holt world history world history the human journey holt, rinehart and winston the french revolution

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World HistoryWorld HistoryTHE HUMAN JOURNEYTHE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

The French Revolution The French Revolution

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Made up of 3 social classes, known as “estates” Made up of 3 social classes, known as “estates” First Estate was the clergy of Roman Catholic ChurchFirst Estate was the clergy of Roman Catholic Church

The clergy made up around 1% of the French populationThe clergy made up around 1% of the French populationSecond Estate was the nobilitySecond Estate was the nobility

The nobility made up around 2% of the French populationThe nobility made up around 2% of the French populationThe Third Estate was the rest of French PopulationThe Third Estate was the rest of French Population

Composed of the bourgeoisie: (merchants, professional people like doctors, Composed of the bourgeoisie: (merchants, professional people like doctors, lawyers, etc), city workers, artisans & peasants (peasants were the largest lawyers, etc), city workers, artisans & peasants (peasants were the largest part of the 3part of the 3rdrd estate, and the poorest). The Third Estates made up 97% of estate, and the poorest). The Third Estates made up 97% of the French populationthe French population

The Old Regime The Old Regime

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The Estates-General was a French representative body, The Estates-General was a French representative body, with multiple delegates from each Estatewith multiple delegates from each Estate

Each Estate got 1 vote; regardless of the number of Each Estate got 1 vote; regardless of the number of delegates delegates

The First & Second Estates had historically been exempt The First & Second Estates had historically been exempt from taxes & had always voted together to ensure that this from taxes & had always voted together to ensure that this practice continuedpractice continued

The Estates-GeneralThe Estates-General

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Aiding the United States during American Revolution Aiding the United States during American Revolution was a main factor in France’s increased debtswas a main factor in France’s increased debtsPopulation growth also contributed to economic Population growth also contributed to economic problems; higher demand led to higher food prices-many of problems; higher demand led to higher food prices-many of the peasants couldn’t feed their familiesthe peasants couldn’t feed their familiesTo fix the nation’s finances, King Louis XVI asks the To fix the nation’s finances, King Louis XVI asks the Estates-General to raise taxesEstates-General to raise taxes

The Financial CrisisThe Financial Crisis

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The Third Estate refused to consent to new taxes unless voting in The Third Estate refused to consent to new taxes unless voting in the Estates-General was changed; they demanded individual votes the Estates-General was changed; they demanded individual votes for every delegatefor every delegate

Louis XVI agreed, thinking he could count on all the delegates Louis XVI agreed, thinking he could count on all the delegates from the 1from the 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd Estates and a minority of the 3 Estates and a minority of the 3rdrd Estate delegates Estate delegates to support himto support him

Louis was wrong, though-a significant number of 2Louis was wrong, though-a significant number of 2ndnd Estate Estate delegates joined with the 3delegates joined with the 3rdrd Estate demanding changes in the Estate demanding changes in the governmentgovernment

Realizing his mistake, Louis moved troops into Paris to force the Realizing his mistake, Louis moved troops into Paris to force the assembly to disband assembly to disband

The Revolution beginsThe Revolution begins

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The people of Paris, fearing the king and the army would The people of Paris, fearing the king and the army would not allow any changes, took action against the Army, not allow any changes, took action against the Army, captured the Bastille prison, looted it for weapons and then captured the Bastille prison, looted it for weapons and then destroyed itdestroyed it

Peasants developed the “Great Fear”,Peasants developed the “Great Fear”,Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by

hoarding food & starving the peasantshoarding food & starving the peasantsThis led to even greater resentment of the 1This led to even greater resentment of the 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd

EstatesEstates

The Revolution begins, The Revolution begins, contcont

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The Third Estate, now calling themselves The National The Third Estate, now calling themselves The National Assembly, tried to end the violence by banning feudalism, Assembly, tried to end the violence by banning feudalism, outlawing tithes, and canceling dues and rents of peasantsoutlawing tithes, and canceling dues and rents of peasants

Issued “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Issued “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” – guaranteed basic human rights and political Citizen” – guaranteed basic human rights and political powers (only applied to men)powers (only applied to men)

1791-drafted a new Constitution, greatly limited the power 1791-drafted a new Constitution, greatly limited the power of the King & divided the government into 3 separate of the King & divided the government into 3 separate branches: executive, legislative, & judicial branches: executive, legislative, & judicial

The National AssemblyThe National Assembly

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With the drafting of the new Constitution, the National Assembly With the drafting of the new Constitution, the National Assembly disbanded, believing the Revolution was overdisbanded, believing the Revolution was over

The Executive branch was weak, the real power lay with the The Executive branch was weak, the real power lay with the legislative branch, known as The Legislative Assemblylegislative branch, known as The Legislative Assembly

Declaration of Pillnitz: European rulers feared revolutionary ideas Declaration of Pillnitz: European rulers feared revolutionary ideas would spread-Austria & Prussia pledged to help Louis if he were would spread-Austria & Prussia pledged to help Louis if he were to try to return to power in Franceto try to return to power in France

Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792

The Legislative AssemblyThe Legislative Assembly

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The war with Austria went poorly for the French initiallyThe war with Austria went poorly for the French initiallyLouis was blamed, as he stood to regain full power if the Louis was blamed, as he stood to regain full power if the

French were defeatedFrench were defeatedThe people called for the Legislative Assembly to depose the The people called for the Legislative Assembly to depose the

king; when they failed to comply, revolutionaries stormed the king; when they failed to comply, revolutionaries stormed the royal palace & forced the Legislative Assembly to end the royal palace & forced the Legislative Assembly to end the Monarchy & to establish a new governmentMonarchy & to establish a new government

The End of the MonarchyThe End of the Monarchy

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The National Convention replaced the Legislative The National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly; this would mark the beginning of The First Assembly; this would mark the beginning of The First RepublicRepublic

The members of the National Convention would be The members of the National Convention would be chosen by Universal manhood suffrage – every adult chosen by Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote, regardless of land ownership or social male could vote, regardless of land ownership or social classclass

The National ConventionThe National Convention

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France was now at war with an alliance of Great Britain, the France was now at war with an alliance of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and PrussiaNetherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia

A counter-revolutionary movement began within FranceA counter-revolutionary movement began within France The Committee of Public Safety was formed to protect the First The Committee of Public Safety was formed to protect the First

Republic from foreign attacks & domestic counter-revolutionaries Republic from foreign attacks & domestic counter-revolutionaries The Committee was given supervisory powers over the executive, The Committee was given supervisory powers over the executive,

legislative, AND judicial brancheslegislative, AND judicial branches Most of the Committee members were part of the Jacobin club, so Most of the Committee members were part of the Jacobin club, so

this period became known as the Jacobin dictatorshipthis period became known as the Jacobin dictatorship

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety

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Committee’s period of greatest power was September 1793 to July Committee’s period of greatest power was September 1793 to July 1794, the “Reign of Terror”1794, the “Reign of Terror”

Revolutionary Tribunal –Created to punished and execute those that Revolutionary Tribunal –Created to punished and execute those that were part of or believed to be part of the counterrevolution, but was were part of or believed to be part of the counterrevolution, but was also used by the leaders of the Jacobin Club to eliminate their political also used by the leaders of the Jacobin Club to eliminate their political opponents-over 18,000 people were executed opponents-over 18,000 people were executed

Eventually, the leader of the Jacobin club, Maximillian Robespierre, Eventually, the leader of the Jacobin club, Maximillian Robespierre, would be executed himself, thus ending the Reign of Terror & leading would be executed himself, thus ending the Reign of Terror & leading to the dissolution of the National Conventionto the dissolution of the National Convention

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

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Established to replace the National Convetion after the Established to replace the National Convetion after the scandalous Reign of Terror scandalous Reign of Terror

Governed by five individuals from the government’s Governed by five individuals from the government’s executive branchexecutive branch

Eliminated universal manhood suffrageEliminated universal manhood suffrageWeak, corrupt rulersWeak, corrupt rulersThe French people were not satisfied with this governmentThe French people were not satisfied with this government

The DirectoryThe Directory

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Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Military school in France, stood only 5’2”Military school in France, stood only 5’2”

Strong military leader, he gained control of all northern Strong military leader, he gained control of all northern Italy for FranceItaly for France

Became very popular due to his military victoriesBecame very popular due to his military victoriesNapoléon takes power as a result of a coup d’état that Napoléon takes power as a result of a coup d’état that

eliminated 4 Directors, with Napoléon being the sole eliminated 4 Directors, with Napoléon being the sole remaining directorremaining director

Napoléon BonaparteNapoléon Bonaparte

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Napoléon gave himself unlimited power-DictatorNapoléon gave himself unlimited power-Dictator1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of NapoleonHe wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to

vote, which was approved by the peoplevote, which was approved by the peopleAfter victories over Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, the After victories over Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, the

French people voted to become an empire, with Napoléon French people voted to become an empire, with Napoléon as Emperoras EmperorPower permanent and hereditary, virtually identical to Power permanent and hereditary, virtually identical to

the Monarchy of the Old Regimethe Monarchy of the Old Regime

The Napoléonic EraThe Napoléonic Era

holt world history world history the human journey holt, rinehart and winston the french revolution

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