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Project no. 13993

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Draft version 01 MDD & IS 09/03/2012 Draft version 02 - 04/06/2012 Draft Version 03 - 04/09/2012 Draft Version 04 - 04/12/2012

File name: 13993.Ravenhall Biodiversity Assessment Report.FIN.21122012.docx

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� Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. This document is and shall remain the property of Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. The document may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the Terms of the Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any form whatsoever is prohibited.

Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. has completed this assessment in accordance with the relevant federal, state and local legislation and current industry best practice. The company accepts no liability for any damages or loss incurred as a result of reliance placed upon the report content or for any purpose other than that for which it was intended.

Ravenhall Biodiversity Assessment Report

B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Contents III

CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... III�ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... V�EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... VI�1.0� INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1�

1.1� Project Background ................................................................................................... 1�1.2� Objectives ................................................................................................................... 1�1.3� Study Area .................................................................................................................. 2�

2.0� METHODS ................................................................................................................... 3�2.1� Terminology................................................................................................................ 3�2.2� Literature and Database Review .............................................................................. 3�2.3� General Field Survey Techniques ............................................................................ 5�2.3.1� General flora survey ..................................................................................................... 5�2.3.2� Native vegetation (habitat hectare assessment).......................................................... 6�2.3.3� EPBC and FFG listed ecological community assessment ........................................... 6�2.3.4� High threat perennial grassy weeds assessment ........................................................ 7�2.3.5� General fauna survey ................................................................................................... 7�2.3.6� Mapping ....................................................................................................................... 7�2.4� Determining Conservation Significance .................................................................. 7�2.4.1� Significant species and communities ........................................................................... 7�2.4.2� Remnant patch and tree significance under the Framework ....................................... 8�2.5� Likelihood of Occurrence .......................................................................................... 9�2.6� Targeted Flora and Fauna Surveys ........................................................................ 10�2.6.1� Targeted flora survey ................................................................................................. 10�2.6.2� Targeted fauna survey ............................................................................................... 11�2.7� Legislation and Policy ............................................................................................. 13�2.8� Limitations ................................................................................................................ 14�

3.0� RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 15�3.1� Site Context .............................................................................................................. 15�3.2� Flora .......................................................................................................................... 15�3.2.1� Flora species recorded .............................................................................................. 15�3.2.2� Rare and threatened flora species ............................................................................. 15�3.2.3� Best or remaining 50% habitat for rare and threatened flora species ....................... 22�3.1� Vegetation Description and Classification ............................................................ 27�3.1.1� Ecological Vegetation Classes................................................................................... 27�3.1.2� Degraded Treeless Vegetation .................................................................................. 30�3.1.3� Non-Native Vegetation ............................................................................................... 30�3.1.4� High threat perennial grassy weeds .......................................................................... 31�3.1.5� Significant ecological communities ............................................................................ 31�3.4� Fauna ......................................................................................................................... 32�3.4.1� Fauna species recorded ............................................................................................ 32�3.4.2� Significant fauna species ........................................................................................... 32�3.4.3� Best or remaining 50% habitat for rare and threatened fauna species ..................... 39�3.4.4� Fauna habitats ........................................................................................................... 43�3.5� Targeted Fauna Survey ........................................................................................... 47�3.5.1� Golden Sun Moth ....................................................................................................... 47�3.5.2� Growling Grass Frog .................................................................................................. 48�


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Contents IV

3.5.3� Plains-wanderer ......................................................................................................... 49�3.5.4� Grassland Earless Dragon ......................................................................................... 50�3.5.5� Fat-tailed Dunnart ...................................................................................................... 50�3.6� Further Survey – Flora and Fauna ......................................................................... 51�3.7� Salvage and Translocation Plans ........................................................................... 51�3.8� Summary of Biodiversity Values of the Site ......................................................... 51�

4.0� BIODIVERSITY LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY .............................. 53�4.1� Commonwealth ........................................................................................................ 53�4.1.1� Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ............................. 53�4.1.2� Delivering Melbourne’s Newest Sustainable Communities – Melbourne Strategic Assessment (MSA) .............................................................................................................. 54�4.2� State .......................................................................................................................... 57�4.2.1� Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 ....................................................................... 57�4.2.2� Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 ................................................................. 57�4.2.3� Planning and Environment Act 1987 ......................................................................... 58�4.2.4� Native Vegetation Management Framework ............................................................. 58�4.2.5� Wildlife Act 1975 and associated Regulations ........................................................... 59�

5.0� ASSESSMENT AGAINST VICTORIA’S NATIVE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (NET GAIN) ..................................................................................................... 60�

5.1� Three-step Approach ............................................................................................... 60�5.2� Quantifying Native Vegetation in the Study Area ................................................. 60�5.2.1� Patches of native vegetation ...................................................................................... 60�5.3� Offsetting removal of native vegetation ................................................................ 62�

6.0� POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION .............................................................. 64�6.1� Potential Impacts ..................................................................................................... 64�6.2� Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................ 64�

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 68�APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 71�APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................................. 72�APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................................. 73�

Flora Results....................................................................................................................... 73�APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................................. 77�

Fauna Results ..................................................................................................................... 77�APPENDIX 4 ............................................................................................................................. 81�

EVC Benchmarks ............................................................................................................... 81�Low-Rainfall Plains Grassland.......................................................................................... 82�Plains Grassy Wetland ...................................................................................................... 84�

APPENDIX 5 ............................................................................................................................. 86�Net Gain Data ...................................................................................................................... 86�

GLOSSARY & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 89�FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. 93�


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Acknowledgements V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Biosis Research acknowledges the contribution of the following people and organisations in undertaking this study:

Department of Justice • Gerry Madden • Johan Top • Gavin Blair, for coordinating site access

Arup Pty. Ltd. • Svenja Keele • Rob Turk

Department of Sustainability and Environment • Alan Webster, for draft feedback • For access to the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas

The following Biosis Research staff were involved in this project: • Stephen Flack, Stephen Page and Paul Young - mapping • Victoria Allen, Kylie Payze, Rohan Simkin, Isabella Amouzandeh, Martin

Lee - flora surveys • Thea Shell, Daniel Gilmore, Marion Shadbolt, Katie Stevenson, Felicity

Humann, Stephen Flack, Ian Smales, Sally Koehler, Anthony Byrne, Joanne Van den Broek, James Hill, Chris Churcher, Veronica Champness, Amy O’Dell, Aaron Harvey - fauna surveys

• Matt Dell, Ian Smales and Daniel Gilmore - report review • Felicity Humann and Martin Lee - database searches


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Summary VI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction

Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. was commissioned by the Department of Justice to undertake targeted flora and fauna surveys and a habitat hectare assessment of land proposed for development of a new prison in Ravenhall. The study area is located on Crown Land approximately 3.5 km south-west of Deer Park and 20 km north-west of the Melbourne central business district. The study area encompasses three sites all located to the south of Riding Boundary Road, Ravenhall:

• Site 1 (41.2 ha) - situated immediately west of the Deer Park Bypass, adjacent to the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre (Women’s Prison) and the Melbourne Metropolitan Remand Centre. Site 1 is the site proposed for the development of the new prison.

• Site 2 (20.83 ha) - situated to the west of Robinsons Road and east of the Deer Park Bypass.

• Site 3 (10.87 ha) - situated to the east of the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre and west of the proposed Regional Rail Link alignment.

Sections of the study area and adjacent areas have been previously assessed for their biodiversity values as part of a number of developments and infrastructure projects including the Deer Park Bypass, Regional Rail Link, Melbourne Metropolitan Remand Centre and the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre. This current report aims to provide a detailed analysis of the biodiversity values within the study area. It incorporates a review of previous assessments and includes additional on ground targeted searches for threatened flora and fauna species, a vegetation quality (habitat hectares) assessment, mapping of listed ecological communities and high threat perennial grassy weeds. Targeted searches for threatened species and listed communities were carried out to the standard of the Biodiversity Assessment Report template within the Biodiversity Precinct Structure Planning Kit (DSE 2010).

Results

Key values within the study area include:

• Vegetation consistent with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) listed Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain community.

• A single patch of native vegetation consistent with the EPBC-listed Seasonal Herbaceous Wetlands (Freshwater) of the Temperate Lowland Plains community occurs in Site 1.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Summary VII

• Potential habitat for EPBC-listed flora species including Small Golden Moths orchid and Spiny Rice-flower.

• Known or potential habitat for EPBC-listed fauna species including Striped Legless Lizard, Golden Sun Moth and Growling Grass Frog.

• Potential for the EPBC-listed Grey-headed Flying-fox, which has previously been recorded from the study area, to occasionally fly over-head.

• Vegetation consistent with the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act) listed Western Basalt Plains Grassland community.

• Two ecological vegetation classes recorded: Low-rainfall Plains Grassland and Plains Grassy Wetland.

• Fifty-seven habitat zones which include 21.43 ha of Very High and 0.07 ha of High Conservation Significance native vegetation.

• A total of 9.33 habitat hectares (7.28 habitat hectares at Site 1, 1.96 habitat hectares at Site 2 and 0.09 habitat hectares at Site 3).

• Five state significant flora species were recorded including Pale Spike-sedge at Site 1, Pale Swamp Everlasting, Fragrant Saltbush and Pale-flower Crane's-bill at Site 2 and Slender Bindweed at all three sites.

• Potential habitat for state significant fauna species including Baillon’s Crake, Eastern Great Egret, Hardhead, Musk Duck and Black Falcon.

• A total of 18 protected species listed under the FFG Act and 40 flora species considered to be uncommon in the bioregion.

• The entire study area falls within a Biosite of state significance - Ravenhall Grasslands Nature Conservation Reserve (Biosite 4205).

Government Legislation and Policy

Development proposed in the study area seeks to remove native vegetation. Usually if none of the exemptions in Clause 52.17 of the relevant Planning Scheme apply, then removal of native vegetation would require a planning permit. However, a draft amendment proposed for the site may result in an exemption from Clause 52.17, which will allow the removal of native vegetation without the need for a planning permit. The proposed amendment will introduce a new Schedule to the Special Use Zone that will contain a requirement for the preparation of an Environmental Management Plan, which will address the removal of native vegetation, habitat for threatened species and ensure that impacts to the adjacent conservation reserves are avoided.

Given that most of the native vegetation identified within the study area is of Very High conservation significance, the removal may require the approval of the Minister for the Environment & Climate Change.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Summary VIII

A permit will be required from the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) under the FFG Act to remove protected flora and the FFG listed Western Basalt Plains Grassland community from public land within the study area.

Some parts of the study area support matters of national environmental significance (MNES).

Sites 1 and 3 are located within one of the four new growth areas (Western Growth Area – Wyndham/Melton) covered by the Melbourne Strategic Assessment (DSE 2009c). The Western Growth Area is currently awaiting approval from the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. Until approved, any development within this area that is likely to result in a significant impact on MNES will need to be referred to the Minister to determine whether the action requires EPBC approval. Any EPBC referral will need to identify and be consistent with the relevant prescriptions approved under the Melbourne Strategic Assessment.

Further legislation and policy requirements are detailed in the table at the end of this summary.

Impacts

Future development of the study area has the potential to result in the following impacts to biodiversity values:

• Removal of up to 9.33 habitat hectares of vegetation.

• Removal of potential habitat for significant flora species.

• Removal of national and state significant communities.

• Reduction in viability of retained vegetation and fauna habitat in the local area.

• Removal and/or modification of habitat for fauna, including:

o Habitat for significant species including Golden Sun Moth, Striped Legless Lizard and Growling Grass Frog.

o Wetland habitat for state significant waterbirds and other aquatic fauna (note a detailed aquatic assessment has not been undertaken).

o Planted trees, which provide habitat for mobile fauna species.

• Accidental loss or damage to retained vegetation during the construction phase.

• Reduced viability of some fauna species on the site in the longer term due to reductions in population size and reduced habitat area.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Summary IX

Recommendations for further surveys

Further surveys are recommended for two EPBC-listed flora species: Small Golden Moths orchid and Spiny Rice-flower. The targeted flora surveys described in this report were undertaken outside the optimal survey period for these two species. We therefore recommend a targeted search for Small Golden Moths orchid in early spring (September - October).

The exact timing of the survey would need to be determined by local experts taking into account seasonal conditions. The flowering period of Spiny Rice-flower is between April and August. The effectiveness of a previous winter targeted search of the species was hampered by the thick biomass across much of the study area. An ecological burn would improve the likelihood of detecting both these species within the study area.

No additional surveys are recommended for threatened fauna species. For the purpose of this assessment, and following advice from DSE, Striped Legless Lizard, Golden Sun Moth and Growling Grass Frog are assumed to be present throughout the study area, which is consistent with the approach outlined under the Melbourne Strategic Assessment (Section 4.1.2).

Salvage and Translocation Plans

Salvage and translocation plans will need to be prepared for a number of threatened species that have either been recorded or have potential to be present within the study area including Striped Legless Lizard, Growling Grass Frog and, if found to occur, Small Golden Moths orchid and Spiny Rice-flower. DSE may request that salvage also occur for additional species. An Environmental Management Plan will also need to be prepared for the site to the satisfaction of DSE, in accordance with a proposed Planning Scheme amendment for the study area.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Summary X

Summary of policy and legislative requirements for the projectLegislation / Policy

Relevant Ecological Feature on site

Permit / Approval Required

Other Requirements

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

Likely habitat present for Small Golden Moths orchid and Spiny Rice-flower. Known or likely habitat present for Striped Legless Lizard, Golden Sun Moth and Grey-headed Flying-fox. Growling Grass Frog previously recorded adjacent to site, but not recorded during current targeted surveys for the species. Natural Temperature Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain present in all three sites in the study area. Seasonal Herbaceous Wetlands (Freshwater) of the Temperate Lowland Plains present within Site 1.

Referral recommended.

Targeted surveys recommended for both flora species. An ecological burn in the study area prior to these targeted surveys would greatly increase the detectability of these species and thus the effectiveness of these surveys. The presence of Striped Legless Lizard within the study area is assumed, as outlined in the prescription for the species approved under the Melbourne Strategic Assessment. A fully costed salvage and translocation plan for Striped Legless Lizard will need to be prepared. Due to the presence of potential habitat for Growling Grass Frog, a salvage and translocation plan will need to be prepared. However, based on the results of targeted surveys, it is considered unlikely that the proposed development will result in a significant impact on the species. Proposed development unlikely to constitute a significant impact on Grey-headed Flying-fox.

Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988

Western Basalt Plains Grassland community and 18 Protected flora species present.

Protected Flora Permit required from DSE when Planning Scheme amendment approved.

Site is public land.

Planning and Environment Act 1987

Any indigenous vegetation to be cleared.

Proposed exemption under Clause 52.17 of the Planning Scheme - Planning permit may not be required to lop or remove native vegetation.

Proposed Planning Scheme exemption (SUZ8 and associated Schedule) will consider the Native Vegetation Framework and requires an Environmental Management Plan to be developed. The Environmental Management Plan will address the removal of native vegetation in accordance with the Native Vegetation Framework, and ensure that impacts to adjacent conservation reserves are avoided.

Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994

12 Noxious weeds and three pest animals recorded.

NA Comply with requirements to control/eradicate.

Native Vegetation Framework

Very High and High Conservation Significance vegetation.

Removal of Very High Conservation Significance vegetation requires approval of the Minister for the Environment and Climate Change.

DSE will seek approval from the Minister once the Planning Scheme amendment has been approved.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Introduction 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background

Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. was commissioned by the Department of Justice (DoJ) to undertake targeted flora and fauna surveys and a habitat hectare assessment of land proposed for development of a new prison in Ravenhall. The study area is located on Crown Land located approximately 3.5 km south-west of Deer Park and approximately 20 km north-west of the Melbourne central business district (Figure 1). Sections of the study area and adjacent areas have been previously assessed for their biodiversity values as part of a number of developments and infrastructure projects including the Deer Park Bypass, Regional Rail Link, Melbourne Metropolitan Remand Centre and the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre.

1.2 Objectives

This assessment includes targeted searches for threatened species and listed communities, as well as a habitat hectares assessment, to the standard of the Biodiversity Assessment Report template within the Biodiversity Precinct Structure Planning Kit (DSE 2010).

The objectives of this investigation were to:

• Map and describe the Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVCs) present.

• Identify whether the native vegetation is consistent with either state or federally listed ecological communities.

• Conduct a vegetation quality (habitat hectare) assessment. • Undertake targeted surveys for rare or threatened flora species in areas of

suitable habitat.

• Undertake targeted surveys for rare or threatened fauna including Golden Sun Moth, Growling Grass Frog, Plains-wanderer, Fat-tailed Dunnart and Grassland Earless Dragon. The presence of Striped Legless Lizard is assumed throughout the study area, and therefore no targeted survey was undertaken for this species.

• Review the implications of relevant biodiversity legislation and policy, including Net Gain policy.

• Assess the potential impacts to biodiversity of the proposed development.

• Identify potential mitigation measures.

• Recommend any further assessments of the site that may be required.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Introduction 2

1.3 Study Area

The study area is located approximately 3.5 km south-west of Deer Park and approximately 20 km north-west of the Melbourne central business district (Figure 1).

The study area encompasses three parcels (sites) of Crown Land. Site 1 is situated between the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre (Women’s Prison) and the Metropolitan Remand Centre, to the west of the Deer Park Bypass. This area includes 41.2 hectares of land currently zoned mainly as Public Use Zone (PUZ7) with a small area in the south zoned as Special Use Zone – Schedule 6 (SUZ6). Site 1 is the preferred location for the proposed prison development.

Site 2 is situated south of Riding Boundary Road, west of Robinsons Road and east of the Deer Park Bypass. This area includes 20.83 hectares of land currently zoned as Public Use Zone (PUZ7).

Site 3 is situated south of Riding Boundary Road directly west of the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre and includes a total of 10.87 hectares currently zoned as Special Use Zone – Prison (SUZ2). The proposed Regional Rail Link alignment is located to the immediate west of Site 3 (Figure 2).

Each of the three sites within the study area support grasslands dominated by native and introduced species with some small ephemeral wetland areas also occurring in Site 1 and 2.

The Whiteside Drain (anthropogenic) passes through all three sites. The Ravenhall Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve occurs immediately adjacent to all three sites within the study area, and is managed by Parks Victoria (Figure 2). Construction of an eastern extension to the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre is currently underway immediately adjacent to the northern portion of Site 1.

The study area is within the:

• Victorian Volcanic Plain Bioregion

• Werribee River Basin

• Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority

• Shire of Melton.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 3

2.0 METHODS 2.1 Terminology

Common and scientific names for flora and fauna follow the Flora Information System (FIS 2011 version) and the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife (AVW 2009 version) which are curated by the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE). The conservation status of species was determined from their listing in DSE advisory lists (DSE 2005a, 2007a, 2009); their listing under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act); and/or their listing under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

Classification and naming of native vegetation mapping units for planning purposes in Victoria follows a typology developed by DSE in which EVCs are the primary level of classification. An EVC contains one or more plant communities and represents a grouping of broadly similar environments (www.dse.vic.gov.au).

State (FFG Act) and nationally (EPBC Act) listed ecological communities are classified and named by DSE and the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Community (DSEWPaC) respectively (www.dse.vic.gov.au, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/index.html).

Additional terminology used within this report is defined in the glossary and abbreviations section contained at the end of this document.

2.2 Literature and Database Review

In order to provide a context for the study area, information about flora and fauna of the local area was obtained from relevant databases.

The DSE Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA) (VBA_FLORA25, FLORA100 & FLORARestricted’ August 2010 and VBA_FAUNA25, FAUNA100 & FAUNARestricted’ August 2010); the DSE Flora Information System 2011Version (FIS 2011) and the BirdLife Australia New Atlas of Australian Birds 1998-2012 database were searched and reviewed. These database searches included historical records within 5 km of the study area. The contribution of the Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne to the VBA database is acknowledged.

The DSEWPaC online database for the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool, (hereafter referred to as the PMST) was searched to include an area within 5 km of the study area.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 4

This search produced details of matters of national environmental significance (MNES) including threatened and migratory species known or predicted to occur within the search area and details of any relevant ecological communities present and wetlands of international importance (Ramsar listed wetlands).

The modelled 2005 distribution and 1750 EVCs (DSE mapping of native vegetation present at these dates) within the study area and their bioregional conservation status was reviewed using Biodiversity Interactive Maps 3.0 (www.dse.vic.gov.au). Other relevant spatial data on Biodiversity Interactive Maps was reviewed, including the Wetlands Spatial Database.

Other sources of biodiversity information consulted, where relevant, included:

• DSE Biosites Register (DSE 2005b).

• EPBC Act Significant Impact Guidelines.

• National Recovery Plans.

• Conservation Advices.

• Species Profiles and Threats Database (SPRAT).

• DSE Advisory Lists (DSE 2005a, 2007a, 2009).

• A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria (Walsh and Stajsic 2007).

• Aerial photography.

• Topographic maps.

The following reports were also reviewed:

• Ecology Australia (2002). Ravenhall Development: Preliminary Flora and Fauna Assessment.

• Ecology Australia (2003). Ravenhall Grasslands: Biodiversity Assessment.

• Biosis Research (2005). Flora and Fauna Review Study and Net Gain Assessment for the Proposed Deer Park Bypass: Alignment Option 2.

• Biosis Research (2006). Targeted Surveys for the Golden Sun Moth & Growling Grass Frog along the Proposed Deer Park Bypass.

• Biosis Research (2007). Salvage of the Striped Legless Lizard Delma imparwithin the Deer Park Bypass Right-of-Way.

• Practical Ecology (2010). Flora and Fauna Assessment of Department of Justice Land, Ravenhall.


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 5

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2010). Regional Rail Link – Section 2: Flora and Fauna Assessment, Aquatic Survey and Net Gain Assessment, Melbourne – Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011a). Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Extension to Dame Phyllis Frost Centre, 101–201 Riding Boundary Road, Deer Park, Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011b). Striped Legless Lizard Delma imparSalvage and Translocation Plan for the Proposed Expansion of the Existing Women’s Prison, Riding Boundary Road, Deer Park, Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011c). Flora and Fauna Assessment of the Proposed Women’s Prison Expansion, 101–201 Riding Boundary Road, Deer Park, Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011d). Targeted Spiny Rice-flower Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens survey, Riding Boundary Road, Deer Park, Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011e). Striped Legless Lizard Delma imparsalvage and translocation measures – Dame Phyllis Frost Women’s Prison, Deer Park, Victoria.

• Ecology and Heritage Partners (2011f). Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis salvage and translocation measures – Dame Phyllis Frost Centre, Ravenhall, Victoria.

2.3 General Field Survey Techniques

2.3.1 General flora survey

The study area was traversed on foot and by vehicle and a general flora list was compiled to produce a census of vascular plants (T2532300). This list will be submitted to DSE for incorporation into the VBA. Vascular plants include all flowering plants, conifers, ferns and fern allies. Where some material could not be fully identified in the field, specimens were collected and examined in the lab to verify or check determinations made in the field. Keys and descriptions in Walsh and Entwisle (1994, 1996, and 1999) were used in verifying the identification of samples unless more up-to-date published taxonomy was available. Planted species have not been recorded unless they are naturalised.

The general condition of native vegetation was observed as well as the effects of current seasonal conditions. Notes were made on specific issues such as noxious


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 6

weed infestations, evidence of management works, current grazing impacts and the regeneration capacity of the vegetation.

2.3.2 Native vegetation (habitat hectare assessment)

Native vegetation within the study area was mapped and assessed in relation to Net Gain policy according to standard methods provided by DSE (2004). Vegetation quality of identified patches was assessed using the DSE Vegetation Quality Assessment Sheet (DSE 2004). A 'patch' is defined by DSE (2007a) as an area where at least 25% of the total understorey plant cover is native (excluding bare ground), or a group of at least three trees where the canopy cover is at least 20%. For each patch identified, a habitat hectare assessment was conducted and habitat score calculated. A summary of this method is provided in Appendix 1.

All areas that did not meet the required thresholds to qualify as a patch, but which contained at least one native flora species were mapped as Degraded Treeless Vegetation.

Seasonal wetlands are an exception to this as they are not generally dominated by native species when dry. Seasonally inundated wetlands are allocated a default habitat score as outlined by DSE (2007a).

All areas that did not meet the required threshold to qualify as a patch and did not contain any native understorey vegetation were mapped as Non-native Vegetation.

Indigenous canopy trees were mapped and their diameter at breast height (DBH) measured as follows:

• Within patches – all trees that are benchmark size and greater are termed Large Old Trees (LOTs) are assessed (NRE 2002).

• Scattered trees outside patches – Small Trees, Medium Old Trees (MOTs), Large Old Trees (LOTs) and Very Large Old Trees (VLOTs) are assessed (DSE 2007b).

The disused munitions testing facility within Site 3 was not able to be walked over for safety reasons. A 'through-the-fence' assessment of this area was undertaken to enable offset calculations for the entire study area to be finalised. The best habitat score from an adjacent grassland habitat zone was used for this area (further information is provided in Section 5.2.1).

2.3.3 EPBC and FFG-listed ecological community assessment

State and nationally listed ecological communities were classified and mapped according to the relevant DSE and DSEWPaC guidelines respectively


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 7

(www.dse.vic.gov.au, http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/index.html).

2.3.4 High threat perennial grassy weeds assessment

High threat perennial grassy weed cover was mapped in categories of less than or equal to (�) 25% or greater than (>) 25% for all native vegetation, Degraded Treeless Vegetation and Non-native Vegetation.

2.3.5 General fauna survey

The study area was investigated to determine the values for fauna. These were determined, primarily, on the basis of the types and qualities of habitat(s) present. All species of fauna observed during the assessment were noted and active searching for fauna was undertaken. This included direct observation, searching under rocks and logs, examination of tracks and scats and identifying calls. Particular attention was given to searching for significant species and their habitats. Fauna species were recorded with a view to characterising the values of the study area and were not intended to provide a comprehensive survey of all fauna that has potential to utilise the study area over time.

This survey fulfils part of the requirements described in Attachment 3 of the Biodiversity Assessment Report template (DSE 2010).

2.3.6 Mapping

Field mapping was conducted using hand-held (uncorrected) GPS units and aerial photo interpretation.

Report maps were produced using ArcGIS version 10. Recent aerial photography was used as base data to overlay threatened species data. These data were then checked for locational accuracy and completeness. Table files with our flora and fauna spatial data are available to incorporate into design concept plans. However this mapping may not be sufficiently accurate for detailed design purposes.

2.4 Determining Conservation Significance

2.4.1 Significant species and communities

The common language meaning of significance is ‘importance; consequence’ (Macquarie Dictionary).

While the general meaning of this is clear, the term is further defined in ecological significance assessment. Significance of a species or community is determined relative to the scale at which it is considered.


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The sources used to categorise significance of species and communities in this report are given below:

• A taxon or community has national significance when it is listed as threatened (critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or conservation dependent) under the EPBC Act 1999.

• A taxon or community has state significance when it is listed as threatened under the FFG Act 1988.

• A taxon or community has state significance when it is listed as threatened (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable) or rare or poorly known for flora species, in Victoria on a DSE Advisory List (DSE 2005a, 2007a). Fauna species listed as near threatened or data deficient are listed separately, in accordance with advice from DSE that they are not considered to be at the same level of risk as higher categories of threat (i.e. state significant).

• Biosis Research considers flora species to have significance at the bioregional level when they are recorded from less than 5% of sites within the Flora Information System database.

2.4.2 Remnant patch and tree significance under the Framework

The Framework (NRE 2002) defines conservation significance (Very High, High, Medium and Low) of native vegetation that relates to the bioregional level only.

The primary measure used for determining the conservation significance of a patch of native vegetation as defined by the Framework is the Habitat Score, coupled with the bioregional conservation status (endangered, vulnerable, rare or depleted) of the EVC (NRE 2002).

The second measure used for determining the conservation significance of a patch of native vegetation, as defined by the Framework, is the assessment of whether the native vegetation is a threatened community or provides habitat for rare or threatened species (NRE 2002: DSE 2007b). This involves determining if the vegetation represents the ‘best 50%’ or ‘remaining 50%’ of a threatened community or the ‘best 50%’ or ‘remaining 50%’ of habitat for rare or threatened species for which the study area potentially provides habitat. The method for this determination is outlined in the DSE referral guide for planning permit applications (DSE 2007b; Table 2).

For the purposes of determining conservation significance under the Framework, rare or threatened species are those listed as rare or threatened in the DSE


B I O S I S � � � � � � � � Methods 9

Advisory Lists (DSE 2005a, 2007a, 2009a); threatened communities are those listed under Schedule 1 of the FFG Act (DSE 2007b).

A third measure used for determining the conservation significance of a patch of native vegetation, as defined by the Framework, is the presence of other attributes (e.g. Ramsar sites, sites with National Estate values) as described in NRE (2002).

Guidelines for assigning conservation significance to trees are outlined in the DSE referral guide for planning permit applications (DSE 2007b). Old trees within patches are assigned the conservation significance of the patch within which they occur. Scattered old trees are assigned the lowest conservation significance category appropriate to the conservation status of the EVC to which they originally belonged, unless there are threatened species or other attributes that increase their rating. Scattered small trees are assigned a conservation significance of ‘Low’ unless there are threatened species or other attributes that increase their rating.

Assessed native vegetation was assigned the highest conservation significance applicable using the above criteria.

2.5 Likelihood of Occurrence

Database searches provide lists of species from the local area that have potential to occur within the study area. Where database records of state and nationally significant species exist from the local area, but these species are not identified during field survey, it is necessary to consider the likelihood that they occur within the study area. The PMST provided by DSEWPaC may nominate EPBC-listed species and communities where the study area lies within their broad geographic range.

Likelihood of particular species occurring within the study area is determined by assessing factors including the quality of habitat present for the species.

For fauna species that occur at low density across their ranges; are highly mobile; or are adapted to exploit rare or episodic resources, the history of past occurrence in the local area may also assist in evaluating the potential for future occurrence.

The likelihood of occurrence is a broad categorisation used by Biosis Research to indicate the potential for a species to occur within the study area. It is based on expert opinion, using general categories such as those provided in Table 1 below. The determination of likelihood is expressed as negligible, low, medium or high. If the species has been identified within the study area during our assessment or by other confirmed records then it is documented here as having been ‘recorded’.


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Information relating to these species is presented in the results and discussion section of the report (Section 3.2.1).

Species listed as rare or threatened on the DSE Advisory Lists and which have at least medium likelihood of occurrence are given further consideration. These species are addressed in the assessment of conservation significance for Net Gain (DSE 2007b).

Table 1: Likelihood of occurrence for significant species and examples of criteria

Likelihood of occurrence

Potential criteria

Recorded • Species recorded on site during current or previous assessment. • Aquatic species recorded from connected water bodies in close

proximity to the site during current or previous assessment. High • Sufficient good quality habitat is present on site.

• Sufficient good quality habitat is present in connected water bodies in close proximity to the site.

• Site is within species natural distributional range (if known). • Species has been recorded within 5 km or from the relevant

catchment/basin since 1980. Medium • Records of terrestrial species within 5 km of the site or of aquatic

species in the relevant basin/neighbouring basin but habitat limited in its capacity to support the species due to extent, quality, or isolation.

Low • No records within 5 km of the site or for aquatic species, the relevant basin/neighbouring basin, since 1980.

• Substantial loss of habitat since any previous record(s). Negligible • Habitat not present on site.

• Habitat for aquatic species not present in connected water bodies in close proximity to the site.

• Habitat present but sufficient targeted survey has been conducted at an optimal time of year and species wasn’t recorded.

2.6 Targeted Flora and Fauna Surveys

2.6.1 Targeted flora survey

Targeted flora surveys were undertaken on 15, 16, 20 and 21 December 2011. Targeted surveys were performed in all patches of native vegetation identified and other areas of suitable habitat including Degraded Treeless Vegetation. All areas where targeted surveys were performed are identified in Figure 3. Targeted surveys were performed by two to four botanists walking at a maximum of 5 m apart across the vegetation. This method was adopted to meet the requirements for targeted surveys outlined in the Biodiversity Precinct Structure Planning Kit (DSE 2010).

The species targeted during the searches involved all those identified in the database searches (Section 3.2.2).


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2.6.2 Targeted fauna survey

2.6.2.1 Golden Sun Moth

Field surveys were undertaken during the 2011–12 flight season of the Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana. The commencement of the flight season was documented by Biosis Research, other consultants and DSE through regularly checking sites around Melbourne with known Golden Sun Moth populations (so called ‘reference’ sites) from early November 2011. When male moths begin flying at reference sites, it is assumed that males in other populations will also be flying. Survey undertaken on days when moths are confirmed flying at a reference site is deemed to be valid by DSE (Alan Webster pers. comm.). Male moths started to be recorded flying intermittently at reference sites in late November 2011 but moths did not become regularly detectable until mid December 2011. DSE therefore permitted Golden Sun Moth surveys to continue until 31 January 2012 (Mark Winfield pers. comm.).

Targeted Golden Sun Moth surveys were conducted over seven days: 30 December 2011, 3, 17, 23, 24, 27 and 28 January 2012, resulting in all areas of potential habitat being surveyed a total of four times.

Surveys took place when conditions were suitable for male flight (generally >20oC, bright, clear days, sun, absence of rain and wind other than a light breeze) between 10:00 and 15:00 hrs.

Weather conditions at the start and finish of the survey were recorded using a Kestrel 4000 pocket weather meter (Appendix 3, Table A3.3).

Prior to surveys being conducted at the study area, nearby reference site(s) were visited to confirm whether the moths were flying on that day. Once the species was confirmed to be active and detectable at a known reference site(s), targeted survey commenced within the study area.

The study area was surveyed systematically by observers walking a series of transects. These were traced using a hand-held GPS in order to document survey coverage of the study area.

Surveys were undertaken in accordance with protocols established by DSEWPaC and DSE. Appropriately qualified zoologists experienced in Golden Sun Moth identification and survey conducted all surveys.

2.6.2.2 Growling Grass Frog

Two nights of nocturnal targeted survey were conducted by two experienced zoologists familiar with the identification of Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis and its preferred habitat.


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Targeted Growling Grass Frog surveys were undertaken on 15 and 22 December 2011 on nights with mild (>12oC) temperatures and low wind.

Potential wetland habitat was searched for active frogs using hand-held spotlights and head torches. At these locations, the advertisement call of male Growling Grass Frogs was emulated to elicit a response from male frogs that might be in the area. Potentially suitable refuge sites (logs, rocks and other debris) were lifted opportunistically to locate inactive frogs. Surveys were undertaken in accordance with protocols established by DSEWPaC and DSE.

2.6.2.3 Plains-wanderer

Nocturnal targeted survey for Plains-wanderer was undertaken in areas of suitable grassland habitat within the study area. Suitable habitat was identified during a diurnal habitat assessment and was defined using the Plains-wanderer Habitat Management Guide (NPWS 2002). Surveys were carried out under calm conditions and involved spotlighting along transects through areas of potentially suitable habitat. Transects were spaced at approximately 15 m and were carried out on foot by teams of two zoologists. Hand-held spotlights were systematically swept back and forth over grassland habitat up to 15 m in front and either side of the observer in order to increase the likelihood of detecting animal movements. In addition, call playback was performed at each survey area. Surveys were carried out over three nights on 14, 15 and 21 February 2012, in accordance with the minimum survey requirements for the species (DSE 2010, DEWHA 2010).

2.6.2.4 Grassland Earless Dragon

The main method employed to survey for Grassland Earless Dragon was the use of micro-inspection cameras to investigate invertebrate burrows and soil cracks in areas of potential grassland habitat (Figure 8; Plate 1). Spider burrows and soil cracks were checked using a micro inspection camera (RIDGID® SeeSnake® micro™).

Active searching was also undertaken, which involved rolling rocks and other debris within areas of suitable grassland habitat (Figure 8). All vertebrate fauna observed during the surveys were recorded. In order to document search effort, the number of soil cracks and invertebrate burrows that were checked using the micro-inspection cameras were recorded using a hand-held counter. The number of rocks and other debris lifted during active searches was also recorded.

Surveys were carried out over two days on 13 and 22 February 2012, in accordance with the minimum survey requirements for the species (DSE 2010).


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Plate 1: Using micro-inspection cameras to survey for Grassland Earless Dragon.

2.6.2.5 Fat-tailed Dunnart

Targeted surveys for Fat-tailed Dunnart were undertaken in conjunction with targeted surveys for Grassland Earless Dragon and Plains-wanderer.

Diurnal active searching was undertaken over two days on 13 and 22 February 2012 and consisted of searching soil cracks, burrows, grass tussocks and lifting surface rock, boulders, logs and other natural/artificial debris in order to locate sheltering animals and any indirect evidence (scats or nests). Nocturnal spotlight and active search surveys were carried out over three nights on 14, 15 and 21 February 2012 and consisting of spot-lighting in areas of potentially suitable open grassland habitat. Active searching was also undertaken during the nocturnal spotlight surveys. The number of spotlighting hours was recorded in order to document survey effort. In addition, the number of rocks, logs and debris lifted during active searches was recorded using hand-held counters.

2.7 Legislation and Policy

The following key pieces of biodiversity legislation and policy were reviewed and the implications for the project assessed:

• Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

• Flora & Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act).


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• Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CaLP Act).

• Planning and Environment Act 1987 – specifically Clause 52.17, Overlays and Clause 66.02 in the relevant Planning Scheme.

• Victoria’s Native Vegetation Management Framework (NRE 2002).

• Wildlife Act 1975 and associated Regulations.

2.8 Limitations

Ecological surveys and assessments provide a sampling of the flora and fauna at a given time and season. There are a number of reasons why not all species will be detected at a site during survey, such as species dormancy, seasonal conditions, ephemeral status of water bodies, migration and breeding behaviours of some fauna. In many cases these factors do not present a significant limitation to assessing the overall biodiversity values of a site.

The current flora and fauna assessment was conducted in spring/summer, which is an optimal time for the surveys undertaken.

As male Golden Sun Moth generally only fly under very specific weather conditions, weather is the largest constraint to the survey of this species. Many days throughout December 2011 and January 2012 were typified by cool to mild weather, significant periods of rain, overcast skies and days of moderate to strong wind. These were similar conditions to those experienced during the preceding seasons (2009 and 2010-11).

Unlike previous drought periods when Melbourne had extended periods of suitable weather, suitable days in 2011-12 were patchy and interspersed by extended periods of unsuitable days. This almost certainly affected emergence patterns, which therefore influenced detectability. At many sites where in previous years hundreds of moths have been observed on suitable days (e.g. Epping North, Derrimut Grasslands), numbers were noticeably lower. This is the third season where weather conditions have been less than ideal throughout the flight season.

In short, 2009, 2010-11 and this current season (2011-12) have been very poor seasons for Golden Sun Moth surveys as emergence was affected by cool and wet weather conditions. These observations are consistent with other consultants, groups and individuals surveying for the species around Melbourne during this and preceding seasons.�

The current assessment focuses on flora and terrestrial fauna values only. The study did not include an assessment of the aquatic fauna values (e.g. fishes and crayfish) of water bodies or waterways within or adjacent to the study area that may be impacted by future development of the land.


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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Site Context

The study area supports grasslands dominated by native and introduced species and some small wetlands. Three artificially constructed drains occur within the study area, all of which eventually drain into Laverton Creek to the south. The surrounding area contains large patches of Plains Grassland, providing known habitat for a number of significant flora and fauna species. The entire study area falls within a Biosite of state significance - Ravenhall Grasslands Nature Conservation Reserve (Biosite 4205). Another Biosite of state significance, the Boral Quarry Grasslands (Biosite 3567), is located approximately 1 km to the northwest, while a Biosite of national significance, the Deer Park Rail Reserve (Biosite 4566), lies approximately 2 km to the north west. Any development within the study area should consider the impacts to these surrounding areas.

3.2 Flora

3.2.1 Flora species recorded

A total of 74 indigenous and 69 introduced plant species were recorded in the study area (Appendix 2). It was not possible to directly compare these results with previous reports given the different study areas for each assessment. Of the introduced species, 12 are declared noxious weed species (nine regionally controlled and three regionally restricted species).

3.2.2 Rare and threatened flora species

No FFG-listed or EPBC-listed flora species were recorded within the study area.

Five DSE Advisory-listed species were observed in the study area during the targeted surveys including:

• Pale Swamp Everlasting Helichrysum aff. rutidolepis (Lowland Swamps) - Vulnerable in Victoria (DSE Advisory-listed). A perennial herb with a large yellow ‘everlasting’ inflorescence which may be a new species, sub-species or variety that is currently undescribed but has its closest affinities to Helichrysum rutidolepis (FIS 2011). This species was recorded in Site 2 in three locations within habitat zone (HZ) 4a which is grassland dominated by Kangaroo Grass Themeda triandra (Figure 3). This species was also recorded during a previous assessment of the area (Ecology Australia 2003).


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• Fragrant Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica - Rare in Victoria (DSE Advisory-listed). A shrub to 2 m tall, with grey-green leaves and small, bright red, fleshy fruit (FIS 2011). This species was recorded in a single location within HZ 14b in Site 2 (Figure 3). It is possible that this record has recruited from planted individuals along the Deer Park Bypass or other nearby roadside plantings.

• Pale-flower Crane's-bill Geranium sp. 3 - Rare in Victoria (DSE Advisory-listed). A perennial herb with finely divided leaves and pale pink flowers (FIS 2011). A total of 98 individuals of this species were recorded in the study area. At Site 1 the majority of the individuals were recorded in HZ 1a with some plants also found in HZ 2a (Figure 3). At Site 2 the species was recorded in HZ 4a and the surrounding Degraded Treeless Vegetation. At both sites the vegetation where this species occurs is grassland dominated by Kangaroo Grass.

• Pale Spike-sedge Eleocharis pallens - Poorly Known in Victoria (DSE Advisory-listed). An apparently leafless, rhizomatous, mid-green, sedge with erect, cylindrical flower stems to 60 cm tall (FIS 2011). This species is often associated with grassy wetlands on the Victorian Volcanic Plain. Two mats of this species were recorded in Site 1 including one in HZ 16a and one in nearby Degraded Treeless Vegetation (Figure 3).

• Slender Bindweed Convolvulus angustissimus subsp. omnigracilis - Poorly Known in Victoria (DSE Advisory-listed). A small, trailing, more or less prostrate herb, to 15 cm tall, with variable leaves and large, round, pink flowers (FIS 2011). This species is commonly associated with the grasslands of the western basalt plains and was recorded in all three study sites inside many of the HZs and surrounding Degraded Treeless Vegetation. Incidental records of this species are also shown outside the targeted search areas in Figure 3.

Twenty-one additional species of state and national significance appear on database searches (including the PMST) within 5 km of the study area (Table 2; Figure 4). Eight of these have at least medium likelihood of occurrence, as discussed below.

• Small Golden Moths orchid Diuris basaltica (EPBC-listed, FFG-listed and DSE Advisory-listed). An orchid to 18 cm tall with 1-3 yellow flowers on erect, hairless stems (FIS 2011). This species occurs in herb-rich native grasslands dominated by Kangaroo Grass on heavy basalt soils, often with embedded basalt boulders


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(Backhouse and Lester 2010). This habitat occurs in all three sites although there are very few records of the species in the area. The nearest records for the species are at Clarkes Rd, west of Caroline Springs (FIS 2012). This species flowers in September–October (FIS 2011) therefore it is possible that it was not observed during the targeted searches because they were performed later in the year. This species has a medium likelihood of occurrence in the study area.

• Spiny Rice-flower Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens (EPBC-listed, FFG-listed and DSE Advisory-listed). A small shrub, to 30 cm tall, with small leaves, spine-tipped branches and small clusters of cream flowers (FIS 2011). Suitable grassland habitat was observed in the study area and this has been previously acknowledged by Ecology Australia (2003). This species would have had a high likelihood of occurrence prior to the winter targeted surveys (conducted by Ecology and Heritage Partners in 2011) given their distribution in the region and the suitable habitat in the study area. In the Ecology and Heritage Partners report documenting the outcomes of the winter targeted survey of the species they stated that ‘detection rates were significantly reduced due to thick grass present over much of the study area’ (Ecology and Heritage Partners 2011d). They conclude that there remains a ‘moderate probability of some individuals surviving across the study area, especially where native grasses remain’ therefore a medium likelihood of occurrence has been assigned to this species.

• Small Milkwort Comesperma polygaloides, Small Scurf-pea Cullen parvum, Tough Scurf-pea Cullen tenax, Austral Crane’s-bill Geranium solanderi var. solanderi, Narrow Goodenia Goodenia macbarronii and Rye Beetle-grassTripogon loliiformis (DSE Advisory-listed). These species are perennial herbs and would have had a high likelihood of occurrence prior to the targeted surveys given their distribution in the region and the suitable habitat in the study area. As a consequence of the targeted surveys, the likelihood of these species occurring is reduced to medium. It is not possible to reduce the likelihood of these species occurring in the study area further given the very thick and dense vegetation that reduced visibility during the targeted surveys throughout much of the Plains Grassland – particularly those patches dominated by Kangaroo Grass.

Consideration of whether habitat represents the ‘best or remaining’ 50 % of habitat for these species is included in Section 5.2.1.

Eighteen of the indigenous species observed in the study area are listed as protected under the FFG Act and 40 species are uncommon in the bioregion (Appendix 2).


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Table 2. Flora of national or state significance recorded or predicted to occur within 5 km of the study area.

Scientific name Common name EPBC DSE FFG Most recent record

Likelihood of occurrence in study area

Broad habitat requirements Prior to targeted survey

After targeted survey

National Significance:

Amphibromus fluitans River Swamp Wallaby-grass VU #/1991 High Low

River Swamp Wallaby-grass is an aquatic species which occupies waterways and seasonally inundated vegetation such

as Plains Grassy Wetland. It was not observed during the targeted surveys of the wetland areas.

Carex tasmanica Curly Sedge VU v L # Negligible Negligible

Curly Sedge is a small to medium sized grass-like species which typically grows in seasonally damp grassland or grassy

woodland (Carter 2010). The species is known from the Merri Creek and its tributaries near Craigieburn and in western

Victoria near Portland.

Dianella amoena Matted Flax-lily EN e L 2004 Negligible Negligible

Matted Flax-lily is a rhizomatous plant which forms loose mats to 5 m wide (Carr and Horsfall 1995). It is found in lowland

grassland and grassy woodland habitats north of Melbourne, on well drained to seasonally waterlogged fertile sandy loam to

heavy cracking clays (Carr and Horsfall 1995).

Diuris basaltica Small Golden Moths EN v L 2004/# Medium Medium

This orchid is endemic to Melbourne’s west where it occurs in Plains Grassland dominated by tussock-forming perennial grasses (including Kangaroo Grass); often with embedded surface basalt (Backhouse & Lester 2009). Like most other terrestrial orchid species in Victoria, this species is summer

deciduous. Its underground tuberoids may persist for several seasons but not produce leaves or flowers in the absence of suitable conditions. The largest known population occurs on

private land at Rockbank (Backhouse and Lester 2009). Suitable habitat does occur within the study area although this

species has not been recorded.

Glycine latrobeana Clover Glycine VU v L # Negligible Negligible

Clover Glycine is a small herb which occupies grassland and grassy woodland habitats throughout western Victoria as well as

a number of other vegetation types elsewhere (Carter and Sutter 2010). Higher quality grassland within the study area

may be regarded as suitable habitat for this species although it was not recorded during the current assessment.

Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens Spiny Rice-flower CR e L 2010/# High Medium

Within the Victorian Volcanic Plain this small shrub typically occurs in Plains Grassland between Keilor and Dunkeld in

western Victoria. It occurs in grassland of varying condition although it does not persist with ongoing soil disturbance such

as ploughing. Areas where this species are more abundant


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tend to include Plains Grassland with a moderate diversity of other native species and some open spaces between grass tussocks. However, it has also been observed in grassland

dominated by introduced perennial grasses provided that other conditions allow it to persist.

Prasophyllum frenchii Maroon Leek-orchid EN e L # Negligible Negligible

This orchid occurs in a variety of grassland and grassy woodland environments throughout southern Victoria. The

nearest record of this species is from west of Meredith on the other side of the Brisbane Ranges while it appears to be

otherwise more common in eastern Victoria. This species was not recorded within the study area.

Rutidosis leptorhynchoides Button Wrinklewort EN e L 2009/# Medium Low

Button Wrinklewort occupies higher quality Plains Grassland and Grassy Woodland in Western Victoria and is quite scarce in the Melbourne region. Some Plains Grassland within the study area appears to be structurally suitable for this species but lacks

the appropriate fire regime (DSE 2003) which is likely to be required for broader scale maintenance of this species’ habitat

requirements.

Senecio macrocarpus Large-headed Fireweed VU e L 2009/# High Low

This species grows on heavy soils in grassland, shrubland and woodland habitats but is typically associated with grasslands in

western Melbourne (DSE 2009b). It has been previously recorded from Manor Lakes (just west of Werribee) and

Rockbank. It is sensitive to inappropriate fire regimes and may persist in relatively long unburnt grassland. There are several areas of grassland within the study area that may be regarded as suitable habitat for this species although it was not recorded

during the current assessment. State Significance:

Alternanthera sp. 1 (Plains) Plains Joyweed k 2009 High Medium

This species is scattered throughout grassland in Melbourne’s west where it is often associated with seasonally moist soils,

although it has also been observed in drier rocky situations(e.g. around Melton). It was not recorded in the study area but it is likely to occur in moist areas within remnant native vegetation.

Comesperma polygaloides Small Milkwort v L 1996 High Medium

In western Melbourne, Small Milkwort grows in Kangaroo Grass dominated grassland (McIntyre et al. 2004). There is suitable habitat within the study area however the species was not recorded during the targeted surveys.

Convolvulus angustissimus subsp. omnigracilis Slender Bindweed k 2009 High Recorded

This scrambling herb has been recorded throughout the western plains of Melbourne and is typically associated with Plains Grassland. The species was recorded during the current


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assessment scattered through areas of Plains Grassland and Degraded Treeless Vegetation within the study area.

Cullen parvum Small Scurf-pea e L 2009 High Medium Small Scurf-pea is a small herb which typically occupies Plains Grassland. Areas of suitable grassland habitat exist within the

study area and it has been recorded from within 5 km.

Cullen tenax Tough Scurf-pea L 2010 High Medium

Tough Scurf-pea is a medium sized herb which typically occupies Plains Grassland. Areas of suitable grassland habitat exist within the study area and it has been recorded from within

5 km of the study area.

Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil k 2010 High Medium Slender Tick-trefoil grows in a broad range of vegetation types. Areas of suitable grassland habitat exist within the study area

and it has been recorded from within 5 km.

Dianella sp. aff. longifolia (Benambra) Arching Flax-lily v 2010 High Low

This species is scattered in grassland and woodland of varying condition within the broader western Melbourne area. Areas of suitable grassland habitat exist within the study area however it

is a conspicuous species and was not observed during the targeted surveys.

Eleocharis macbarronii Grey Spike-sedge k 1993 Medium Low This medium non-tufted graminoid grows in seasonally

inundated areas such as Plains Grassy Wetland patches. The species dies back during drier periods.

Eleocharis pallens Pale Spike-sedge k 1999 High Recorded This medium non-tufted graminoid grows in seasonally

inundated areas such as Plains Grassy Wetland patches. The species dies back during drier periods.

Geranium solanderi var. solanderis.s. Austral Crane's-bill v 2010 High Medium

This tufted scrambling herb is thought to have once been widespread in grassland and woodland areas but is now

considered to be quite uncommon. It has been recorded east of the study area near Mount Cottrell. Grassland within the study

area may provide suitable habitat for the species.

Geranium sp. 3 Pale-flower Crane's-bill r 2010 High Recorded

This medium herb is sometimes found in grassy vegetation, but Pale-flower Crane’s-bill tends to occupy somewhat wetter sites (Smith 1999). Given the relatively recent taxonomic revisions in

this plant group, it is difficult to speculate further about the specific habitat requirements of each on the western basalt plain. As such, it is assumed that any grassland or grassy

woodland is suitable habitat for this species. This species was recorded in the study area.

Goodenia macbarronii Narrow Goodenia v L 2009 High Medium

This small annual herb has very few records within Victoria. This species typically occurs in damp or waterlogged soils near lakes or watercourses and has the potential to occur in Plains Grassy Wetland areas within the study area.


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Helichrysum aff. rutidolepis (Lowland Swamps)

Pale Swamp Everlasting v 2008 High Recorded

This medium herb typically occupies seasonally inundated areas including wet depressions in Plains Grassland or Plains Grassy

Wetland patches. This species was recorded during the targeted surveys.

Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium Native Peppercress k 2009 Low Negligible

This medium herb has a scattered distribution in Plains Grassland across the western plains of Melbourne. There are several suitable areas of habitat although it was not recorded

during the current assessment.

Podolepis sp. 1 Basalt Podolepis e 1991 Low Negligible

Basalt Podolepis is a medium to large herb which grows in a range of grasslands and grassy woodlands. The majority of

records for western Melbourne are located near Laverton, about 10 km to the south of the study area.

Rhagodia parabolica Fragrant Saltbush r 2009 Medium Recorded Fragrant Saltbush is a medium size shrub which is scattered in

plains and escarpment grassland, shrubland and woodland. This species was recorded during the targeted surveys.

Tripogon loliiformis Rye Beetle-grass r 2009 High Medium

Rye Beetle-grass occurs predominantly in drier Plains Grassland and grassy woodlands (Walsh and Entwisle 1994)

and is a short lived annual grass. Suitable habitat for this species occurs in the study area.

EPBC: CR - Critically Endangered, E - Endangered, V – Vulnerable; DSE: e – endangered, v – vulnerable, r – rare; FFG: L - listed as threatened under FFG Act; Most recent record: # - predicted to occur by the PMST.


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3.2.3 Best or remaining 50% habitat for rare and threatened flora species

Part of the assessment of conservation significance for Net Gain involves consideration of the value of habitat for DSE Advisory-listed threatened species.

There are ten rare or threatened flora species that have at least medium likelihood of occurrence within the study area. Each of these species is considered in the assessment of conservation significance.

Habitat for each species within each habitat zone is assessed against DSE’s criteria (DSE 2007b, page 13). The pathway for each decision made (in accordance with DSE’s Table 2) is outlined in Table 3 below.


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Table 3: Determination of best/remaining habitat for rare or threatened flora species.

Species Conservation Status Site Habitat zone (Figure 5) Steps* Outcome

Conservation Significance

Notes (threatened species rating)

Small Golden Moths Vulnerable

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F

Best 50% of habitat Very High

Habitat zones have habitat that clearly meets the requirements of the species and the sites represent above-average condition and landscape context for the EVC.

All others A;D;F Remaining 50% of habitat

High Habitat zones have habitat that clearly meets the requirements of the species but the sites represent below-average condition and landscape context for the EVC.

2 All A;D;F Remaining 50% of habitat




Spiny Rice-flower Endangered

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F









Small Milkwort Vulnerable

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F










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Small Scurf-pea Endangered

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F









Tough Scurf-pea Endangered

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F









Austral Crane’s-bill Vulnerable

1

2a, 10a, 11a, 11c A;D;F










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Narrow Goodenia Vulnerable

1

2a, 10a

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