Homeostasis, Transport & The Cell Membrane

Chapter 4-2 (pg 73 – 75)Chapter 5

Unit 5:Lecture 1

Topic:◦The Cell Membrane

Covers:◦Chapter 5, pages 95 - 96◦Chapter 4, pages 73 - 75

The Cell Membrane

The chemistry of living organisms involves the study of solutions. ◦ A large portion of our body is water, and

the chemical reactions of life occur in aqueous (watery) solutions.

◦ Nutrients move through the watery matrix of your blood to deliver the nutrients to cells.

Cell membranes help organisms by controlling what substances may enter or leave the cells. ◦ Known as Selectively Permeable or

Semipermeable◦ Some substances can cross the cell

membrane without any input of energy, whereas other materials need ATP to help cross through the membrane.

The Cell Membrane It’s Selectively Permeable…HOW DOES IT DO THAT?

◦ Because of the membrane’s structure◦ Cell membrane is a PHOSPHOLIPID

BILAYER BILAYER - 2 LAYERS PHOSPHOLIPID - 2 PARTS

1. Phosphate head 2. Lipid tail

1. Phosphate head - Outer part of the bilayer◦ HYDROPHILIC - "Water loving”

2. Lipid Tail - Middle part of the bilayer◦ HYDROPHOBIC - "Water hating"

The phospholipids are not attached to one another, enabling the membrane to have “fluid” like properties

Because of the lipid bilayer’s chemical properties, not all types of molecules can cross through the membrane

Some substances can cross through on their own◦ Small, uncharged particles can squeeze between

phospholipids and can cross though the lipid layer Some substances need assistance to cross through the

membrane◦ Large molecules cannot fit between phospholipids◦ Charged particles (ions) cannot cross through the

lipid layer

Other Parts of the Cell Membrane

1. CHOLESTEROL (type of lipid)◦ Function: Helps to make the membrane "fluid",

not rigid◦ Location: Part of the the bilayer

2. PERIPHERAL PROTEINS◦ Function: Helps to keep the shape of the cell◦ Location: Inner layer of cell membrane,

connected to fibers of the cytoskeleton

Other Parts of the Cell Membrane

3. INTEGRAL PROTEINS◦ Function: Channel for molecules to come into

the cell◦ Location: Embedded in the membrane (goes

through membrane, from one side to the other)

◦ Some integral proteins have carbohydrates attached Known as Glycoprotein

Other Parts of the Cell Membrane

 4. GLYCOPROTEINS◦ Location: Integral protein with a

carbohydrate attached Carbohydrate (glycogen) sticks out of the

cell, on outside of cell membrane◦ Functions:

Used in cell recognition Different cell types have different shaped glycoproteins attached

Used as a cell receptor Glycoprotein accepts proteins/substances meant for that specific cell type

End Lecture 1

Unit 5:Lecture 2Topics:

◦Transport across membranes◦Passive Transport (Diffusion,

Osmosis)

Covers:◦Chapter 5, pages 95 – 99

Transport AcrossCell Membrane

Many materials cross through the cell membrane (enter cell or leave cell)

The types of transport are grouped into two categories:◦ Passive Transport◦ Active Transport

The type of transport used to move the material depends on the concentration gradient as well as the type of molecule being transported

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT – when the solutions on either side of the membrane do not have the same concentration of solutes (one more concentrated than the other)

When the concentration is equal throughout the space/solution, the solution is said to be in EQUILIBRIUM

Due to kinetic energy, molecules are in constant motion,  even when the solution is in a state of equilibrium

In the cell, molecules will diffuse in & out of the cell even when the cell is in equilibrium with its surroundings

Types of Transport:Passive

Passive Transport occurs naturally due to kinetic energy, so it does not require any additional energy from the cell. ◦ In passive transport, the molecules are said

to be moving "down the concentration gradient" because the molecules are moving to an area with a lower concentration.

 Types of Passive Transport:◦ Diffusion◦ Osmosis◦ Facilitated Diffusion◦ Ion Channel

DIFFUSION: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

EXAMPLES: Food coloring in water, Solute added to a solvent

 Types of Passive Transport:◦ Diffusion◦ Osmosis◦ Facilitated Diffusion◦ Ion Channel

OSMOSIS Type of Passive Transport driven by kinetic

energy OSMOSIS is the diffusion of water!

◦ Water molecules are moving from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water)

◦ If water is diffusing into or out of a cell, the water  molecules will be crossing through the cell  membrane Cell is trying to reach EQULIBRIUM with its

surrounding environment

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION External solution has higher

concentration of water than inside the cell

Water moves into the cell Cell can burst!

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION External solution has a

lower concentration of water than inside the cell

Water moves out of the cell Cell shrivels up!

ISOTONIC SOLUTION Concentration of water

inside and outside the cell is and inside the cell are equal

Cell is in equilibrium with its surrounding environment!

How cells deal with osmosis...

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION In plants - vacuole fills with water creating turgor

pressure◦ Helps to support plant cell

In unicellular freshwater organisms - water constantly entering cell, these organisms must continuously pump the water out of the cell◦ Contractile Vacuole - Organelle that removes water

In Red Blood Cells – water fills up the RBC & the cell

can burst!◦ Known as CYTOLYSIS

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION In plants - when water leaves cell, turgor pressure

reduced and plants become wilted, Known as PLASMOLYSIS

In Red Blood Cells - cells can't compensate for extreme changes in concentration, so cells would shrivel◦ Known as CRENATION

End Lecture 2

Unit 5Lecture 3Topics:

◦Transport across membranes Passive Transport (Facilitated Diffusion, Ion

Channel) Active Transport

Covers:◦Chapter 5, pages 99 – 104

 Types of Passive Transport:◦ Diffusion◦ Osmosis◦ Facilitated Diffusion◦ Ion Channel

FACILITATED DIFFUSION Type of passive transport that is driven by kinetic

energy◦ Moving molecules from high to low

concentration (“Down the gradient”) Transports molecules that can not diffuse on their

own◦ EX. - too big, not soluble in lipids, glucose,

polysaccharides These molecules are assisted across the

membrane by a type of integral protein known as a CARRIER PROTEIN

Many types of carrier proteins because each carrier protein can only assist ONE type of molecule

 * REMEMBER - Form Fits Function! *

 Types of Passive Transport:◦ Diffusion◦ Osmosis◦ Facilitated Diffusion◦ Ion Channel

ION CHANNEL* REMEMBER - An ION is an atom or molecule with a charge Type of passive transport that is driven by kinetic

energy◦ Moving molecules from high to low

concentration (“Down the gradient”) Ions are not soluble in lipids, so ions cannot cross

through the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) on their own

Ions cross through the cell membrane by traveling through a type of integral protein known as an ION CHANNEL

Many types of ion channels because each ion channel can only assist ONE kind of ion across the membrane

 Sodium (Na+)  - Potassium (K+)  Calcium (Ca++)  - Chlorine (Cl-)

ACTIVE TRANSPORT Unlike passive transport, ACTIVE TRANSPORT

requires the cell to use energy to move the molecules across the membrane◦ Energy supplied by the cell's mitochondria

in the form of ATP Active transport moves molecules from an

area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration◦ Molecules moving "up the gradient” or

“against the gradient”, solution moving away from equilibrium

 Types of Active Transport:◦ Membrane Pumps (Sodium-Potassium)◦ Endocytosis◦ Exocytosis

SODIUM - POTASSIUM PUMP Type of Active Transport, requires ATP to occur Membrane Pumps require a special type of

carrier proteins  (a type of integral protein) Membrane Pumps transport molecules from an

area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

In the Sodium-Potassium Pump, sodium ions (Na+) are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) are pumped into the cell◦ 3 sodium leave cell for every 2 potassium that

enter Cell needs to have a high concentration of Na+

outside the cell and a high concentration of K+ inside the cell

 Types of Active Transport:◦ Membrane Pumps ◦ Endocytosis◦ Exocytosis

ENDOCYTOSIS Type of Active Transport, requires ATP to occur

◦ Requires additional energy because the cell is making major structural changes

Endocytosis is how: ◦ Cells ingest large particles◦ Unicellular organisms ingest their food◦ Our body begins to get rid of bacteria and

viruses 2 Types of Endocytosis:

◦ PINOCYTOSIS - transport of fluids◦ PHAGOCYTOSIS - movement of large

particles or whole cells

Endocytosis:The Process

1. Cell membrane folds in and begins to form a pouch

2. Cell membrane encloses the external materials in a pouch

3. Pouch pinches off to form a VESICLE ◦ Vesicle - membrane bound organelle used to

transport molecules. Often combines with lysosomes to break down ingested materials

 Types of Active Transport:◦ Membrane Pumps ◦ Endocytosis◦ Exocytosis

EXOCYTOSISType of Active Transport, requires ATP to

occur◦ Requires additional energy because the

cell is making major structural changesExocytosis is how:

◦ Cells release proteins after protein leaves the Golgi

◦ Cells release waste products

Exocytosis:The Process

1. Vesicle moves to the cell membrane2. Vesicle fuses with the cell membrane3. Contents gets released to the outside

of the cell

End Lecture 3