hours. The results were plotted on a graph as shown below.

Figure 2f. Identify two processes used by bacterial cells to transport solutes A and B into their

cells. Justify your answers using information from the graph above. (4 marks)

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Question 23 (12 marks)

Two medical students at Sir Charles Gardiner Hospital analysed the stomach contents of thirty males after consuming a protein-rich meal. The samples were divided into five equal parts using five different test-tubes. Each test-tube was incubated at a different temperature for ten hours. After that time, the volume of polypeptides was measured. The volume of polypeptides per test-tube were averaged in the table below except test-tubes 2 and 5.

Test-tube Number

Test-Tube Temperature oC

Concentration of Polypeptides (g/ml)

1 10 52 253 37 204 45 155 80

a. State why multiple trials of the experiment are undertaken. (1 mark)

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b. Identify the following variables:

i. Independent variable (1 mark)

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ii. Dependent variable (1 mark)

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iii. Two controlled variables (2 marks)

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c. On the grid paper provided, construct a graph that can be used to represent the data.

(5 marks)

If you wish to make a second attempt at this graph, extra grid paper can be found at the end of the examination booklet. Ensure you indicate this clearly.

d. Infer the values for test-tubes 2 and 5 by extrapolating these values off the graph and record them in the table.

a. (2 marks)

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Question 24 (7 marks)

a. Using a fully annotated diagram in the space below, demonstrate the lock and key model for an enzyme reaction. (5 marks)

b. Why is an enzyme described as being “substrate-specific”? (1 mark)

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c. How does an enzyme act as a catalyst for reactions? (1 mark)

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Question 25 (10 marks)

a. Label each structure in the space provided on the cell diagram below.(3 marks)

The diagrams below show several stages that occur during mitosis.

b. In the spaces above, name each of the cell stages and then list them below in the correct sequence of events.

(4 marks)

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c. State three functions of mitosis(3 marks)

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Question 26 (8 marks)

The following questions refer to the diagram below showing a kidney nephron.

Figure 8 Kidney nephron

a. Match each of the processes (identified on the diagram with numbers 1 – 7) to the correct description of the process. Write the process number next to the correct description in the first column. The first one has been done for you.

(4 marks)

Process

number

Description of the process Substances passing through

1 Filtration through the membranes of a glomerulus.

Reabsorption by osmosis in the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

water

Active transport of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

sodium and chloride ions

Active secretion of ions in the distal convoluted tubule

Concentration of urine by osmotic withdrawal from the filtrate in the collecting duct

water

b. In the last column, identify one substance passing through during each process where substances passing through are not given.

(2 marks)

c. Urine contains water. Name two other excretory products found in the urine of a healthy adolescent female.

(2 marks)

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__________________________________________________________________Question 27 (7 marks)

a. To allow movement, the skeletal system consists of many bones held together at joints by flexible connective tissues and ligaments. Identify and describe two classes of joint types.

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b. Cartilage is classified as a connective tissue. Connective tissues consist of cells separated from each other by large amounts of matrix. One type of cartilage is hyaline cartilage.

i. Identify one location of hyaline cartilage in the human body. (1 mark)

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ii. Describe the matrix structure of hyaline cartilage.(2 marks)

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Question 28 (6 marks)

a. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?(2 marks)

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b. Explain why someone with a deep cut on their finger may experience a sore armpit.(4 marks)

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End of Section Two

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Section Three: Extended answer (40 Marks)

This section contains three (3) questions. You must answer two (2) questions. You can choose Question 29 and/or Question 30 and/or Question 31. Write your answers in the space provided.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer. Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the

page. Continuing an answer: If you need to use more space to continue an answer, indicate in

the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Write the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the additional space page.

Responses could include clearly labelled diagrams with explanatory notes; lists of points with linking sentences; clearly labelled tables and graphs; and annotated flow diagrams with introductory notes.

Suggested working time: 40 minutes.

Question 29 (20 marks)

a. Compare and contrast the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of the quantity of energy released, the reactions involved and the location of the chemical reactions within the cell.

(10 marks)

b. Josephine had a buttered chicken sandwich for lunch. Describe how each of the main nutrients in her sandwich is chemically digested, including the enzymes involved, where each of these was made and the location they will act on the food.

(10 marks)

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Question 30 (20 marks)

There are a number of specific factors and/or lifestyle choices that increase the probability of someone suffering from lung disease.

a. Describe four factors and/or lifestyle choices associated with lung diseases. (4 marks)

b. In a healthy individual, describe how the structure of the alveoli contributes to the efficiency of gas exchange.

(6 marks)

c. Many people suffer from respiratory conditions throughout life. Describe the effects of asthma and emphysema on the respiratory system.

(4 marks)

d. Cellular respiration results in the formation of ATP. Describe the purpose of ATP, and discuss its formation and break down by the cell.

(6 marks)

Question 31 (20 marks)

a. One of the main roles of blood is to transport gases around the body. Describe how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. Include in your answer where the gases are moving from and to.

(10 marks)

b. The cardiac cycle, or heartbeat is the sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart. Describe the three phases of the cardiac cycle.

(10 marks)

End of questions

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Spare Grid for Question 25d.

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