homeostasis i. introduction a. definition b. purpose
TRANSCRIPT
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HomeostasisI.
Introduction
A. DefinitionB. Purpose
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Regulators versus Conformers = Problems and/or advantages exist for each strategy? How to get rid of
nitrogenous waste?
Figure 44.8
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II. Thermoregulation
A. Q10 EffectB. Heat Loss or Gain
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Causes of heat loss or gain convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction
Figure 40.13Figure
40.11
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C. Strategies
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Surface area
Moisture
Generally Endotherms or EctothermsHomeotherm, Heterotherm or
Poikilotherm,
Figure 40.7
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D. Adjustments
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Surface area
Moisture
Vasodilatation / vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchanges,
Figure 40.12
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Surface area
Moisture
evaporative losses,
Figure 40.14
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Surface area
Moisture
behavioral responses, and metabolic shifting
Figure 40.13
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E. Regulation
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Surface area
Moisture
Negative feedback loop monitored by the hypothalamus
Figure 40.16
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F. Extreme Adjustments
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Surface area
Moisture
Daily torpor, Estivation,
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Surface area
Moisture
and Hibernation
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III. H2O RegulationA.
OsmolarityB. Regulation
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Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
1. Aquatic Strategies
a. Stenohaline
b. Euryhaline
c. Marine Fishes
d. Freshwater Fishes
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Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
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Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
Figure 44.3a
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Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
Figure 44.3b
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Surface area
Moisture
Anadromous
versus Catadromous
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Surface area
Moisture
2. Terrestrial Strategiesa.
Waxb. Keratinized Cells
c. Scales
d. Mucous Membranes
e. Behavior
Figure 44.15
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Surface area
Moisture
Figure 44.15
f. Anhydrobiosis
Figure 44.5
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Surface area
Moisture
Figure 44.15
g. Specific Glands
Figure 44.7
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IV. Excretory StrategiesA. Processes &
Systems
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Surface area
Moisture
Excretion involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion
What system(s) are involved in these processes?
Digestive
Integumentary
RespiratoryUrinar
yFigure 44.10
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B. Urinary Strategies1.
Protonephridia
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Surface area
Moisture
Protonephridia or Flame Cell == direct method
Figure 44.11
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2. Metanephridia
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Surface area
Moisture
Metanephridia == ciliated nephrostome filters and excrete thru a nephridiopore
Figure 44.12
This system has both excretory and osmoregulatory function.
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Surface area
Moisture
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3. Malpighian Tubes
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Surface area
Moisture
Malpighian Tubes establish osmotic gradients in the tubes dump into midgut. Reabsorption thru rectum and exits with the feces.
Figure 44.13
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Surface area
Moisture
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4. Vertebrate Kidneysa.
Structure
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Surface area
Moisture
Vertebrate Kidneys two main components nephrons and tubes
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.14
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b. Function
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Surface area
Moisture
The nephron == Bowman’s capsule, PCT, PST, Loop of Henle, DST, and the DCT
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.13d
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c. Vascularization
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Surface area
Moisture
The vascularization == renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and renal vein
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.14
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d. Making Urine
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Surface area
Moisture
Reabsorb Concentrate Filtrate
Establish Gradient Adjust Osmolarity
Figure 44.15
Reabsorb Water
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Surface area
Moisture
Osmolar changes as the fluid passes through the nephron
Figure 44.16
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e. Control
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Surface area
Moisture
Control of urine production == 1. blood pressure, 2. filtrate concentrations, and 3. hormone production
Figure 44.19
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