holocaust lecture #2 the final solution information taken from the united states holocaust memorial...
TRANSCRIPT
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Holocaust Lecture #2
The Final Solution
Information taken from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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Two German Jewish
families at a gathering before the war. Only
two people in this group
survived the Holocaust. Germany,
1928.
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Evolution of the Final Solution• Attempts to force Jews to move out
– Nuremberg Laws– ¼ of Germany’s Jews left – However, as Germany began to expand, it swallowed up
ever more Jews
• Forced emigration? – But other countries weren’t letting Jews in
• Great Depression• Anti-Semitism
– Madagascar plan • Was probably always impractical, but when war started became
impossible
• Quarantine and then Execution
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Ghettoes• Temporary solution (as opposed to the ‘final
solution’) • Germans set up over 1000 ghettoes in occupied
Poland and the Soviet Union – Many ghettoes had walls around them and Jews were
often only permitted out when they were sent on a work detail to work for the Nazis
– Jews were forced to wear badges of identification at all times
– The ghettoes were usually in the least desirable part of town (hence the American use of the term ‘ghetto’), were very crowded, and were thus rife with disease
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Ghettoes (cont.)
• Largest was in Warsaw in Poland 400,000 Jews • Jewish police officers policed the ghetto and helped
the Germans (for example, when it came time to convince Jews to board trains for relocation)
• When plans for mass extermination and the final solution were finished (late 1941 to early 1942), Nazis began to destroy the ghettoes – The inhabitants of smaller ghettoes were often dealt with
by firing squads – The inhabitants of larger ghettoes were often sent by
train to concentration camps
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Children Eating on the Streets of the
Warsaw Ghetto
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A sign, in both German and Latvian, warning that people attempting to cross the fence or to contact inhabitants of the Riga ghetto will
be shot. Riga, Latvia, 1941-1943.
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Jews move into the Kovno ghetto. Lithuania, ca. 1941-1942.
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The Camps• The first concentration camps were built to house political
prisoners • The first camps built specifically for extermination were built in
mid 1942 (not long after the Wannsee Conference)– It has been estimated that about 3 million Jews were killed in the camps– Another 3 million were killed in their ghettoes – This number of 6 million represents 2/3rd of the Jews of Europe – Other victims of the holocaust included
• Politically- “Social Democrats, Communists, liberals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, members of national opposition movements, non-Germans in general after Germany began to occupy Europe, and any others whose behavior -- real or perceived -- could be interpreted as politically motivated opposition.”
• Darwinistically- “Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), so-called asocials, repeat criminal offenders, and homosexuals
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The Camps (cont.)
• Prisoners who were not immediately killed were often used for labor (especially for the German War Effort) and for medical experiments (lab rats) – The number of Jews who were used as laborers increased after
the failure of the Germans to destroy Russia in 1941 (meant there would be a long war of production)
• Prisoners entering the camp were often chosen as ‘work-worthy’ or ‘non-work worthy’ and would live or die accordingly– These decisions were usually made by doctors who performed a
visual exam in less than a minute – Old, young, and sick were killed
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Jews from the Lodz ghetto are loaded onto freight trains for deportation to the Chelmno extermination camp. Lodz, Poland, between
1942 and 1944.
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View of the Gurs camp as photographed from a water tower.
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The Killing
• Five Camps in Particular were used for killing – Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Birkenau (a
part of the Auschwitz concentration camp) – All were built in Poland – Birkenau, at its height, was killing 6,000 Jews a day
• Killing techniques became increasingly efficient as carbon monoxide was replaced with Zyklon B (Prussic Acid)
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Human remains found in the Dachau concentration camp crematorium after
liberation. Germany, April 1945.
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A pile of corpses at the Russian Camp (Hospital Camp) section of the Mauthausen concentration
camp after liberation. Mauthausen, Austria, May 5-15, 1945.
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Hansen Name _____________WWII Period _______
Lecture Guide- The Holocaust Part #2
Evolution of the Final Solution• Attempts to force Jews to move out
– _____________________________– _______of Germany’s Jews left – However, as Germany began to expand, it swallowed up
__________________________________• Forced emigration?
– But other countries ________________________________• _______________________________• Anti-Semitism
– __________________plan • Was probably always impractical, but when war
___________________________________________• Quarantine and then Execution Ghettoes • Temporary solution (as opposed to the _____________________) • Germans set up over 1000 ghettoes in occupied _____________
and the ________________________________– Many ghettoes _______________________________ and
Jews were often only permitted out when they were sent on a work detail to work for the Nazis
– Jews were forced to wear __________________ at all times – The ghettoes were usually in the least desirable
_______________ (hence the American use of the term ‘ghetto’), were very crowded, and were thus rife with disease
• Largest was in Warsaw in Poland _______________ Jews • Jewish police officers policed the ghetto and helped the Germans
(for example, when it came time to convince Jews to ____________ _____________________________________________________)
• When plans for mass extermination and the final solution were finished (_______________________________ ), Nazis began to destroy the ghettoes
– The inhabitants of smaller ghettoes were often dealt with by _______________________________________
– The inhabitants of larger ghettoes were often sent ________ ________________________________________________
The Camps • The first concentration camps were built to house ______________ • The first camps built specifically _________________ were built in
____________ (not long after the __________________________)
– It has been estimated that about ___ million Jews were killed in the camps
– Another ____ million were killed in their ghettoes – This number of 6 million represents ________ of the Jews
of Europe – Other victims of the holocaust included
• Politically- “Social Democrats, ______________, liberals, Freemasons,_________________, clergy who opposed the Nazis, members of national opposition movements, non-Germans in general after Germany began to occupy Europe, and any others whose behavior -- real or perceived -- could be interpreted as politically motivated opposition.”
• Darwinistically- “Roma and Sinti (_________), so-called asocials, _______________________ , and homosexuals
• Prisoners who were not immediately killed were often used for __________ (especially for the German War Effort) and for _____________________ (lab rats)
– The number of Jews who were used as laborers increased after the failure of the Germans to destroy _________________________ - (meant there would be a _____________________________________________)
• Prisoners entering the camp were often chosen as ‘__________’ or ‘non-work worthy’ and would live or die accordingly
– These decisions were usually made by _____________ who performed a visual exam in ____________________
– Old, young, and sick were killed The Killing• Five Camps in Particular were used for killing
– Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Birkenau (a part of the Auschwitz concentration camp)
– All were _______________________________– Birkenau, at its height, was killing _________Jews a day
• Killing techniques became increasingly efficient as __________ ___________ was replaced with ____________ (Prussic Acid)