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Energy Hierarchy and Building Design
Andrew Cruse, AIA LEED AP Assistant Professor of Architecture Ohio State University
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Image:Transsolar
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Building Codes
Sustainability Standards
Renewable Technologies
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Waste Hierarchy
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CONVERT
Waste Hierarchy Energy Hierarchy
CONTROL
CONSERVE
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CONSERVEPrevent unnecessary energy usethrough Passive Climate ControlStrategies and Behavioral Strategies
CONVERT
Energy Hierarchy
CONTROL
CONSERVE
CONTROLMake sure energy that is being used is used efficiently through a review of Mechanicaland Electrical Equipment
CONVERTGet energy from renewablesources
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CONTROL
CONSERVEPassive Building and Behavioral Strategies
Energy Hierarchy
• largest impact with the least expense• pre-schematic design choices about building
siting and orientation, passive solar and ventilationoptions, landscape choices.
• schematic design choices about the buildingenve- lope, both opaque and transparent walls.
• building occupant education and awareness
CONVERT
CONSERVE
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Passive Climate Control System typically does not rely on purchased energy and uses basic elements of the building such as windows, walls, floors, etc.
Active Climate Control Systems typically relies on purchased energy and dedicated equipment within the building (ducts, motors, wires, etc.)
CONSERVE
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Typical Project Phases
Potential for Impact
CONSERVE
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Context matters
Urban
CONSERVE
Suburban
Rural
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The Environmental Value of Building Reuse - National Trust for Historic Preservation
New Construction versus RehabilitationCONSERVE
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Macroclimate - Köppen Climate Classification
Climate exists at many scales - Macro to MicroCONSERVE
Microclimate - “This is a hill in Ohio.” House Beautiful, October 1949
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Control the site's microclimateCONSERVE
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Victor Olgyay Design With Climate, 1963
Control the building's massingCONSERVE
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SHGC and U-value of windows
Understand your house's thermal envelopeCONSERVE
R-Value and air-tightness for Walls
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Energy Audit for Existing HomesCONSERVE
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Jimmy Carter, Proposed Energy Policy, April 18, 1977
Behavioral ChangesCONSERVE
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CONVERT
CONTROL
CONSERVE
CONTROLMechanical and Electrical Equipment• allows for reduced energy consumption
with- out necessarily changing the behavior ofbuild- ing occupants
• design development or building retrofit choices• Includes energy efficient HVAC equipment,
appliances, lighting and building controlssystems
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Passive Climate Control System typically does not rely on purchased energy and uses basic elements of the building such as windows, walls, floors, etc.
Active Climate Control Systems typically relies on purchased energy and dedicated equipment within the building (ducts, motors, wires, etc.)
CONTROL
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EPA Fuel Economy and Environment for Cars in the US
CONTROL
Fuel Economy Guides
Building Energy Rating for buildings in the EU
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AFUE RatingAnnual Fuel Utilization EfficiencyFor comubsion equipment like furnaces, boilers and water heaters.
SEER RatingSeasonal Energy Efficiency Rate
CONTROL
HVAC Equipment & Appliances
For cooling output from air conditioning equipment.
Energy Star Rating
Ratings for the consumer products-such as re-frigerators, dish washers, dryers, etc-suggesting they use less energy than other appliances.
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CONTROL
Lighting Equipment
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CONTROL
Building Controls
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CONTROL
Role of Energy Codes and the Limits of Efficiency
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CONVERTRenewables• converts natural sources into energy• examples include PV, solar thermal and
renew- able energy credits
CONVERT
CONTROL
CONSERVE
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CONVERT
Perez et. al. A fundamental look at energy reserves for the planet, 2009
Potential of Solar Energy as an Energy Source
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CONVERT
Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Equipment
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CONSERVEPassive Building and Behavioral Strategies• largest impact with the least expense• pre-schematic design choices about building
siting and orientation, passive solar and ventilationoptions, landscape choices.
• schematic design choices about the buildingenve- lope, both opaque and transparent walls.
• building occupant education and awareness
CONVERT
CONTROL
CONSERVE
CONTROLMechanical and Plumbing Equipment• allows for reduced energy consumption without
necessarily changing the behavior of buildingoccupants
• design development or building retrofit choices• Includes energy efficient HVAC equipment,
appliances, lighting and building controls systems
CONVERTRenewables• converts natural sources into energy• examples include PV, solar thermal and
renewable energy credits