homeotherapy definitions and therapeutic schools

8/12/2019 Homeotherapy Definitions and Therapeutic Schools

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HOMEOTHERAPY

Definitions andTherapeutic Schools


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HOMEOTHERAPY


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PREAMBLE

Also in 2004, world-wide demand and popularity of

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is increasing.This sector of medicine comprises a significant number of

therapies and schools employing homeopathic medicinal

products. Market research conducted within the European

Union countries indicates that a significant part of the popu-

lation uses these medicines or has an agreeable attitude to

treatment with such methods [Lewith, Aldridge 1991, European

Commission 971].

In this time, when patients are increasingly aware and

concerned of medicinal risks and side-effects, the use of

homeopathic medicines has gained ever-increasing significance.

The pharmaceutical quality is governed by (official)

homeopathic pharmacopoeias such as the European

Pharmacopoeia, BHP2, HAB3, HPUS4, and the PhF5.

The legal frame work governing homeopathy has been set out

in European Directives 2001/83/EC and 2004/27. This classifies

homeopathic medicinal products as medicines. Consequently,

they are subject to the relevant quality and safety requirements

like the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) which apply to all

pharmaceutical products.

This brochure aims at providing general definitions and gives a

birds eye view on the individual schools of therapy covered

under the heading of homeotherapy.

DEFINITIONS AND

THERAPEUTIC SCHOOLS

1 Commission Report to the European Parliament and Council on the Application of Dir. 92/73 and 92/742 BHP: BRITISH HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA3 HAB: Amtliches Deutsches Homopathisches Arzneibuch4 HPUS: Homeopathic Pharmacopia of the United States5 PhF: PHARMACOPE FRANAISE


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1. DEFINITION OF HOMEOPATHY

In the early 19th century, the physician and pharmacist

Dr. Samuel Hahnemann discovered an extraordinary form of

medicinal therapy: homeopathy.

Homeopathy is a system of medical practiceaiming at methodologically improving the levelof health of an organism by the administrationof potentised medicines, which are selected inaccordance with the Law of Similars6.

This therapy activates the bodys intrinsic self-healing powers in

a unique manner by giving it a treatment of stimulation andregulation.

Since Hahnemanns time, the use of homeopathic preparations

has continued to develop in a variety of directions. Various

schools are known today under the umbrella of "homeo-

therapy" varying from classical, unicist and pluralistic schools of

homeopathy, to other schools of therapy, encompassing clinical

homeopathy, combination product homeopathy, antihomotoxictherapy, anthroposophic medicine, biochemistry according to

Dr. Schssler, spagyric therapy, etc. These therapeutic schools

differ from one another primarily in their conceptual framework

of illness, and the criteria employed in the selection of the

appropriate medication.

6 "Similia Similibus Curentur" (like cures like)


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2. HOMEOPATHIC MEDICATION

The European Directive defines a homeopathic medicinal

product as:

"Any medicinal product prepared from products,substances or compositions called homeopathicstocks in accordance with a homeopathicmanufacturing procedure described by theEuropean Pharmacopoeia or, in absence thereof,by the pharmacopoeias currently used officially inthe Member States"

"A homeopathic medicinal product may alsocontain a number of principles"

A characteristic which all homeopathic medications have in

common is their production from one or several source

materials to mother tinctures (abbreviated as MT, TM or ) or

stocks (= active constituent), generally followed by a process of

potentising: serial dilution and succussion (shaking in a vessel).

The following examples of attenuation-ratios are frequentlycited within the various pharmacopoeias:

Attenuation-Ratio Labeling

1:10 (Decimal) D, DH or X

1:100(Centesimal) C, CH

1:50.000 (LM) Q, LM


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Potentising is carried out by means of either the single-glass

(for the execution of one production process one bottle is

used7) or multiple-glass method (for every potentising step a

new vessel is used). The process may be performed either

manually or by machine. In addition to the medicinal forms of

dilutions, globuli, and triturations introduced by Hahnemann,

homeopathic preparations are now available in the pharma-ceutical forms of today.

2.1 SOURCE MATERIALS INHOMEOPATHIC MEDICATION

The active constituents of homeopathic

medications may consist of substances, materials,or concentrated preparations of either syntheticor natural (organic/inorganic) origin[Pharm. Eur. "Homopathische Zubereitungen"("Homeopathic Preparations"), 1995]

The general requirements for the various classifications of

raw materials are stipulated within the homeopathic pharma-

copoeias. Brief descriptions of the most important source-material categories are given below.

2.1.1. PLANT PRODUCTS

Depending upon the substance, mother tinctures are prepared

either from the whole plant or specific parts of the plant.

The plants utilised must be free of any visibly diseased, rotten,withered, or decomposed portions. Requirements as to species

and time of harvest must be fulfilled.

7 The potencies derived from this process are also called Korsakov potencies or K-potencies, named after thephysician of the Czar. Korsakov received permission from Hahnemann to make his medicines according tothe proposed one flask method, so that during his travels with the Czar he was not compelled to carry in hisluggage a freight of bottles to prepare the required medicines.


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2.1.2. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Prior to potentising, substances such as minerals, elements,

salts, acids, and synthetic materials are either dissolved in a solu-

tion of alcohol and water, or triturated with lactose. The choice

depends on the characteristics of the individual substance.

Specifications in each monograph as to origin (natural or

synthetic) and degree of purity are strictly observed. Minerals

and salts from natural sources frequently contain traces of

additional substances which are considered to contribute to

their homeopathic activity spectrum.

2.1.3. ANIMALS AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES

Entire animals - primarily lower animals such as insects - or parts

of animals, or secretions are used. The animals must be healthy

and processing must meet satisfactory hygienic conditions.

All applicable laws in the area of animal protection are

observed.

2.1.4. ORGAN PREPARATIONS (SARCODES)

Healthy organs, tissues and metabolic factors of animals (as a

rule, bovine cattle, sheep, or swine) collected under veterinary

controlled hygienic conditions are used in the manufacture

of sarcodes. The collected material is processed either imme-

diately after slaughter, or from a freeze-dried state.


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2.1.5. NOSODES

A nosode is a homeopathic preparation of organic material

derived from inactivated disease products or cultures of micro-

organisms (e.g. bacteria, fungi and viruses) or parasites or

infected or pathologically changed material or decomposition

products from animals or humans, rendered safe during thehomeopathic manufacturing process.

The pharmacopoeias require sterilisation of either the source

material or the first attenuation, and meeting sterility require-

ments prior to further processing.

2.2. COMMERCIAL QUALIFICATIONSOF HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICALS

Homeopathic preparations are evaluated by the following

criteria:

Quality

Safety

Effectiveness

2.2.1. QUALITY

Factors which influence the quality of a homeopathic medicinal

product are:

Identification and precise definition of source material

Execution of each production-step as stipulated in theofficial or authorised homeopathic pharmacopoeia

In-process controls


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Testing of the final product

Verification of the stability of the end product and the

selection of appropriate packaging

In order to meet all requirements, every manufacturer of

homeopathic pharmaceuticals is obliged to comply with the

requirements of the GMP8.In contrast to conventional pharmaceuticals, it is frequently

impossible to perform a qualitative and/or quantitative analysis

of the active constituents present in the final pharmaceutical

product of a homeopathic preparation. Therefore the homeo-

pathic manufacturer is required to validate each manufacturing

procedure in addition to providing exact documentation of the

results of examinations such as in-process controls and stability

control.

2.2.2. SAFETY

Due to their degree of dilution, most homeopathic preparations

pose no toxicological risk.

8 Good Manufacturing Practices


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2.2.3. EFFECTIVENESS

Homeopathic drug provings, gained over almost 200 years,

constitute a wealth of experience and provide a comprehensive

knowledge of the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic medi-

cinal products. Homeopathic medicines are selected in

accordance with the concepts, insights, and experience gainedin each individual therapeutic school (internal acknowledgment)

[Zuck 1991].

The procedures commonly used today in clinical research, for

example randomised clinical studies, are applicable to homeo-

pathic medication only to a limited degree. Proof of the

efficacy of homeopathic single remedy and/or combination

preparations can be documented through methods such assingle case studies, observational studies, etc. [Hornung 1994,

Kienle 1996, Kiene 1993]


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3. THERAPEUTIC SCHOOLS OF HOMEOTHERAPY

3.1. CLASSICAL HOMEOPATHY

In classical homeopathy, medications are chosen in strict

accordance with the Law of Similars, formulated as the basisof homeopathy by Hahnemann in 1796. The Law of Similars

is applied by comparing the symptom complex of each

medication with the symptom complex of the diseased

individual. Selection of the correct homeopathic remedy, i.e.

that which achieves the greatest possible similarity between the

symptom picture of the medication and the symptoms of the

patient, is essential for therapeutic success [Hahnemann

(Publisher: Hochstetter, 1989)].

The therapeutic profile of each homeopathic medication is

based on the homeopathic drug-proving, which is conducted on

healthy subjects and constitutes the first fundamental rule of

classical homeopathy.

During a homeopathic drug proving, the medicinally-active

substance is administered to healthy subjects for a predeter-mined period of time. The symptoms which occur in all subjects

are recorded and systematically compiled. These data form the

basis of the so-called "proving" (drug picture).

The second fundamental rule of classical homeopathy calls for a

precise determination of the unique constellation of symptoms

presented by each individual patient. A detailed case history


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must take into consideration all physical, mental, and

emotional symptoms. For this purpose, the physician lists

meticulously the patients individual, peculiar and unusual

symptoms and develops a constitutional picture of the patient.

The objective of this procedure which focuses on the human

person as a whole is to reach not only a precise clinical

diagnosis, but also the selection of the correct medication incompliance with the Law of Similars (the third fundamental rule

of classical homeopathy).

In classical homeopathy, therefore, only single constituent

homeopathic remedies are employed, which have been

selected in accordance with the Law of Similars [Wnstel 1987,

Khler 1994].

3.2. CLINICAL HOMEOPATHY

In clinical homeopathy, the selection of the medication is based

on the chief clinical symptoms of the illness to be treated. This

so-called "abridged method" of selecting the medicine is

primarily employed in cases of acute illness9. Here, the 'Similar'

concept relates above all to the local and/or acute syndromesdisplayed by the patient. In clinical homeopathy, constitutional

characteristics play only a minor role in the choice of the

remedy. Over many years, the consolidated experiences of

numerous homeopathic physicians have made prescribing on

the basis of "reliable indications" an established practice in

treatment of certain clinical pictures [Dorcsi 1970, Eichelberger

1987, Khler 1994].

9 Hahnemann dealt with the treatment of the wounded after the battle of Leipzig in 1813. When typhusbroke out he achieved remarkable results by using homeopathy (Trevor M.Cook, M.Sc, PhD., in SamuelHahnemann; the Founder of Homoeopathic Medicine).


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3.3. COMBINATION PRODUCT HOMEOPATHY

Homeopathic combination preparations are mixtures of two or

more reliable, active, homeopathic agents (single remedies).

The formulae for the combined preparations are based on the

clinical experiences of therapists actively practicing homeo-

pathy. Each combination is composed so as to induce theindividual active agents to target the corresponding illness with

cumulative or synergistic force. Homeopathic combination-

preparations have an extensive range of action and are

consequently appropriate for treatment of numerous common

illnesses. Use is generally carried out according to clinical

indications [Ersfeld et al. 1991].

3.4. ANTIHOMOTOXIC THERAPYAND HOMOTOXICOLOGY

In his dissertation of 1955, "The Problems of Treating

Homotoxicosis", Dr. Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg provided the

scientific fundamentals for a therapy by means of antihomo-

toxic pharmaceuticals concluding with their consolidation under

the term "homotoxicology". As all expressions of life - physio-logical or pathological - are determined by the transformation

of chemically identifiable agents, it follows that all life processes

fall subject to the laws of chemistry and biochemistry

[Reckeweg 1955, John 1991].

According to Bertalanffy [1932], the human organism may be

considered a flow system. During illness, the state of balance


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within this system, or homeostasis, is disturbed and defensive

reactions within the body are triggered. All pathological

processes - expressing themselves as disease (named by

Reckeweg "homotoxicosis") and hindering homeostasis - are

caused by toxins. Reckeweg termed these "homotoxins" or

"human poisons".

The various diseases constituting homotoxicosis are divided into

groups according to severity. A clear overview of these

fundamental mechanisms of the organisms toxic-defense was

presented in the form of his 6-Phase Table of Homotoxicosis

[Schmid et al. 1996, John 1991, Schmid 1990, Reckeweg

1981]. The objective of antihomotoxic therapy is the

detoxification, elimination, or the deposition of homotoxins, in

order to preserve the organisms capability to live as extensivelyas possible (Principle of Biological Expediency) [Reckeweg

1981].

In addition to the active substances from animal, vegetable, and

mineral origin employed in classical homeopathy, antihomotoxic

medicines also contain nosodes, tissues or organ preparations,

homeopathic preparations of synthetic materials, vitamins, trace

elements, etc. [Schmid et al. 1996]. Other ingredients fre-quently employed in antihomotoxic medications are the

so-called potency accords. These are mixtures of various

potencies of the same active agent, conjoined within one single

galenic form. The objective of such potency accords is to

intensify therapeutic effects as well as to improve tolerance

[Reckeweg 1981].


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3.5. ISOPATHY

Isopathy is a therapeutic school of homeopathy which became

established during the course of development and propagation

of homeopathy. While classical homeopathy concerns itself

with the tenet similia similibus curentur (like cures like),

isopathy operates on the theory that equals are cured byequals - aequalia aequalibus curentur. The ison [Ghrum 1904]

is employed not only for the purpose of curing diseases, but also

for defending respectively strengthening the organism

(compare with vaccination).

Isopathic medicine may be divided into three categories

[Ghrum 1904, Brutzer 1852]:

Isopathic medicine in a strict sense

Isopathic medicine in a broader sense

Organ preparations

Isopathic medicine in a strict sense involves direct employment

of the pathogenic substance to treat the illness it has caused.

An excellent example is amalgam expulsion therapy which

administers potentised amalgam (D12 and higher).


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3.6. ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINE

Founded by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), Anthroposophy

(Greek: anthropos = human, and sophia = wisdom) is a

spiritual science based on the comprehensive view of the

human being. Steiner described in great detail a method by

which the scientific exploration of the transcendental, spiritualside of man and nature can be directly incorporated into

everyday life. Anthroposophic medicine is an extension of sci-

entific medicine and as such also includes anthroposophic

methods of research. The objective of anthroposophic medicine

is to look at a human being as a whole entity within the art

of healing [Glckler et al. 1991, Glckler et al. 1993].

In evaluating health, illness and healing, the anthroposophicphysician bases his/her considerations not only on the physical

laws of natural scientific medicine but also takes into consi-

deration those aspects that cannot be encompassed by natural

science. Anthroposophy perceives the human being as con-

sisting of four essential elements: the physical body, the

organisation of vital forces, the organisation of feelings within

the soul, and the spiritual organisation of the ego. The

interaction of these four elements, in turn, results in a three-folddivision of the physical as well as spiritual being.

Furthermore, a three-fold order manifests itself throughout the

entire organism, both morphologically as well as functionally.

Polar processes taking place within the sensory/nervous system

(catabolism / percepts / stillness) and the metabolic/locomotive

system (anabolism / elimination / motion) are brought into

harmonious relationship with one another by means of therhythmic system (circulatory/respiratory system). Health is

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understood as a state of equilibrium - requiring continual

reinstatement - among the influences exerted by these various

processes of the human being. A disturbance in the interrelation

of these forces initiates illness.

Every patient receives comprehensive information, enabling him

or her to actively participate in the healing process. In additionto the therapy with homeopathically produced anthroposophic

preparations, anthroposophic treatment also incorporates other

modes of therapy, and medication. These measures help to

activate the self-healing powers within the patient.

Selection of the appropriate medication is based on the

consideration of two factors: the relationship between the

human organs and certain processes on one hand; and therelationship between these organs and nature (the animal,

vegetable, and mineral - particularly metals - realms) on the

other [Glckler et al. 1993, Schmid 1993].

Anthroposophical medicine applies a holistic approach.

It consequently includes the use of advanced pharmacological

medications in individual cases based on the specific need

and indication.

3.7. BIOCHEMISTRY ACCORDING TO DR. SCHSSLER

Schssler practiced as a homeopathic physician for many years.

He developed a method of biochemical therapy which has been

utilised since 1872. This technique employs a limited number of

mineral compounds, which analysis reveals to be present

within the human body in elementary form. Based on hisexperience in the field of homeopathy and encouraged by

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Virchows findings in the realm of "cellular pathology" as well

as further discoveries of his contemporaries, Schssler deve-

loped the theory that interprets illness as the result of a

disturbed mineral balance within individual cells of the body.

From the great wealth of homeopathic preparations, Schssler

selected a limited number of specific medications for use in his

mineral-salt (or cell-salt) therapy. As in homeopathy, these areused in a potentised form attuned to the constitution of each

patient. Like Hahnemann, Schssler viewed his form of

treatment as a stimulation therapy assisting the body to regain

its regulatory capabilities, thereby restoring it to a state of good

health [Schssler 1933].

Based on Schsslers concept, Schpfwinkel expanded on

biochemical medication therapy [Schpfwinkel 1929, 1932].On the grounds of his theories, biochemical therapy today

encompasses not only the 12 biochemical medications

designated by Dr. Schssler, but includes 12 additional,

so-called adjunctive agents as well.

3.8. SPAGYRIC THERAPY

Dating from the times of Paracelsus, the terms spagyric and

spagyrism are derived from the Greek verbs "span" (to

separate) and "ageirein" (to unify). They designate the art of

creating medications of enhanced efficacy by performing the

two fundamental alchemical operations. The valuable portions

are first separated from those which are impure, processed and

subsequently reunited to yield an improved medicinal form

[Helmstdter 1990]. The source materials of spagyric medicines

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are exclusively from botanical origin. Depending upon the

manufacturing process, differentiation is made among

spagyrism according to Krauss, Zimpel, Pekana, and

Strathmeyer.

3.8.1. SPAGYRIC THERAPY ACCORDING TO KRAUSS

Two central pillars exist in spagyrism according to Krauss:

phytotherapy, and homeotherapy. Within the present context,

phytotherapy is to be understood as the traditional art of

healing with plants. Factors common to both homeopathy and

Krauss spagyric therapy are the potentising process and obser-

vance of the Law of Similars. The spagyric medications are

administered in either their 4th or 10th decimal potency. Theclinical properties of the active medicinal substances within each

preparation help determine the selection of the appropriate

medication.

In the Krauss school of spagyric therapy, pathological processes

are not viewed simply as isolated instances of dysfunction in

individual organs or within the mind. Therefore, the objective is

to detect and treat the course of disease in the interactions with

all body processes. In order to adequately cover the multi-levelinterconnections of an illness, this type of therapy employs

complex medications consisting of a combination of numerous

single-ingredient spagyric remedies.

Selection of the appropriate spagyric agents to be included

within a complex is based on the physiological and anatomical

relationships existing among individual body functions, organs,

and organ groups. The single-ingredient agents are combinedin such a manner to influence a group of organs closely

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associated with one another in either a physiological or

anatomic-histological manner. Contained within one spagyric

medication are single-ingredient agents with similar fields of

action as well as those that influence the pathological condition

from a variety of aspects. The constituents are combined to

target the illness synergistically while mutually supplementing

their effects. Thus they selectively direct their effects within thediseased organism at multiple levels, each in correspondence

with its individual range of action, thereby collectively creating

stimulation of the bodys intrinsic defensive and regenerative

powers [Bruch 1939, Krauss 1989].

3.9. OTHER HOMEOPATHIC SCHOOLS

3.9.1. GEMMOTHERAPY

Gemmotherapy was established by Dr. Henry from Brussels. The

homeopathic medications employed in this therapeutic method

are produced utilising glycerin macerates made from fresh,

embryonic plant-tissue, such as young shoots, rootlets, and the

inner bark of roots and stems. These possess drainagestimulating properties. As the selected plant tissues are in a

phase of cellular multiplication at the time of processing, they

are correspondingly rich in growth-factors such as hormones,

auxins, and gibberellins. Therapeutic use of such glycerin

macerates is exclusively at a potency of D1. The stimulative

action exerted by these products on the reticulo-endothelial

system (RES) has been demonstrated by means of the Halpern

test. This test is primarily employed in allergology. Application ofdrainage-stimulating preparations in weak concentration (D1)

activates the eliminatory organs, thus facilitating detoxification

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of the organism. Each embryonic plant tissue possesses an

affinity to a certain organ. Based on this fact, it is possible to

allocate a series of clinical indications to each medication.

Gemmotherapy may either be employed as a stand alone

therapy, or in combination with other homeopathic medi-

cations. In certain cases, classical homeopathy prescribesprophylactic administration of such medications; e.g. for

the purpose of dampening initial homeopathic aggravation

[Tetau 1978].

3.9.2. LITHOTHERAPY

Lithotherapy, also called "dechelating lithotherapy", involvesthe therapeutic application of naturally-occurring rocks and

minerals in homeopathically attenuated form. The homeopathic

form of these substances is generally employed as D8 ampoules

for oral consumption, aiming at normalising specific metabolic

disturbances.

3.9.3. RESONANCE HOMEOPATHY

In 1992, Schimmel conducted a study on the resonant behavior

of selected homeopathic medications in reference to healthy

human organs and organ structures.

In early 1993, the first organ-specific, homeopathic complex

preparations were created under the auspices of the

International Society for Research on Functional Medicine andResonance Homeopathy.

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Shortly thereafter, resonance relationships were discovered to

exist between single ingredient homeopathic preparations and

microorganisms. This led to the development of fungus-specific

and virus-specific homeopathic complex remedies, by means of

which systemic viral and fungal infections may be successfully

treated.

4. OTC HOMEOPATHY

Over the years in many EU Member States homeopathic com-

bination remedies but also single remedies are on the market

with a marketing authorisation. This means that the medicinal

products have permission to mention a therapeutic indication

on the package.

It is a tendency that patients and consumers take increasing

responsibility for their own health. They inform themselves

thoroughly and dont hesitate to ask an expert advice from a

pharmacist or a practitioner. The internet has become an impor-

tant source of information. Also literature on health issues is

readily available nowadays.

Consumers suffering from minor self limiting ailments buy their

self medication remedies themselves instead of paying a visit to

a physician. Since homeopathy has acquired a high degree of

social acceptance it is no problem for the consumer to choose

between a conventional drug and a homeopathic alternative.

Homeopathic OTC* remedies have a long track record of

safety and effectiveness. In a number of Member Stateshomeopathic self medication remedies rank among the top ten

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*Over-The-Counter medicaments are defined to be non-prescription medicinal products generally distributedby pharmacies.


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of most purchased OTC remedies. The indications for which

homeopathic OTC medicines enjoy great confidence of the

consumer and patient are cold and flu, muscular pains, skin injuries

and teething with little children.

Self care and self medication means empowerment of the citizen. In

times with an ageing population and increasing pressure on thenational healthcare budgets the availability of OTC medicines tends

to reduce that pressure. At the same time the practitioners can

concentrate on the cases that really matter. A study executed in The

Netherlands demonstrated that a policy shift encouraging self

medication saved the social security tens of millions of Euros. In this

respect more examples are known.

5. SUMMARY

In a regulatory or legal context, classification of a pharmaceutical as

a homeopathic medicinal product is not the manner of use, but

solely the aspect of manufacture which is decisive. Homeopathic

medicinal products are manufactured in accordance with

todays pharmaceutical-galenical criteria, as outlined in the official

homeopathic pharmacopoeias and incorporated in the legislationof the European Union.

Homeopathic medications are employed by various therapeutic

schools, applying techniques which can be united under the term

homeotherapy. The selection of medication to be used is done in

accordance with the specific criteria of each therapeutic system.

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LITERATURE


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v. Bertalanffy, I.Theoretische Biologie. Berlin: 1932 and 1942 (II).

Bruch, O. M.Die ISO-Komplex-Heilweise. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Arzneimittellehre.Regensburg: Johannes Sonntag, 1939.

BrutzerIsopathie. 1852: All. Hom. Z. 44; 13, 193-201.

Cook, Trevor M.Samuel Hahnemann; the Founder of Homoeopathic Medicine,Wellingborough: Thorsons Publishers 1981

Dorcsi, M.Personotrope Medizin und Homopathie. Praktikum der homopathischenMedizin. Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1970.

Eichelberger, O.Klassische Homopathie. Praxis und Forschung.Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1987; Vol. 2, 2. Edition.

Ersfeld, A., Hahn, G.Komplexmittelhomopathie. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation frNaturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation derbesonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen:VGM, 1991; Vol. 1, 495-522.

Glckler, M., Schrholz, J., Treichler, M.Anthroposophische Medizin. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation frNaturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation derbesonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen:VGM, 1991; Vol. 1, 215-336.

Glckler, M., Schrholz J., Walker M.Anthroposophische Medizin - Ein Weg zum Patienten.Stuttgart: Verlag Freies Geistesleben, 1993.

Ghrum, H.Ueber Isopathie. Allg. Hom. Z. 1904: 149; 21/22, 161-170.

Hahnemann, S.Organon der Heilkunst. Version 6B (new treatment issued by K. Hochstetter).Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1989; 7. Edition.

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Kiene, H.Kritik der klinischen Doppelblindstudie. Mnchen: MMW Medizin Publishers,1993.

Kienle, G. S.Forschungsmethoden in der Komplementrmedizin. Der Placeboeffekt. Realittoder Illusion? In: Hornung, J. (Hrsg.). Schattauer Publishers, 1996; (in press).

Khler, D.Lehrbuch der Homopathie. Grundlagen und Anwendung.Stuttgart: Hippokrates Publishers, 1994; 6. Edition, Vol.1.

Krauss, T.Die Grundgesetze der JSO-Komplexheilweise. Regensburg: Johannes Sonntag,1989.

Lewith, G., Aldridge, D.COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.Essex: C. W. Daniel Company Ltd., 1991; 125-133.

Preis, S.Die verschiedenen Konzepte der Homopathie - der homopathischeKrankheitsbegriff.In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation fr Naturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut FreieBerufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natr-lichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen: VGM, 1991; Vol.1, 399-422.

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ECHAMPEuropean Coalition on Homeopathic and

Anthroposophic Medicinal Products E.E.I.G.

Avenue Livingstone 331000 BrusselsBelgiumPhone +32-2-235 09 81Fax +32-2-235 09 82Email [email protected] www.echamp.org

ECHAMP gratefully acknowledges the achievements of the Editing Committee of EACH (European American Coalition on Homeopathy) which indepth put on paper a clear survey of homeopathic definitions and descriptions of the various therapeutic schools. Their material constitutes the basiccontents of this publication.

1st edition, December 2004

Illustrations: Our sincere thanks to Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH, The Dr. Edward Bach Centre, Dr. Peithner KG nunmehr GmbH & Co,VSM Geneesmiddelen BV and Weleda AG for the pictures used in this brochure

homeotherapy definitions and therapeutic schools

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