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The World before the Opening of the

Atlantic

Chapter 1

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End of Ice Age People Invented Writing

The First Map Aztec City Teotihuacan

10,000 Years Ago 5,000 Years Ago 2500 BC 500 BC

Waves and currents reshaped Florida’s landforms

People began writing laws, speeches, battle plans, and other things.

The oldest know Map is a Babylonian clay tablet

Teotihuacan reached its height, during its time it was the 6th largest city in the world; it had a population of 125,000 and covered about 8 square miles

Chapter 1 Timeline

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4-5 Million Years Ago

2.6 Million Years Ago

500,000 Years Ago

200,000 Years Ago

11,000 Years Ago

10,000 Years Ago

Early humanlike creatures called Australopithecus developed in Africa

Hominids make the first stone tools

By this time hominids live all across Europe

The first modern humans appear in Africa

Humans occupy all of the continents except Antarctica

Ice Ages end and people begin to develop agriculture

Chapter 1 Timeline

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Poleolithic Era

Mesolithic Era

Neolithic Era

Lucy Discovered

Until 10,000 Years Ago

10,000 to 5,000 Years

Ago

Begin About 10,000 to

5,000 Years Ago

1959 1974 1994

The first part of the Old Stone Age when people began to make tools

The Middle Stone Age when people began making more complex tools and shelters

The New Stone Age when people learned to make fire and grow crops also called the Agriculture Revolution

Mary Leakey found bones in East Africa belonging to a hominid that was more than 1.5million years old

Donald Johanson found the bones of a 3 million year old hominid he named Lucy: Proved Hominids walked upright

Tom White found the remains of a hominid that lived as long as 4.4 million years ago

Chapter 1 Timeline

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Period of Time Terms• Decade – a period of 10 years• Century – a period of 100 years• Millennium – a period of 1000 years• Epoch – a long period of time marked

by a distinctive development• Era – a long period of time marked by

great events, developments, or figures

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Terms Used With Dates

• Circa or c. – unsure date; about• BC – before the birth of Christ• AD – after the birth of Christ• BCE – BC dates or before the

common era• CE – AD dates or common era

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Terms that deal with Government and Society

• Politics – the art of creating government policies

• Economics – the study of the creation and use of goods and services

• Movement – a series of actions that bring about a change in society

• Campaign – an effort to win a political office, or a series of military actions

• Colony – a territory settled and controlled by a country

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Section 1: The Earliest Americans

The Big Idea

Native American societies developed across Mesoamerica and South America.

Main Ideas

• Climate changes allowed Paleo-Indians to begin the first migration to the Americas.

• Early societies existed in Mesoamerica and South America.

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Main Idea 1:Climate changes allowed people to

migrate to the Americas.

• Paleo-Indians crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia to present-day Alaska during the last ice age between 38,000 and 10,000 BC.

• This movement of peoples from one region to another is called migration.

• Paleo-Indians and their descendants moved into present-day Canada, the United States, Mexico, and South America.

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Land Migration of Early People

Page 7

•During the Ice Age the seal level dropped and people used land bridges to migrate to new areas.•People from Asia used the Bering Land Bridge to travel to North America.

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Climate Affects Early Peoples• Early peoples in the Americas were hunter-

gatherers, who hunted animals and gathered wild plants.

• The warming climate created new environments: climates and landscapes that surround living things.

• Different environments influenced the development of Native American societies: groups that share a common culture.

• Culture is a group’s common values and traditions.

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Main Idea 2:Early societies existed in Mesoamerica

and South America.

• Developed after the Olmec

• By AD 200, were building large cities

• Created great pyramids, temples, palaces, and bridges

• Civilization ended around AD 900

Olmec

• Developed around 1200 BC in Mesoamerica

• Known for use of stone in architecture and built the first pyramids in the Americas

• Civilization ended around 400 BC

Maya

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Maya Civilization page 8

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Aztec and Inca

• Began as a small tribe in the Andes Mountains in South America

• Capital city was Cuzco.

• By the 1500s, the empire stretched along much of the western South American coast.

• Known for a strong central government, their architecture, and their art

Aztec

• Conquered central Mexico

• Founded capital city, Tenochtitlán, in AD 1325; it became the greatest city in the Americas and one of the world’s largest cities.

• By the early 1500s they ruled the most powerful state in Mesoamerica.

Inca

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Aztec, Maya, and Inca Civilizations

Page 9•Inca Civilization was in South America along the Andes Mountains• The Maya Civilization was mainly in the Yucatan Peninsula •The Aztec Civilization was in Central and Northern Mexico

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Civilization Location/Leaders Characteristics/Culture Achievements/Technologies Maya

1000 BC began farming200 AD began forming cities250-900 AD began forming large cities1500 AD power had faded

Mexico, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala

Capital: None King Pacal

Religion – many gods, Sun God, Moon God, Maize God, human sacrifice

Government: Theocracy – studied the stars

Crops – beans, squash, avocados, maize

Resources – cotton, cacao, obsidian, jade, bird feathers, gold, deer, rabbits, monkeys

Stone pyramids, temples, statues 365 day calendar, 260 day calendar Calendars that determined length of the

year Observatories Number system and symbol for 0 Writing system of Detailed Written Records Books Canals, terraces, Hieroglyphics

AztecBegan in Mid-1100 AD1521 AD Empire Ended

Mexico Capital: Tenochtitlan

built in 1325 AD on Lake Texacoco

Emperor Moctezuma II

Religion – many gods, human sacrifice

Crops –cotton, maize Formed alliances, controlled

trade, collected tribute Huge Military Resources –cotton, gold, silver,

gems, bright feathers

Stone pyramids, temples, statues Causeways, canals, Hieroglyphics Chinampas (floating gardens) Calendar Study astronomy Detailed Written records Jewelry and mask Artisans used gold, gems and bright bird

feathers Women embroidered colorful designs of

cloth they wove

IncaBegan in Mid-1400’s ADIn 1537 AD Spanish began to rule the Empire

South America Capital: Cuzco Ruler Pachacuti Language: Quechua Andes Mountains

Religion – many gods, rarely human sacrifice, mummies

Crops –maize, peanuts, potatoes, Resources -llamas

Stone pyramids, temples, masonry Largest empire (over 12 million people) Advanced highway system of 10,000 miles

of stone roads and bridges Terraces, Hieroglyphics Gold and silver jewelry Records kept with knotted cords called

quipus Fine textiles, pottery

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Section 2: Native American Cultures

The Big Idea

Many diverse Native American cultures developed across the different geographic regions of North

America.

Main Ideas

• Several early societies developed in North America long before Europeans explored the continent.

• Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures.

• Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and land ownership.

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Native American

Culture AreasPage 13

•Geographical and climatic conditions may have limited the size of groups or tribes•The ability to grow food and hunt also affected the size of the population•Mountains, rivers, and lakes served as natural boundaries between the native groups of people

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Main Idea 1:Several early societies developed in North

America long before Europeans explored the continent.

• Earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers.

• Learned to farm around 5,000 BC.

• The Anasazi was an early farm culture in Southwest.

– Grew maize, beans, and squash

– Developed irrigation methods

– Lived in pueblos, aboveground houses made of heavy clay called adobe

– Built kivas, underground ceremonial chambers, for religious ceremonies

– Built cliff dwellings for protection against enemies

– Began to abandon villages around AD 1300

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Anasazi Cliff Dwellings page 11

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Mound Building Cultures

• Developed later in same area as the Hopewell

• Built hundreds of mounds topped with temples for religious ceremonies

Hopewell

• Lived in Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri river valleys

• Supported population with agriculture, fishing and trade

• Built large burial mounds to honor the dead

Mississippian

• Developed throughout eastern North America

• Cultures declined and by the 1700s, no longer existed

Others

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Main Idea 2: Geographic areas influenced Native

American cultures.

• Researchers use culture areas to help describe ancient Native American peoples.

• Culture areas are geographic locations that influence societies.

• North America is divided into several culture areas, including the Far North, Pacific Coast, California, West, Southwest, Great Plains, and East.

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North and Northwest Culture Areas

Arctic

• Inuit people in present-day Alaska and Canada

• Aleut people in Alaska

• Fished and hunted large mammals

Subarctic

• Dorgrib and Montagnais peoples

• Hunters followed migrating deer.

• People lived in temporary shelters made of animal skins.

Pacific Northwest

• Carved images of totems, ancestor or animal spirits, on tall, wooden poles

• Held feasts called potlatches

• Thrived on abundant game animals, fish, and wild plants

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West and Southwest Culture Areas

California

• Many food sources, such as acorns, fish, and deer

• People lived in isolated family groups of 50 to 300.

• More than 100 different languages were spoken.

• Groups included the Pomo, Hupa, and Yurok peoples.

Southwest

• Dry climate

• Groups included the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo.

• The Pueblo irrigated land to grow crops.

• The Apache and Navajo hunted game and raided the villages of other groups.

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Great Plains and Eastern Culture Areas

Great Plains

• Stretched from Canada to Texas and from the Mississippi Valley to the Rocky Mountains

• Mainly grasslands, with game such as buffalo

• Used buffalo skins for shields, clothing, and coverings for teepees, cone-shaped shelters

• Matrilineal societies that traced ancestry through their mothers, not their fathers

• Groups included the Mandan, Pawnee, Arapaho, Blackfoot, and Comanche.

Northeast and Southeast

• Region rich in sources of food and shelter

• Southeastern groups, such as the Cherokee and Creek, lived in farming villages.

• The Algonquian and Iroquois were the main groups in the Northeast.

• The Iroquois formed the Iroquois League, a confederation that waged war against non-Iroquois peoples.

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Native American Homes

North and Northwest

West and Southwest

Great Plains Northeast and Southeast

Their homes were igloos, hide tents, and huts.

They built two storied houses out of adobe bricks.

They used animal skins and buffalo hides to make teepees, or cone shaped shelters.

They built longhouses or rectangular homes make from logs and bark, that housed 8-10 people

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Main Idea 3: Native American cultures shared beliefs

about religion and land ownership.• Shared religious beliefs

– Religion linked to nature

– Spiritual forces were everywhere– even in plants and animals.

• Shared beliefs about property

– Individual ownership applied only to the crops one grew and was temporary.

– Land was for the use of everyone in the village.

– Believed they should preserve the land for future generations

• Despite shared beliefs, Native Americans on the North American continent were independent culture groups and did not form large empires.

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Section 3: Trading Kingdoms of West Africa

The Big Idea

Using trade to gain wealth, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were West Africa’s most powerful

kingdoms.

Main Ideas

• West Africa developed three great kingdoms that grew wealthy through their control of trade.

• Slaves became a valuable trade item in West Africa.

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Main Idea 1:West Africa developed three great

kingdoms that grew wealthy through their control of trade.

• For hundreds of years, trade routes run by Berbers, a northern African group, crisscrossed West Africa.

• Eventually though, trade routes were taken over by a succession of West African kingdoms:

– Ghana

– Mali

– Songhai

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Empires of West Africa page 18

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Kingdom of Ghana• Began around 300 AD as farmers banded together for

protection

• Developed into a trading center

– Salt from the Sahara in the north

– Gold mined from Ghana itself

• As trade increased, so did Ghana’s power. By 800 it controlled all of West Africa’s trade routes.

• Used wealth to build an army and an empire

• In the 1060s, Muslim groups attacked Ghana in an effort to force its leaders to convert to Islam. This cut off many trade routes and led to the decline of the Ghana empire.

• Islam eventually became the most practiced religion in the region.

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Ghana was an ideal Trading Center

• Ghana had many valuable items to trade. The Sahara Desert to the north was a source of valuable salt, and Ghana itself was rich in gold. Because of its geographic location, nearly all trade between northern and southern Africa passed through Ghana.

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Kingdoms of Mail and Songhai

Mali

• Developed along the fertile banks of the upper Niger River

• Controlled trade along the river

• King Mansa Musa led the kingdom to the height of its wealth, power, and fame by building important trade cities like Timbuktu.

• Mansa Musa also encouraged the spread of Islam in West Africa by building mosques, buildings for Muslim prayer, and by making a hajj, or pilgramage to Mecca.

• Declined after the death of Mansa Musa

Songhai

• Lived along the Niger River

• Came to power as the Mali empire weakened

• Greatest ruler was Askia the Great. He was a devout Muslim, supported education and learning, and worked to develop a strong government.

• After Askia’s death, the kingdom declined and was invaded by Moroccans from the north.

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Accomplishments of Askia the Great

Government Religion Education• set up five provinces• appointed governors loyal to him• created departments to oversee task

• was a devout Muslim

• built mosques

• opened schools and universities• encouraged study of mathematics, medicine, science, grammar, and law

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Main Idea 2: Slaves became a valuable trade item

in West Africa.• Slavery existed in Africa for centuries and involved black

Africans, who were both slaveholders and slaves.

• People who were captured by warring groups, criminals, and even relatives of people who owed money, were sold into slavery.

• Beginning in the 600s, Arab Muslims and Europeans became interested in the slave trade.

• Slave market increased as Muslim traders bought or seized black Africans to sell in North Africa.

• Slave trade became important part of West African economy because slaves were traded for valuable goods.

• West Africa was home of many enslaved Africans brought to the Americas.

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Section 4: Europe before Transatlantic Travel

The Big Idea

New ideas and trade changed Europeans’ lives.

Main Ideas

• The Greeks and Romans established new forms of government.

• During the Middle Ages, society eventually changed from a feudal system to a system with a middle class of artisans and merchants.

• The Renaissance was a time of rebirth in the arts and in learning.

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Main Idea 1:The Greeks and Romans established new

forms of government.

Greek Government

• Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle worked to teach people to think and question their beliefs and to live lives based on reason, or clear and ordered thinking.

• Greeks established the first democracy, a form of government in which people rule themselves.

– Citizens vote on every issue.

– Ideas are debated at an assembly of citizens.

Roman Government

• Established a republic– Citizens elect

representatives to vote on issues.

– Ideas are debated at an assembly of representatives.

• Laws, which protected citizens’ rights, were written and kept on public display.

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Democracy and Republic page 23

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Plato• Plato was a student

of Socrates.• He started a school

called The Academy.• Plato’s writing took

the form of a dialogue between teacher and student.

• Plato wrote the Republic, which described an ideal society.

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The Middle Ages• After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe began to divide

into many smaller kingdoms.

• Feudalism, a system of agreements between lords, and vassals, including knights, developed. The lord promised to give lands to his knights in exchange for military service. The knight promised to support the lord in battle.

• Knights allowed peasants to farm land on their large estates, called manors. In return, the peasants had to give the knights food or goods as payment.

• The Catholic Church served as a strong unifying force between kingdoms.

• The Crusades, a long series of wars beginning in the 1000s between European Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia, helped create trade links between Europe and Asia.

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Main Idea 2: During the Middle Ages, society eventually changed from a feudal system to a system

with a middle class of artisans and merchants.• As travel became safer, more trade routes opened and

spread all across Europe.

• Trade brought not only goods, but also diseases like the Black Death that spread across Europe, killing nearly 25 million people.

• Worker shortages meant that peasants and serfs could demand payment. They moved to cities for work, and the cities grew.

• The growth of trade and cities led to the decline of feudalism.

• A new middle class of artisans and merchants developed.

• Trade cities became commercial centers.

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Main Idea 3: The Renaissance was a time of rebirth in the

arts and in learning.

• The Renaissance period brought new ways of thinking to Europe.

• Began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe

• European rulers began to increase their power over the nobles in their countries.

• Fewer invasions from the outside helped bring a period of peace and stability.

• Renaissance means “rebirth.”

• The growth in trade and services sparked a commercial revolution. This also brought a rise in mercantilism, an economic growth system, that unifies and increases the power and wealth of a nation.

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Classical writings were found and scholars rediscovered the glories of ancient Greece and Rome.

Focus shifted from religion to the importance of people and human value.

Great artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci reflected the ideals of the Renaissance in their sculptures and paintings. Writers also penned great works of literature during this time.

Growth of Knowledge and Learning

Advances were made in mathematics and astronomy. German-born Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press which allowed thousands to read the same books and share ideas about them.

Ancient Texts

Humanism

Art and Literature

Science and Invention

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Trading Centers page 26

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Joint-Stock Companies

• business in which a group of people invest together

• allowed investors to make money more quickly.

• investors share in the companies’ profits and losses

• allowed investors to take fewer risk

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Chapter 1 Review page 31