hobbit house glossary.pdf

TheHobbitHouseIlustratedGlossaryofWoodworkingterms

FASTENERTERMS

Thissetoftermshavingtodowithfastenersandrelatedtermsisextractedfromthegeneralglossaryshownhere:GLOSSARYandlinksthatarenotlocaltothissubsetwillputyoubackinthemainglossary

forimagesofwooditself,gohere:woodidsite

NOTE:thissubglossaryisverymuchaworkinprogressgluetypes,forexample,arenotyetwellrepresented

270degreehingeThisreferstoahingethatallowsadoortorotate270degeesandthusallowsittoopenallthewaytotheoutsidesideofacabinetwall.Thiscanonlybeachievedonaframelessfulloverlaycabinetdesign,andisbestillustratedgraphically,soseebelow.Notethattherearetwobasicstyleof270degreehingesandthefirstisshownontheleftsideofthecompositepicbelowandtheotherontherightside.Also,notethatsometimesthesehingesarecalledwraparoundhingesor"wraparoundinset"hingesor"doublewraparound"hingesor"fullbacktobackwraparound"hinges,but"wraparoundhinge"normallymeanswhatisshownonthatlink.Examples:

acornnutAtypeofcapnutthatisspecificallyshapedlikeaninvertedacorn,whichshapeispurelydecorative,notfunctional.Examples:

Googleonline75

AllenheadAtypeofscreworboltheadthatisdesignedforusewithanAllenwrench.

AllenheadboltAboltwithahexagonalrecessintheheadrequiringanAllenwrench,oftenusedinwoodworkingmachinery,amongmanyotherthings.ThesemaybeinmetricorSAEsizes.Theseareusuallymadeoutofstrongsteel,butoccasionallyyoumayfindtheminlightergradesteelorevenaluminum.Allenheadrecessesarealsousedextensivelyinsetscrews.Othernamesforthisitemare"socketcapscrew","socketscrew",and"socketheadcapscrew".Examples:

AllenwrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisahexagonalshapedmetalbar,usuallyintheshapeofan"L"butsometimesintheshapeofa"T"andsometimeswithahandlelikewhatyoufindonascrewdriverbutmoreoftenwithahandleonthe"T"portion,usedtoturnAllenheadboltsandsetscrews.ThesemaybeinmetricorEnglishsizesandaresoldbothinsetsandindividually.Examples:

anchorboltAdeviceforconnectingtimbermembers(oranythingelse,forthatmatter)toconcreteormasonry.Therearenumerousstyles,someofwhichinvolvedrillingaholeintheconcreteormasonry(inparticular,seeexpansionanchorbolt)andsomeofwhichinvolveembeddingtheboltinconcretewhenitispouredsotheboltisinplacewhentheconcretesetsandthewood(orwhatever)thatistobeattachedisdrilledoutandthenplacedovertheboltandattachedwithanut.Anchorboltsareusedfor,amongotherthing,fasteningthesillplateinaframeconstructiontothefoundation.Topreventtheplatetimberfromsplitting,theanchorboltnutisoftenputdownoveraplatewasher.Examplesofthemostcommontypeofanchorboltwhichisan"L"shapedmetalrod,threadedonthelongerend:

anchorhingeAparticularlystrongtypeofdoorhingethathasflapsonthe(hinge)leavestogiveextraattachmentpointstothedoorandframetheflapsattachhorizontallyalongthetopedgeofthedoorandthetopsurfaceoftheframe.Mosthavetheseflapsonboth

leaves,butsome(e.g.thetwoontherightsideofthepicbelow)onlyhaveitontheframeleaf.Examples:

annularringnailAnailthathasridgesaroundthecircumferenceoftheshanktoprovideextraholdingpowerforapplicationssuchaswoodtoplywoodbonding,flooring,roofing,anduseinpallets.Although,astheyaredrivenin,theridgespushthewoodfibersaside,aftertheyareinthefiberstendtoexpandbackintotheridgesthusgivingbetterholdingpowerthansmoothshanknails.Thesizeandshapeoftheridgesvariesconsiderablyandtheyareoftenangledbackuptheshanksoastoactlikewedges,andsometimestheyareactuallytightspiralsratherthanjustcircumferentialridges.Thesenailsareparticularlysusceptibletocripplingbecauseallthoseringsprovidemultiplepointsofpossiblefailure.Examples:

architecturalballbearinghingesynonymouswithballbearinghinge

architecturalhingeAdoorhingethatiscategorizedaseithercommercialorresidential.Whetherforahome(residential)orforapublicbuilding(architectural),thesehingesareverysimilar.Commercialhingesaregenerallydifferentiatedfromresidentialonesbybeingmoresubstantialinconstructionduetotheheavierusetheyareexposedtoinpublicplaces.

augerpointscrewAscrewthathasaverysharppointandthreadsthatgripthewoodstrongly.Suchscrewsoftenhaveathekindofendfoundonaselftappingscrew,andinanycasethistypeofscrewisdesignedtobeusedwithnopilothole...itpullsitselfintothewoodoncestarted.Examples:

ballbearinghingeAhinge(generallyabutthingeoranoliveknucklehingebutitcouldbemostanytype)thathasballbearingsbetweenthe(hinge)knucklestoreducefrictionandmakeforasmoother,easier,openingaction.Theballbearingsarecapturedinsmallflatcylindersthatsitbetweensomeoralloftheknuckles,dependingonhowheavydutythehingeneedstobe.Theseareparticularlysuitableforindustrialapplicationswhereadoormaybeopenedandclosedalldaylongthuswearingoutnormalknucklesinarelativelyshorttimecomparedtothoseonballbearinghinges.Examples:

ballscrewAmechanicaldevicefortranslatingrotationalmotiontolinearmotion.Itisjustlikealeadscrewexceptthattheslidingportioncontainsballbearingsandthusthedevicedoesnotheatupquickly(thewayaleadscrewwould)whenusedcontinuouslyinapoweredsituation.

barrelhinge(type#1)Atypeofhingewherethedoorleafandtheframeleafarenotreallyleavesatallbutinsteadarebarrelshapedcylindersofmetalwithaflathingedjoiningmechanism.Thebarrelsareinsertedintorecessesdrilledinthedoorandtheframesuchthatthehingeistotallyhiddenfromviewwhenthedoororlidisclosed.Theseareveryoftenused,insmallsizes,onjewelryboxesandinmodestsizesonmidtohiendhomeentertainmentcentersandsuchbecausetheareatypeoffullyconcealedhinge.Theconstructionofthismechanismdoesnotlenditselfwelltoheavydutyusessuchashousedoorsandinfacttheseitemsareoftenadvertisedwiththewarning"notforloadbearingapplications".Examples:

barrelhinge(type#2)Atypeofhingewherethethedoorleafandtheframeleafeachhaveonlyone(hinge)knuckleandgenerallybothknucklesareclosedattheendthroughwhichthepindoesnotprotrude.Thesearesuitableforheavydutyuseonwoodendoorsandgates.Thesearegenerallyatypeofliftoffhingeandareoftensoldunderthatdesignation.Examples:

barrelhinge(type#3)Atypeofhingethatisusedinmetalworkingandrequireswelding,notwoodworking,andthatisthereforenotillustratedextensivelyinthisglossary.Examples:

bedboltsynonymouswithcrossdowel

bifolddoorAtypeofsliding/foldingdoormadefromtwo(oroccasionallymore)hingedpanelsthatfoldontoeachotherasthedoorisslidsideways.OftenusedonclosetsintheUSA.Sinceeachjointinthedoormovesinonlyonedirection,itisn'tnecessarytouseacomplicatedhingesuchasthefoldingscreenhingeandalightweightversionofabutthingeisused,calledabifolddoorhinge.Thisversionhasoneleafthatfoldsinsidetheothersothatthetotalthicknessisonlyoneleaf,whichisanacceptablegaponclosetdoors.Examples:

bifolddoorhingeTherearetwoversionsofthishingeandbothare,aswouldbeassumedfromthename,designedforuseonbifolddoors.Thefirstdesignisaspecialversionofthebutthingethathasthedoorleaffoldingintotheframeleafandthusprovidingagapthatisonlyoneleafthicknesswhileallowingsurfacemountingratherthanrequiringamortiseforeitherleaf.Thesecondversionhasoneleafsittingabouttheother(ortwoleavesabove/belowacenterleaf)whichagainallowsagapofjustoneleafthicknesswithsurfacemounting.Thesehingesworkjustfinewiththistypedoorbecauseeachjointonlymovesinonedirection.Forasimilarhingethatismoreflexible,seefoldingscreenhinge.Compare/contrasttodoubleactionspringhinge.Examplesofthefirsttypeareontheleftandthesecondtypeontheright:

bindingheadscrewAnapparenlyvaguetermthat,technically,designatesanyscrewthathasEITHERaslightlyundercut(thatis,shallow)head,ORanextrabroadhead,with(ineithercase)thepointbeingtobeeffectiveinholding("binding")electricalwiresorushapedspadelugsattheendofelectricalwires.SomesourcesequateabindingheadwithatrussheadbutIamnotconfidentthatthatisacorrectalternatedefinition.Oneoftheavailabletypesthatdoesnotfitthetechnicaldefintion,butDOESseemtofittheuse,isascrewthathasridgesonthebottomofthehead(similartothoseonaserratedflangenutbutwithouttheflange).InfindingpicsforthisitemIwassometimesnotabletodistinguishthemfromonesthatlookEXACTLYthesamebutaresoldundervariousother,morenormal,names.Examples:

blindscrewsynonymouswithsetscrew

bolt(1)Asomewhatvaguetermusedtodescribeshortlogstobesawnforlumberorusedforveneer(eitherslicingorrotarycutting)ortobeusedaspulpwood.bolt(2)Auniformdiametermetalshankwithscrewlikethreadsontheoutside(althoughnotnecessarilyallthewayuptheshank)andaheadofsomekindthatisusedtoturnthebolt.Boltsarenottapered,asscrewsusuallyare,andtheyhavetobeabletoacceptanutthathasauniforminternaldiameterandthreads.Ifsomethingdoesn'tmeetALLoftheaspectsofthatdefinition,thenitisn'tabolt,it'sascrew.Oneformof"headlessbolt"isasetscrew(andbecauseit'sheadless,it'sascrew,notabolt).Boltscanbeselftappingaslongastheystillareabletoacceptauniformnutabovetheselftappingthreads,sothefactthatashankisselftappingdoesn'tmakeitascrew.Ifabolthasa"screwdriver"typehead,suchasaflatheadslot,thatdoesnotmaketheboltascrew.Ifaboltisverysmall,theninwidelyacceptedcommonusage,itiscalledamachinescrewbutthat'sreallyjustanothernameforwhatistechnicallyabolt(althoughtheimplicationisthatisisaverysmallbolt).Compare/contrasttoscrewandseealsoboltsvsscrews.Notethatthestatementsmadehere(andelsewhereinthisglossary)followcommonusagebutareNOTuniversallyacceptedtheentireissueofnomenclatureforboltsandscrewswasperhapsthebiggestmessIencounteredincompilingthisglossary.Belowisacompositepicshowingsometypesofboltsandfollowingthat,thereisalistofthemostcommontypesofbolts,witheachtermlinkedtoafullillustrateddescription.Examples:

typesofbolts:

allenheadbolthasahexagonalrecessintheheadrequiringanAllenwrenchanchorboltusedforconnectingtimbermembers(oranythingelse,forthatmatter)toconcreteormasonrycapscrewilldefinedtermseefulldefinitioncarriagebolthasasquareshoulderatthetopoftheshankandusuallyaroundedheadwithnoscrewdriverslotorothermeansforholdingtheheadcoachboltsameascarriageboltconnectorboltaboltthathasabroadflatheadwitharecessedallenwrenchdriveholedeadboltadoorfastener,notathreadedboltliketheseotherselevatorboltlikeacarriageboltbutwithamuchwiderheadeyeboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoacircleontheotherendexpansionboltsameasexpansionanchorboltexpansionanchorbolthasanexpandingsleevetogripmasonryflangebolthasaflangeatthebottomoftheheadframeboltilldefinedseefulldefinitiongrubscrewsameassetscrewhangerboltametalcylinderwithscrewthreadsononeendandmachinethreadsontheotherendheadboltaboltthatistobescrewedintoathreadedpieceofmetal,asopposedtobeingputTHROUGHapieceandfastenedontheothersidewithanuthexboltsameashexheadbolthexcapscrewAcapscrewwithahexagonalheadhexheadbolt6sidedheadJboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoa"J"shapeontheotherendlagboltalargewoodscrew(notabolt)withahexagonalheadsothatitcanbeturnedwithawrenchinsteadofascrewdriverLboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoan"L"shapeontheotherendlugboltusedincars,notwoodworkingmachinebolt(1)Alittleusedtermthatappliestoanyhexheadboltorsquareheadboltmachinebolt(2)[littleused]sameasmachinescrewmachinescrewanothernamefor"smallbolt"mirrorscrew(bothscrewsandbolts)forusewithmirrorsmollyboltacleverdeviceforfasteningstufftowallsploughboltsameasplowboltplowboltdesignedforuseinthefabricationofplowsribbedneckcarriageboltcarriageboltwitharibbedsection,insteadofasquaresection,atthetopoftheshanksecurityboltvarioustypes,designedtodetercasualremovalsetscrewheadlessboltwithrecesseddriveropeningsetboltsameastapboltsexboltThe"nut"isacylinderwithinternalthreadsandaheadononeendshoulderbolthasanunthreadedshoulderbelowtheheadsocketcapscrewsameasallenheadboltsocketheadcapscrewsameasallenheadboltsocketscrewsameasallenheadboltsquareheadbolt4sidedheadstandingboltsameasstudboltstepbolt(1)usedonthecornersoftowers(egaradiotower)toprovidesomethingtosteponasaworkerclimbsthetowerstepbolt(2)sameascarriageboltstitchboltnotatypeofbolt,atypeofUSEforabolt,andthatisthejoining("stitching")ofmechanicallylaminatedtimberstoveboltanysmallboltusedinthefabricationofawoodburningstovestructuralboltlargehexheadboltusedinbridgesandbuildingsstudboltashortthreadedrod(butmayhaveanunthreadedcenterportion)tapboltanyfullythreadedboltthreadedrodathreadedlengthofmetalthatcouldbeusedasaboltifanutisputononeorbothendsthumbscrewaboltorscrewtobeturnedbyyourthumbandfirstfingertimberboltusedtofastentimbers

toggleboltafasteningdeviceprimarilyforusewithwallboardUboltrodthreadedonbothendsandthenbentintoa"U"shapewingscrewlikeawingnutattachedtoathreadedrod

boltdrivetypesseescrewandboltdrivetypes

boltsvsscrewsThebottomlineisthatifyouhaveafastenerwithauniformdiameterthreadedshank(aboveanyselftappingarea)thattakesanutandhasahead,it'saboltotherwiseit'sascrew.Thisdefinitionfollowswidespreadcommonuse,butisNOTabsolute.ThemostfundamentaldifferencebetweenaboltandascrewisthatascrewwillNOTacceptanutbutabolt,bydefinition,hasto.Also,screwsoftenhavetaperedshanksbutboltsneverdo.Boltshavetohaveaheada"headlessbolt"(e.g.asetscrew)isnotabolt,it'sascrew.Thetermmachinescrewisawidelyusedmisnomerthatreallyjustmeansasmallbolt,frequentlywithaheaddesignedtobeturnedbyascrewdriver.Thefactthataboltisdrivenbyascrewdriver,doesnotmaketheboltascrew.Neitheroverallsizenorheadtypehaveanybearingonwhetherafastenerisaboltorscrew.Bothboltsandscrewscanbeselftapping,butabovetheareaoftheselftappingthreads,abolthastobeabletoacceptanutwithauniforminnerdiameteranduniformthreads.Thatis,theselftapingthreadscanbeonataperedendsectionofafastenerbutifthepartabovethatadherestothedefinitionofaboltthenthewholethingisaboltandifnot,it'sascrew.Again,thesestatementsfollowcommonusagebutareNOTuniversallyaccepted.Thewholebolt/screwnomenclatureissueisperhapsthebiggestmessIhavefacedincompilingthisglossary.

boxnailAboxnailisverysimilartoacommonnailandtheyaresoldinthesamepennysizeascommonnailsbutbutthesizedesignationisbasedonLENGTHratherthantheoriginalunitweightdesignationofcommonnails.Theyhavenarrowershanksandslightlysmallerheadsthancommonnailsandsoweighlessthanasamelengthcommonnailofthesamepennydesignation.Theyareslightlylargerindiameterthanafinishingnailofthesamelength.Boxnailsaresometimesusedonthinmaterial,thewayfinishingnailsare,buttheheadsareclearlyvisibleafterthenailshavebeendrivensotheyarenotanexactreplacementforfinishingnails,butrathertheirpurposeismoretoavoidsplittingthewoodtheyaredrivenintothantohaveanunobtrusivehead.

boxwrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisalong,flat,metalrodwithashortcylinderononeorbothendsthathasinternalserrationsthatfitaroundtheheadofaboltornut.Somehavearatchetmechanismbuiltinandsomeareoffset(alsocalledcranked)asshowninthecompositpicbelow.ThesecomeinbothEnglishandmetricsizesandaresoldbothindividuallyandinsets.Notshowninthisglossaryarevariationsthatareshapedlikean"S"orahalfcircle,andotherobscurevariations.Singleendedboxwrenchesarefairlyrare.Theterm"ratchetwrench"issometimesappliedtoversionsofthiswrenchwhenithasaratchetmechanism,butthattermisalsoappliedmoreoftentosocketwrenches.Compare/contrasttoopenendedwrenches.Examples:

bradAverysmall,thin,nailmostdefinitionssaybradsarenomorethan1"long,butyoucanbuythemupto11/2"long.Theyare

wirenailsandtheyarequitesmallindiameter.Largebradsareaboutthesizeofa2dnailinlengthbutsmallerindiameter.Bradsareusedforattachingthinmoldingandareoftenusedinthebacksofpictureframestoattachathinpieceofmoldingthatholdsthepictureinplace.Thereareacoupleofspecialtytoolsthathelpdealwithbrads,calledbradsetters.Examples:

bugleheadscrewAscrewthathasacountersunkheadthatisshapedlikeabugleratherthanthemorenormal45degreeflatslopestyle.Theseareparticularlyusedondrywallscrewssoastonotcrushthedrywalltoomuchasthecountersinkgoesin.Examples

butlertrayhingeAhingethatmountsinmortisesinatraytopandallowthetraywingstofoldto90degreesandalsosnapsflat.Theyareforthoselittle"breakfastinbed"stylefoldingtrays.Oftentheflapshavecutoutsthatactashandles.Theseareverysimilarinstyletocounterflaphingesbuttheyoftendonothavethefloatingknuckle.Examples:

butterflyhingeAbutthingethathasitsleavesshapedlikebutterflywingsinsteadofbeingrectangular.Counterflaphingesareaspecialpurposeveryplainversionofthisbutwhendoneinmoreelaborateformtheyareusedfordecorativeeffectonsmalltomodestsizeditemssuchasjewelryboxes,smallwindows,kitchencabinetdoors,andsoforth.Counterflaphingestendtohavejustone(hinge)knuckleononesideandtwoontheotherandarenotloadbearinghingesbuttheitemsbeingdescribedhereAREusedforloadbearingapplication(albeitgenerallylightdutyones)andsowillhaveseveralknucklesononesideandonelessontheotherside.Thereisastyle

ofhingethatseemstobeusedmostlyinGreatBritainthatiscalledaparlimenthingewhichhasabutterflyshapeandissometimescalleda"butterflyhinge",butitwouldneverbeconfusedwithanyofthehingesthatAmericanscall"butterflyhinge".Examples:

cabinetconnectingscrewsynonymouswithconfirmatscrew

camlifthingeThereareatleasttwotypesofcamlifthinge.Thefirstisatypeofbutthingewherethereisaslanttothematingedgesofthebarrelsonthedoorplateandthebuttplatesuchthatwhenthedoorisopened,thehingemechanismcausesittorise,thuscreatingaliftagainstgravitythatwillthencausethedoortoclosebyitselfwhenreleased.Inadditiontoworkingasadoorcloser,thistypeofhingealsoallowsthebottomofacabinetdoortoberightdownatthecarpetlevelbecausewhileanormalhingeinthatsituationwouldhavethedoorscrapingacrossthecarpetasitopened,thishingeliftsthedoorupoffofthecarpetasitopens.Onemoreadvantagetothishingeisthatitisatypeofliftoffhinge.ThesecondtypehasthecamliftactionbutisnotaliftoffhingeandismorelikeaThingethanabutthinge.Thesecondtypeisnotshowninthecompositepicbelow.Examples:

capnutAhexheadnuttoppedbyasoliddomeoracylinderthenadomeorevenjustacylinder.Theseareusuallyallmetalbutoccasionallyallnylon.Suchnutscanonlybeusedwithcarefullymeasuredboltsbecausethebolthastogripintothenutsecurely,butitcannotprotrudesofarthatthecapnutisraisedabovethesurfacebeingclamped.Thepurposeistoprovideadecorative/safetytypeoftoppingthatbothlooksbetterthanarawboltendprotrudingthroughthenut,andwhichalsopreventstheboltendfromscratchinganynearbymovingsurfacessuchashumanknuckles.Automobilelugnutsareusuallycapnutsbutunlike"normal"capnuts(asshownhere)theyhaveataperedbottom.Thereisamoredecorativeversioncalledtheacornnutandthereisaversionthatmorewidelydistributesthepressureontheclampledsurfacecalledtheflangedcapnut.Examples:

capscrewAsomewhatilldefinedterm,sometimesalsocalleda"hexcapscrew"ifithasahexagonalhead,thisisafasteningdevicethatis,byalimiteddefinition,visuallyindistinguishablefromahexheadboltbutwhichismanufactureredtotightertolerancesthataremuchmorelikelytobeofinterestinmachiningsituationswherehighprecisionisnecessary,asopposedtoinwoodworkingwhereanormal(andlessexpensive)hexheadboltisgoingtodothejobjustfine.Suchhexheadcapscrewsareatinybitsmallerindiameterthantheequivalentsizedhexheadboltandarethreadedallthewayalongtheshank.Alooserdefinitionmaintainstherequirementforhightolerancemanufacturingbutallowsawiderrangeofbodyshapes.Thename"cap"screwseemstobebasedonthefactthatsuchadevicealwayshasahead(the"cap")thatclampsagainstthematerialbeingfastenedwhenthedeviceisdrivenallthewayin.Somedefinitionsofcapscrewstatethattheyareaformofheadbolt,meaningthattheyarenotusedwithanut.

captivewasherlocknutseelocknut

cardtablehingeAspecialtyhingedesignedtoallowpartsofacardtabletoptofolduponitself.Thisisastylethatwasmoreinuseinthepastthanitispresently.Itisslightlysimilartothescissorhingeexceptthatthereisnopinbutratherafloatingplatethatrotatesfreelyatbothendsinsidethetwohalvesofthe"scissor"plates.Thepointofthismechanismistoallowthepartsofthetabletoptorotatefrombeingalongthesameplanetobeingflatupagainsteachotherandtodosowithouttherebeinganydifficultyintheedgesclearingeachotheritdoesthisbyhavingtheedgesmoveawayfromeachotherastheflappartisrotatedoverontopoftherestofthetablewhichwouldnotbepossibleiftherewereasinglepinpivotpointthatwasinlinewiththeplates,andyoudefinitelywouldn'twanta(hinge)barrelstickingupoutofthesurfaceofthecardtable.Thepartthatcontainsthe(hinge)pinsisthickerthantherestofthe(hinge)leavessothemortisethatisrequredforthesehastwodifferentdepths.Thesearefunctionallyquitesimilartocounterflaphinges.Examples:

carriageboltAlsocalleda"coachbolt",thisisaboltwithasquareshoulderatthetopandusuallyaroundedheadwithnoscrewdriverslotorothermeansforholdingthehead.Thistypeofboltisintendedtobeinsertedintoacavity(normallyinmetal)thatissquareatthetopandthenanutisputonattheotherendandtightenedwithawrench.Thesquareshoulderinthesquarecavitykeepsthetopoftheboltfromturning.Thereisanotherversionthatusesaribbedsectioninsteadofthesquaresectionandthisoneisknownas,andisillustratedat,ribbedneckcarriagebolt.Examples:

carver'sscrewAtypeofclampusedbywoodcarversitconsistsofathreadedmetalrodthatisputthroughaholeinaworkbenchandscrewedintothebottomoftheitembeingcarved.Thereisanutorothertighteningmechanismthatgoesunderthebench.Thetraditionalversionhasawingshapedmetalplatewithasquareholeinitthatfitsasquareheadonthebottomoftherodfortighteningthescrewintotheworkpiece,andthenthatsameplateactsasatighteningnutunderthebench,thusremovingtheneedforanyothertooltodothecarver'sclamping.Thebeautyofthecarver'sclampisthatitleaveallofthesurfaceoftheitembeingcarved,excepttheverybottom,opentothecarver.Onepossibledrawbackisthatifachiselispressedorhammeredintotheedgeofaworkpieceinawaythatimpartsrotationalforceinthedirectionthattendstoloosenthecarver'sscrew,thenoccasionalretighteningmayberequired,whichcanbeapain.Examples:

casementhingeAtypeofhingespecificallyforusewithacasementwindow.Thereareseveralstylesrangingfromfairlysimpletomoderatelycomplex.Examples:

castlenutAnutthathasaslottedridgearoundthetop,makingitlookverymuchlikeacastleguardtower.Itisusedwithaboltthathasaholethroughtheendthroughwhichacotterpinisinsertedandthenbentaroundthecastlenutsothatthenutbecomescaptiveandcannotvibrateoff.Alsocalled"slottedhexnut".Examples:

cementcoatednailAnailcoatedwithadhesive("cement")togiveitaveryroughsurfaceforgreaterholdingpower.

clevispinAshortmetalrodwithaheadononeendandaholedrilledintheotherend,sothatthepincanbeputthroughaholeandthenbefastenedinplacebyacotterpinthroughtheholeinthepin.Thereisaspecialtypeof"cotterpin"usedwithclevispins,asshowninthecompositepicbelow.Thisformofcotterpinhasonelegridgedtoholditontheclevispinandthelegsarenotbentafterinsertionintothepin.Thisformofcotterpinismorereadilyremovedthanastandardcotterpin.Clevispinsarealsoattachedwithwireringsmuchlikeakeychainring.Clevispinsareusedtoattachsmallrotatingpartstoeachother,toattachturnbucklestoachainloop,etc.Examples:

cliponhingeadddefinition

clutchheadscrewseesecuritybolt

coachboltsynonymouswithcarriagebolt

coachhingeIhavefoundveryfewreferencestothistermandmostofthosesimplyshowabutthinge

coachscrewsynonymouswithlagscrew

combinationheadscrewAscrewwhosedrivemechanismwillaccomdatebothaphillipsheadscrewdriverANDaflatheadscrewdriver.Examples:

combinationwrenchAtypeofwrenchthathasaboxwrenchononeendandanopenendedwrenchontheotherend.Theboxwrenchendmayormaynothavearatchetmechanismandorbeoffset.TheycomeinbothEnglishandmetricsizesandaresoldbothindividuallyandinsets.Theterm"ratchetwrench"issometimesappiedtothesewhentheboxwrenchendhasaratchetmechanism.Examples:

commonnailAwirenailusedalmostexclusivelyforconstruction.Thisisbothbynameandbyactualexistencethemostcommonformofnailandiswhatpeoplenormallymeanwhentheysay"nail".Ithasabroadheadforgoodholdingpowerandafairlythickshanktoprovideshearstrengthwhereitisapplied.Thelargeheadthatprovidesthegreatholdingstrengthofthistypenailisadisadvantageinsituationswherelooksmattermorethanholdingpower,sointhosecases,afinishingnailisabetterchoice.Examples

concealedhingeAhingewhichiseithertotallyhiddenfromviewwhenclosed(seefullyconcealedhingeorpartiallyhiddenfromviewwhenclosed(seepartiallyconcealedhinge.NOTE:Incasualusage,thetermisoftenusedassynonymouswithfullyconcealedhingeandtheterm"partiallyconcealedhinge"ismuchlessused.

concretescrewsynonymouswithmasonryscrew

confirmatscrewAscrewdesignedforusewithMDForparticleboardwhenusedincabinetconstruction(thesescrewsareakacabinetconnectingscrews)andthethreadsarefairlydeeptograbthesesomewhatcrumblymaterialsandcareisrequiredtonotovertightenthescrewsincetheywillstripoutfairlyeasily.TheODoftheshankdirectlyundertheheadistypicallyalittlelargerthantheODofthethreadsandthedriveismostoftenanAllenheaddrivebutmayalsoabePhillipsheaddrive.Theyusually,butnotuniversally,haveaverythinflangeatthetopoftheheadthatisdrivenflushinthematerialbeingscrewedandtheyusuallyhavebluntratherthanpointedtipssincetheyaredesignedtobeusedwithapilotholeoftendrilledoutwithsteppeddrillbitsspecificallymadeforusewiththesescrews.Examples:

conicalanchorataperedcylinder(thusacone),generallyofplasic,thatexpandswhenascrewisdrivenintoit.Itisusedtoanchorrelativelylightthingstowallboard/drywall,plaster,andmasonry.Thereisa"ribbed"versionthatisparticularlygoodfordrywallbecauseithaslittle"wings"thathelpkeepthedevicefromrotatingasthescrewisdrivenin.Examples:

connectorboltAboltthathasabroadflatheadwitharecessedallenwrenchdrivehole.Thesearemostcommonlyusedwitheithercrossdowelsorsexnuts.Examples:

continuoushingesynonymouswithpianohinge

cornerbraceTherearemanydevicesinwoodworkingthatarecalledcornerbraces,butthemostcommonuseofthattermisforwhatisalso(somewhatmorespecifically)calleda"tablecornerbrace",whichisametalplatethatisusedtobracethecornerofadeskwherethelegsmeettherails,oftenwithacornertongueandgroovejoint.Thebraceisattachedwithahangerboltwiththescrewthreadendgoingintothelegandthemachinescrewendcomingthroughthebrace,whichisthentightenedwithanutthatusuallyhasasplitringlockwasherunderittopreventlooseningundervibrationasthetableisjiggledslightlyinuse.Mostoften,thebracehasshortedgesthatgointogroovesintherailsforaddedstabilityandrigidity.Therearealsoshopmadeversionsthataremoresimple(oneofwhichisshownintheillustrationbelow).Examples:

corrugatedfastenerAsmallwavy(corrugated)rectangleofsteelwithoneedgesharpenedsothatitcanbedrivenintowoodtoholdajointtogether.Thesecanbedrivenwithahammerbuttherearealsopowerednailgunlikedriversaswell.Examples:

cotterpinAbentpieceofmetalthathasaloopwithtwoprojectionscomingoffofitsidebyside.Theprojectionscanbeputthroughaholeandthelooppreventsthepinfromgoingthroughtheholealltheway.Theprojectionsarethenbentsothatthepinisfirmlyheldintheholeonbothends.Usedtofastenwheelstoaxlesontoys,wheelbarrows,etc.Thereisavariationonthisthatisusedwiththeclevispin,wherethe"cotterpin"hasoneofthelegsisridgedandthelegsarenotbentafterinsertion(seeclevispin).Althoughtheseareusuallymanhandledwithapairofpliers,thereisaspecialtytoolforremovingthem(called,appropriatelyenough,acotterpinpuller.Examples:

cotterpinpullerAhookedtoolforremovingcotterpinsafterthelegshavebeenstraightenedout.Examples:

counterflaphingeahingeusedforcounterflapsofthetypeoftenseeninbarsanddiners.ManytypesofhingesCOULDbeusedforthispurposebutthehingesthatarespecificallygiventhisnametendtobethosethathaveashapeverymuchlikethatofabutterflyjointbuttendtobemoreplainthantheirsimilarlyshapedcousin,thebutterflyhinge.Moreimportantly,theyaredoublehingedwithafloatingknucklesothatwhenmountedflushwithacountertopviashallowmortises,theybothallowthecountertoptoflipover180degreesandatthesametimenothavea(hinge)barrelsittingproudofthecountertop,ANDevenmoreimportantly,theyfloatingknuckleallowsforsomeslacksothatbothsidesofthecountertopcanhaveperfectlysquareedgesandstillnotmashintoeachotheraswouldbethecaseifthefloatingknucklehadnoplayinit.Seehingepartsforadiscussionofthevariouspartsthatmakeupthistypeofhinge,butnotethatthishingeoperatessignificantlydifferentlythanthestandardbutthingeinthattheknucklesdonotmatewitheachotherbuteachhavetheirowncaptivepinwithafloatingknucklejoiningthetwothusprovidingadoublepivot.Functionally,thesehingesarequitesimilartothecardtablehingeExamples:

countersink[verb]Tocreateanextrawideopeningatthetopofascrewholesothattheheadofthescrewwillsitflushwiththeobjectitisputinto.countersink[noun](1)Thearearemovedbyacountersinkbit.countersink[noun](2)synonymouswithcountersinkbit

countersinkbitAdrillbitthatallowsyoutodrillouttheupperportionofaholesothattheheadofascrew(thathasbeencountersunkwillsitflushwiththefaceoftheobjectitisputinto.Therearespecialbitsthatdrillcountersinkholesandalsobitsthatdrillbothapilotholeandthecountersinkatthesametimethesearecalledcountersinkpilotholebitsandtherearetwotypesthefirsthasasetof3ormoresharpenedflutesaroundtheedgethatdothecuttingandthesecondtypeisasolidcountersinkareashapedpieceofmetalwithaholeititanditistheedgesoftheholethatdothecutting.Thereisalsoamanualversionsomewhatlikeascrewdriver,butwithacountersinkbitontheend,calledahandcountersink.Examplesofbothtypes:

countersinkingTheprocessofcreatingacountersunkareainamaterial(usuallywoodormetal).

countersinkpilotholebitsdrillbitsthatbothdrillapilotholeandcutoutacountersinkareaatthesametime.Theseusuallycomeinsetswithdiameterssetforthemostcommonscrewsizesandtheyhaveadjustablecollarsthatallowfordifferentdepthssothatthepilotholescanbeadjustedfordifferentlengthscrews.Examples:

countersunk[verb]Pasttenseofcountersink

countersunklockwasheranexternaltoothlockwasherbutconeshapedtoconformmtothebottomofacountersunkscrew.Examples:

countersunkscrewAscrewthathasaslopingpartunderaflathead.Suchscrewscomeintwoflavorsasshowninthecompositepicbelow.Thestandardcountersinkisa45degreeangledflatsurfaceandthebugletype(seebugleheadscrew)isaconcavesurface.Examples:

countersunkwasherAwasherthatisusedunderneathacountersunkscrewsothatacountersunkholedoesnothavetobedrilledinthematerialANDsothattheholdingpressureisdistributedoverawiderarea(theseareoftenusedoverthinmaterial).Thereisaversionofthese(theflangedcountersunkwasher)thatspreadsthepressureoutevenmore.Thecrosssectionofonesidemaybeahill,awedgepointingtowardsthecenter,oratrianglepointingupfromthesurface.Examples:

couplingnutAverylonghexnutthatisusedtojointwothreadedrods.Thereisalsoaversionthathasaroundexterior.Thesearealsocalled"hexcoupling"nutsand"rodcoupling"nuts.Examples:

crankedchiselAnytypeofcarvingchisel(cranksdon'toccurinlathechisels)thathasadoglegorotherbendintheshank,thesearealsocalleda"doglegchisel","craneneckchisel"and"bentshankchisel"andareusefulwheneveryouneedtoparewiththechiselflatontheworksurface.Ifthecutisawayfromanedge,orinarecess,thehandleofanormalchiselwillgetinthewaybutWiththesechiselsthedogleginthehandlegivesclearanceabovetheworktoholdthehandle.Theseareparticularlyusefulforjoineryandtheyalsoworkquitewellforremovinglonggluebeadlinesafterthegluehasdried.Ifthecrankisveryclosetotheendofthetool,thetoolissometimescalledashortbenttoolandifthebendisfurtherawayfromtheendand/orisamoregentlecurve,thetooliscalledalongbenttool.

crankedhingeAtypeofhingehasacrankinoneorboth(hinge)leavesandthatthusallowsadoororwindowtoswingthrough180

degrees.Alsocalleda"stormproof"hingebecuaseofitscommonusewithstormwindows.WhenIfirstsawtheterm,Iassumeditmeantahingelikeacasementhingeforusewithacasementwindowsincethatisawindowthatopensbycrankingahandle.Instead,theterm"crank"inthiscaseisbeingusedinitssenseof"havingadoglegbend".Theterm"doublecrankedhinge"meansthesamething(bothleavesarecranked)butifonlyoneleafiscranked,thenthehingeiscalledasinglecrankedhinge.Doublecrankedhingesinparticulararealsocalled"stormproof"hingesbecausetheyarecommonlyusedwithstormwindows.Oftenwhentheterm"crankedhinge"isused,thepersonusingithasaparticulartype(singleordouble)inmindanddoesnotbothertoprefacethetermwith"single"or"double"andthatgoesformanufacturer'sadvertismentsaswell.Examples:

crescentwrenchAtypeofwrenchthathastwoparalleljawswithoneandintegralpartofthehandleandtheotheradjustablethroughaslidingmechanismcontrolledbyaknurledgearshaftinsidethehandle.Thesearemostcommonlyusedtoturnsquareheadboltsandhexheadbolts.AlthoughtheywillallturnitemsthatarebothEnglishandmetricsizessomearemarkedwithEnglishgradationsandotherswithmetricgradations,andmanywithnogradationsatallsinceusersrarelysetthemtoasizeandthenputthemontheitemtobeturned,butratherjustputthemontheitemandadjusttofit.Compare/contrasttoopenendedwrench.Examples:

cripplingWhenanailisnotstrongenoughtowithstandtheforcerequiredtodriveitintothewood,theweakestportionoftheshankwillbendwhentheheadofthenailishitbythehammer.Thisiscalledcrippling,anditisparticularlytroublesomewithannularringnailsbecauseallthoseringsprovidemultiplefailurepoints.Itcanalsobeaproblemforanynailwhendrivenintoaparticularlyhardwood

orwhenstruckwithmoreforcethaniswarrentedforthesizeofthenail,andofcourseapoorlycenteredhammerblowcancauseitinanynail.

crossdowelAtypeofknockdownfastenerthatconsistsofasteeldowelwithathreadedholethroughitsmiddleandaslotinoneendforusewithaflatheadscrewdriver(togetittolineup,nottotightenit),mostcommonlyusedwithaconnectorbolt.thedowelisinsertedintoaholeinonepieceofwood,thatalsohasaholetoaccepttheboltintotheholeinthecenterofthedowel,andthentheboltisputthroughaholeinanotherpieceofwoodandthetwocanthenbetightlyjoined,butlaterbrokendownifdesired.Becauseoftheirwidespreaduseinknockdownbedassemblies,thesearealsocalled"bedbolts".Examples:

cuphingesynonymouswithEuropeanhinge

cuphookAsmallmetalrod,threadedononeendandbentintoacupshapeontheunthreadedportion,anditmayormaynothaveacircularflangeseparatingthetwosections.Thedeviceisscrewedintoawallorotherholdingelementsothatthingscanbehungfromit.Ibelievethenamederivesfromthefactthattheshapeislikeacup,butIhaveseenlargeonesusedtohangdrinkingcupsbytheirhandles,soI'mnotpositive.Examples:

cutnailAflat,taperednailthatisstampedoutofsheetsteel.Thesenailshaveabluntendinsteadofapointandarectangularcrosssectionandhavegreaterholdingpowerthanwirenails.Theyareoftenusedforfasteningflooring.Examples:

deadnailIndaysgoneby,screwswereeithernotinventedyetorhardtocomeby,butnailswereavailable,socertaintypesonconstructionweregivethenecessaryholdingpowerbydrivinganailthroughtheconnectingitemsandthenbendingthepointedendoverattheback.Suchnailswerethenreferredtoas"dead"nails,andthephrase"deadasadoornail"referredtosuchauseinacommontypeofdoorconstruction.

deckscrewAsthenamesays,thistypeofscrewisdesignedforuseindecks(externalstructuresusuallyoftreatedlumberorverydurablehardwood),thustheyaremadefromgalvanizedsteel,stainlesssteel,orarecoatedinsomewaytoresistscorrosion.Thehaveverycoarsethreadsandsometimeshaveasectionatthetopthathascylindrcialridgesratherthansprialthreadsthisistoresistpulloutduetoexpansion/contractionofthewood(oncethescrewisdriven,thewoodfiberspushbackaroundtheridgesandnotbeinghelical,theystronglyresisthavingthescrew"undrive"itselfduetowoodmovement).TheyareALWAYSflatheadedandcountersunkorhavesmallheads(atypeoftrimscrew)thatwillsitbelowthedecksurfacesinceitwouldbereallyobnoxioustohavescrewheadsstickingupoutofadeck.Thedrivetypeisnormallyeitherallenheadorphillipshead,neverflatheadbecausedrivingscrewsintodeckingrequiresalotoftorqueandflatheaddrivesarejusttoolikelytostrip.Sometimes,deckingscrewsareatypeofselftappingscrew.Examples:

demountablehingeAspecialtyhingethatisusedtofacilitatethemountingandadjustmentofcabinets,especiallykitchencabinets.Therearetwotypes:thedoubledemountablehingeandthesingledemountablehinge.

demountablehingeslotcutterArouterbitusedtocuttheslotsneededbyademountablehingetab.Examples:

dieseetapanddie

dockwasherAverylarge,thickfenderwasherforuseonheavyconstruction(suchasamarinedock,thusthename).

doorhingeAbutthingethatisstrongenoughtoholdahousedoor.Often,doorhingeswillbesomewhatfancyinsteadofjustplainflatmetal,andtheywillalsofrequentlyhaveafinialatboththetopandbottomofthehingepin.Doorhingesareoftenputintomortisesinboththeedgeofthedoorandtheframe,ascanbeseeninthelowerrightportionofthecompositepicbelow.Doorhingesonexternaldoorsaremostoftenmadeofeitherbrassorstainlesssteeltoavoidcorrosionduetoexposuretomoisture.Eamples:

doorleafThehingeleafthatismountedtoadoor.Compare/contrasttoframeleaf.

doorwingsynonymouswithdoorleaf

doubleactionspringhingeAtypeofhingethathastwo(hinge)barrelsthatactinawaythatallowsadoortoswingmorethan180degreesineachdirection(inandout)andspringloadedsothatthedooralwaysreturntocenterclosedposition.Alsocalled"doublebarrel"hinge,"saloondoor"hinge,and"cafedoor"hinge.Inadditiontothecompositepicbelowofexamplesofthistypehinge,Ihave,toshowtheaction,createdagraphicthatshowstheoperationlookingdownontoadoorandframe,withdirectionsarbitrarilydesignatedas"inward"totheleftand"outward"totheright(andonlyshowingashortportionofthedoorandframe).Notethatthedoorswingsoutwardcenteredonthebarrelcoloreddarkredanditswingsinwardcenteredonthebarrelcoloredblueandthetwobarrelsareattachedbya3rd(middle)leaf.Examples:

doublecrankedhingeAtypeofhingethathasacrankonbothleavesandthusallowsadoororwindowtoswingthrough180degreesandmovecompletelyclearofthedoorframearea.Asimilaritemwithonlyoneofthetwoleaveshavingacrankiscalledthesinglecrankedhinge.Crankedhingesarealsocalled"stormproofhinges"becauseoftheircommonusewiththekindoflouveredpanelsthatusedtobecalled"stormwindows"beforemoderntechnologymadethattermcometomorecommonlymeansomethingelse.Seehingepartsforadiscussionofthepartsthatmakeupthehinge.Notethatinthegraphicbelow,Ihavedrawnthewindowsuchthatwhencloseditsitsproudoftheframe,butitcouldjustaswellbemountedsothatitendsupflushwhenclosed(whichwouldresultintheirbeingalargergapatthehingewhenit'sfullyopen,butthat'snotaproblem,itjustdidn'tlookasneatwhendrawnthatway).Examples:

doubledemountablehingeThisisasomewhatcomplextypeofspecialtyhingethatisdesignedtofacilitateinstallationandadjustmentofcabinetdoors,especiallykitchencabinetdoorswheretherearetypicallymanyinarowandyouneedthemtoalllineupneatly.Themechanismthatallowstheeasyadjustmentthatisattheheartofthistypeofhingeisatabthatisinsertedintoamortiseinthewoodandthatiscutbyademountablehingeslotcutterrouterbit.Thetabispulledintotheinsideofthewoodensection(doororframe)byclampingpressureexertedbyacountersunkmachinescrewthatgoesthroughthe(hinge)leafandintoathreadedholeinthemiddleofthetabbutwhichdoesnottouchthewoodanywherebecausetheslotiscutextralargetoallowformovement(upanddownANDbackandforth)ofthescrewsoastoalignthedoorasneeded.Becausethistabmechanismisonboththedoorleafandtheframeleaf,thereisagreatdealofflexibilityintermsofadjustingthepositionofthedoor.Comparethistothegreatprecisionthatyouhavetohaveinplacingthescrewholesformountingothertypesofhingestomakesureallthecabinetdoorslineupandyoucanseewhythistypeofhingeisafavoriteofkitchencabinetinstallers.Thereisanotherversionofthistypehingethatonlyhasthetabmechanismonthedoorleafanditiscalledasingledemountablehinge.Thisisapartiallyconcealedhingebecauseonlythebarrelandpartoftheframeleafareexposed,anditisatypeofflushhinge.Youcan'tseethatinthepicsbelowbecausetheangleiswrongonallofthem,butifyoulookattheillustrationswithsingledemountablehingeyou'llseewhatImean.Theflushaspectisimplicitinthemountingpicintheupperrighthandcorner,butyoumayhavetothinkaboutitabittoseeit.Althoughit'snotobviousfromthepicsbelow,somestylesofthishingerequireamountingtechniquethatisslightlydifferentfromthatshownintheupperrightbelow.Thesecondfromthelefthingeinthepicbelowexemplifiesthisifyoulookcarefully,you'llseethattheonlywaythishingecouldbemountedisiftheentirebackedgeofthedoorbegivenanedgerabbet.Theterm"demountable"inthenameissomewhatmisleadingsinceitwouldnormallyimplythatnoscrewdriverisrequiredtodemountthehinge(seeliftoffhinge),butthatisnotthecasewiththishinge,althoughitISeasiertoremovethantraditionalhingesbecauseonlytheonemachinescrewintheframeleafneedstoberemovedtodismountthedoorANDthehinge.Examples:

doubledovetailhalflapsynonymouswithcornerhalflapwithdoubledovetail

dowelscrewAcylindrical(nottapered)metalshank(typicallyofsteel)withnohead,woodscrewthreads,andbothendspointed.Theseareusedtoconnecttwowoodenpartsthathaveblindholes,suchasthefinialonastairrailing.Someareunthreadedinthecentertomakeinstallationusingapairoflockingpliersgrippingthecentereasy.Donotconfusewithahangerbolt,whichhasamachinescrewononeendandawoodscrewontheother.Vendorssometimeslistthesetwodifferentitemsindiscriminatelyasonebeingtheother.Examples:

drawerfrontscrewAscrew,usuallysteelwithabroad,flatheadandanunthreadedareabelowtheheadthencoarse,firmgripingthreadsbelowthat.Theseareusedindrawerfrontsasfollowsandillustratedinthecompositepicbelow:thefalsefrontisattachedtothedrawersidesandtwooversizedholesaredrilledinit,thenthedrawerfront,whichiswideenoughtohidethedrawersidesandpreventthedrawerfromslidingbackintothecarcass,isattachedtothefalsefrontthroughtheoversizedholes,usingthedrawerfrontscrews.Thisallowssomemovementindrawerfrontsothatitcanbelineduppreciselysoastonotlookskewedfromthefrontofthecabinet,andthenwhenit'slinedupthescrewsaretightened.ThesearemostcommonlyprovidedwithPhillipsheaddriveholesbecauseaflatheaddrivecouldtooeasilyslipoffandmarthesurfaceontheinsideofthedrawer.Examples:

drillrodsynonymouswiththreadedrod

dropflaphingeAhingedesignedforusewithaverticalpanelthatcoversthefrontofacabinetsectionbutdropsdown90degreestoprovideahorizontalworkspace.Nottobeconfusedwithdropleafhinge.Examples:

needtoadddropflaphingepics

dropleafhingeFordropleaftableextensionsandnottobeconfusedwithdropflaphinge.Thisisabutthingebutwithoneofthe(hinge)leaveswiderthantheothersoastoclearthecurvedportionofthedropleaf.Betterexplainedwithpicsthanwords,sohereyougo:

needtoadddropleafhingepics

drywallscrewAsthenamesays,thiskindofscrewisdesignedforusewithdrywallsoitdoesn'thavetobeverystrongandthustheyaregenerallyprettyskinny.Thayarealwaysflatheadscrewssoastobeflushwiththedrywallsurface,andtheyarecountersunkinacurvedfashion(oftencalleda"bugle"head)soastonotabruptlythedrywallastheygoin.Theyalsoseemstoalwaysuseaphillipsheaddrivetype,probablybecauseifthescrewdriverslippedoffofaflatheaddrivetypeitcouldpokeaholeinthedrywallandtheshapedoesnotlenditselftotheuseofarobertsondrive.Theytypicallyaremadeofsteel,sometimeswithablackfinishandhavequitecoarsethreadsandtheyaresometimesatypeofselftappingscrewsinceontheothersideofthedrywalltheyhavetogointoastudforthesamereason,theyoftenhaveaverysharppointiftheyarenotselftapping.Unlikemorenormalwoodscrewstheouterdiamerofthethreadsonthesescrewsislargerthantheunthreadedshank.Compare/contrasttoparticleboardscrewandseealsoreversethreaddrywallscrew.Examples:

edgemountedForahingeleaf,thismeansthattheleafismounted(withorwithoutamortise)intotheedge,asopposedtothebackortheface,ofthedoorandframethatitismountedon.Compare/contrasttofacemounted.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.

edgemountedhingeAnyhingeusesedgemountingonbothofthe(hinge)leaves.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.Compare/contrasttofacemountedhinge.

elevatorboltAboltthatisusuallysimilartoacarriageboltinthatithasthesquaretoptotheshankandnoslottingorotherdrivemechanismatthetopofthehead,butunlikethecarriagebolt,theelevatorbolthasaverywidethinheadthatpresentsalotofsurfaceareaforgripping,butalowprofilesoastonotpresentmuchofanobstructionabovethesurface.Thereareothervariations,mostnotablyonethathastriangluarprotrusionsgoingdownfromtheheadtogripthewoodandpreventturning(thisvarietydoesnothavethesquaresectionatthetopoftheshank),andanotherformthatsimplyomitsthesquaresection,althoughonthisone,it'snotcleartomehowitisthattheheadiskeptfromrotatingwhilethenutistightened.Examples:

endnailingInsertinganaildirectlyinto(thatis,perpendicularto)thelongdirectionofamember.Thisisgenerallyapoortechniquebecausenailsdonotholdwellwhendrivendirectlyintoendgrain.Whenanailisdriventhroughthefaceofoneplankandintotheendgrainofasupportpost,it'satossupwhetheritshouldbecalledendnailingorfacenailing,thoughthepreferenceseemstobeendnailing,withfacenailingbeingmoreoftenusedwhennailingtogethertwoparallelplanksorwhennailingthroughafaceandintoaside.Compare/contrasttotoenailingandfacenailing.Example:

endplayInahinge,thisistheamountofmovementthata(hinge)leafcanmakeperpendiculartothe(hinge)barrel.Seehingedimensions.

EuropeanhingeAlsoknownas"cuphinge"and"Europeanconcealedhinge",theseareofadesignquitedifferentfrommore"normal"hinges.Theyhave2parts,thehingecupandarmasonepartandthemountingplateastheotherpart.Thedoorsideisfixedwiththe"cup",whichfitsinaroundmortiseinsidethedoorandisheldwithscrewsthatgothroughwingsthatcomeoutofthesidesofthecupmechanism.Thecabinetsideusesthe"mountingplate"whichcanbeadjustedhorizontallyandverticallysoyoucaneasilyalignarowofdoors.Therearetwotypesofthesehinges,oneforfaceframedoorsandoneforframelessdoors.Theyarefullyconcealedhingesandareverypopularforcabinetdoorsinkitchensandentertainmentcenters.Theyarealsosprungtocloseautomatically,sonocatchisrequiredattheclosingedgeofthedoor.Theyarealsoatypeofzeroclearancehinge.Examples:

expansionanchorboltavarietyofanchorboltthathastwoparts,theboltitself,andanexpansioncylinderthatisplacedinaholedrilledintomasonry.Astheboltistightened,theexpansionpartexpandsoutwardagainstthesidesoftheholethusprovidingastrongpressurefit.Unliketheotherformofanchorbolt(whichisan"L"shapedboltthatisputintoconcretebeforeitsets),thistypeisalsousedforhorizontalapplications(inthesideofamasonrywall,forexample).Asimilarfastenerpairisalagscrewwithalagscrewshield.Fordirectfasteningtomasonry(withoutasleeve)seemasonryscrew.Examples:

externaltoothlockwasherAlockwasherforwhichthelockingmechanismisasetofteetharoundtheouterrimofwhatwouldotherwisebeaflatwasher.Thistype,ascontrastedtoaninternaltoothlockwasher,hasgreaterholdingpower,butcanmarthesurface(oftheobjectbeingclamped)whereitshows.Examples:

eyeboltAboltthathasaringofmetal(the"eye")ontopinsteadofanormalbolthead.Theseareusedforvariouskindsoftiedowns,witharopeorwiregoingthroughthering.Thereisanalmostidenticalconstructthathasataperedend(andisusedinwood)thatiscalledaneyelagscrew(and,technicallyincorrectly,alsocalledan"eyelagbolt"eventhoughit'sascrew).Theseconstructsmayormaynothaveashoulder.

eyehook(alsocalled"eyescrew")Ametalrod,mostcommonlysteel,thatisthreadedononeendandbentintoacircleontheotherend.Thedeviceisscrewedintoawallorothersupportstructureandusedforhangingthings.Itisparticularlyusefulforthreadingastringorropethroughanumberofthemsothatthingscanbehungfromordrapedontherope.Whentheseconstructsarefairlylarge,andparticularlywhentheeyeisacontinuouspiece,theyaremorenormallycalledeyelagscrews.Examples:

eyelagsynonymouswitheyelagscrew

eyelagboltAcommonlyusednameforwhatisalso,andmorecorrectly,calledaneyelagscrew

eyelagscrewAconstructidenticaltoaneyeboltexceptthatithasataperedend(makingitascrewratherthanabolt,andunlikeitsnamesaketheeyebolt,itisreallyascrewnotabolteventhoughithasauniform(nottapered)shank(butitISpointedontheend).Anotherwayoflookingatitisthatitisalagscrewwitharingforahead.Iftheseconstructsarefairlysmallandhaveadiscontinuousring(andsometimesevenwithacontinuousring)theyarecalledeyehooksoreyescrews.Inpractice,thedistinctionbetweeneyehookandeyelagscrewseemstobevaguetononexistentbutthename"lag"usuallyimpliesthelarger/thickerversionandtheterm"hook"generallyimpliesthethattheeyeisadiscontinuouspiece,justbentfromtheshank.ThenamesaresointerchangeablethatIhavethe

itemsincludedinthecompositepicbelowarewhatIthinkSHOULDbecalledeyehooks.TheseconstructsmayormaynothaveashoulderbutmostcommonlytheydobecauseotherwiseyoumightturnthemafterthenhaveenteredthematerialallthewayandthuscreateacirculargougeinthesurfaceTheyaremostcommonlysteel.Examples:

eyescrewsynonymouswitheyehook

facemountedForahingeleafthismeanthatitismountedonthefaceorback,asopposedtotheedge,ofthedoorandframetowhichitisattached.Itmayormaynothaveanymortises.Nottobeconfusedwithsurfacemounted.Compare/contrasttoedgemounted.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.

facemountedhingeAnyhingeusesfacemountingonbothofthe(hinge)leaves.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.Compare/contrasttoedgemountedhinge.

facenailingInsertinganaildirectlyinto(thatis,perpendicularto)thefaceofaplank.Whenanailisdriventhroughthefaceofoneplankandintotheendgrainofasupportpost,it'satossupwhetheritshouldbecalledendnailingorfacenailing,thoughthepreferenceseemstobeendnailing,withfacenailingbeingmoreoftenusedwhennailingtogethertwoparallelplanksorwhennailingthroughafaceandintoaside.Compare/contrasttotoenailingandendnailing.Example:

fastenerAsoliddevice(thatis,notanadhesive)usedtojointwoobjectstogether.Belowisalistoftheonesmostcommonlyusedinwoodworking,withlinkstotheirentriesinthisglossary.Severalofthesehavemanysubtypesthatarediscussedwiththeindividualterms.NOTE:INCOMPLETESECTIONsomeofthetermsbelowarenotyetdefinedinthisglossary

bradboltcorrugatedfastenerhingenailpinrivetscrewstapletackwasherother???

fastpinhingeAhingeinwhichthehingepinisfastenedpermanentlyinplaceasopposedtobeingaremovablecylinder,asitisin,forexample,adoorhinge."fast"inthisinstancedoesnotmeanspeedy,itmeanspermanentandinfactanothernameforthisis"fixedpinhinge".Foranexampleofafastpinhinge,seebarrelhinge(type#2).Compare/contrasttoloosepinhinge.

fenderwasherAwasherthatisverylikeacommonflatwasherexceptthatithasanODthatissomethinglike4or5timestheIDratherthanthe2timesofanormalflatwasher.Thepurposeoffenderwashersistodistributethepressureofthescreworboltheadfarwiderthanisthecasewithanormalwasherfenderwashersaredesignedforusewithverythinmaterial(hey,likethefenderofacar!).Thereisanextrathick,heavydutyversionofthesethatareusedforheavyconstuctionandarecalled"dockwashers".Examples:

finishingnailAslendernailwithasmall,semisphericalhead,whichisusedwithtrimandmoldingandinplaceswherenailholesmustbeverysmall.Itiscalleda"finishing"nailbecause(1)itisusedinfinishcarpentry(thisistheoriginalsourceofthename)and(2)itisusedinplaceswherethefinishofapieceshows,anditisimportanttouseasmallheadednailsothatitisunobtrusiveand/orcanbeunobtrusivelycoveredwithwoodputtyandfinishedtoblendinwiththesurroundingsurface.Ithasthesignificantdisadvantageofpoorholdingpowerbecauseofthesmallhead,soisnotusedinsituationswhereholdingpowermattersmuch.Also,itisthinnerrelativetoitslengththanasamelengthcommonnailbutissoldusingthesame"penny"designationbasedonLENGTH(ratherthanthesamenumberofnailsperunitprice)asthecommonnailofthesamelength.SO...a6pennyfinishingnailwillhavethesamelengthasa6pennycommonnailbutwillweighconsiderablylessbecauseitismuchthinner(alittlethinnnereventhanaboxnailofthesamelength).Thereisacorrespondingversionofthisforscrews,thetrimscrewwhichisalsocalleda"finishingscrew".Examples:

finishingscrewsynonymouswithtrimscrew

finishscrewsynonymouswithtrimscrew

finishwasher(akafinishcupwasher,akatrimwasher)Awasherforusewithcountersunkheadsonboltsorscrewsbutwithoutthecountersunkhole.Theyareshapedsomethinglikeadonutslicedhorizontallyandhaveseveraluses.Usethemtodressupexposedscrewheadsortoconvertaflatheadtoa"pan"headwhenthescrewcannotbecountersunk.Theyalsohelpdistributetheloadwhichcanbehelpfulwithsoftermaterialsandtheyworkwellforcreatingeyesorheadlightsonchildrens toys.Compare/contrasttoflushwasher.Examples:

fixedpinhingesynonymouswithfastpinhinge

flangeAnexternalorinternalrib,orrim(lip),usedeitherforstrength(e.g.theflangesofanIbeamwhicharethehorizontalmembersatthetopandbottomofthebeam)orforaguide(e.g.theflangeofatrainwheel,whichkeepsthewheelonthetrack)orforattachmenttoanotherobject(e.g.theflangeontheendofapipe).Thehorizontalmembersofaboxbeamarecalledflanges.Theextensionsofroofflashing,usuallyatchimneysandplumbingvents,aresometimescalledflanges.Somehandledtoolswithageneralshapelikethatofascrewdriver(althoughpossiblyaradicallydifferentuse)sometimeshaveaflangeorshouldertopreventthetangorshankfrombeingdriventoofarintothehandleandsplittingit.Itemssuchascuphooksoftenhaveapartthatiscalledtheshoulderorflange.

flangeboltAboltwithaflangeatthebottomoftheheadtoprovidemoresurfaceoverwhichtospreadoutthepressureoftheheadontheobjectbeingclampled.Thesearemostcommonlyhexheadboltsbutthereisnothinginthedefinitionthatrequiresthat.Flangeboltsmanyormaynothaveserratedridgesonthebottomoftheflange.Examples:

flangedHavingoneormoreflanges.

flangedcapnutAcapnutwithaflangearoundthebottomtomorewidelydistributethepressureonthesurfacebeingclamped.Examples:

flangedcountersunkwasherAcountersunkwasherwithaflangearoundtherimtodistributethepressureontheclampedsurfacemorewidely.Examples:

flangenutAnutthathasaflangearoundthesidethatisgoingputagainsttheobjectbeingclampled.Mostlythesearehexheadnutsbuttherearealsocapnutsthatareflanged.Theflangeservestodistributethepressurefromthenutoverawiderareaofthepartbeingclamped,reducingthechanceofdamagetothepartandmakingitlesslikelythatthenutmightloosenduetoanunevensurface.Theflangemaybeserratedtoprovidealockingaction,inwhichcasethenutisformallycalledaserratedflangenut.Theserrationsareangledsuchthattheykeepthenutfromrotatinginthedirectionthatwouldloosenit.Examples:

flathead(1)Shortforflatheadscrewdriverflathead(2)Aflatheadscrewflathead(3)Aboltorscrewthatisdesignedtobedrivenwithaflatheadscrewdriver.flathead(4)TheHEADofaboltorscrewthatisdesignedtobedrivenwithaflatheadscrewdriver.

flatheadscrew(1)Ascrewthathasaflathead,sothatitwillbeflushwiththeobjectitisscrewedintothisrequiresacountersunkhead.Itusuallyhasataperedshankbuttheseexistasbothwoodscrewsandmachinescrewsandthemachinescrewshaveastraightshankandoftenhaveanallenheaddriveslotbutthewoodscrewsalmostalwayshaveaflathead",aphillipshead,oraRobertsondriveslot.Themostcommonmaterialsforthesearesteel,brass,andaluminum.flatheadscrew(2)Anyscrewthatusesaflatheadscrewdriver.Examplesoftype(1):

Examplesoftype(2):

flatheadscrewdriverThisisTHEstandardscrewdriverandwhatpeoplenormallymeanwhentheysayscrewdriver(theotherwidelyusedversionisthephillipsheadscrewdriver).Theendisshapedlikealongskinnyrectangle(likeaminussign)andfitsintoacorrespondingslotinthescrewhead.Thebigdisadvantageofflatheadscrewsandtheirdriversisthetendencytostriptheslotinthetopofthescrewheadwhenhightorqueisused.Theyjustdon'tprovidemuchprotectionagainstthat.Examples:

flatspeednutseespringnut

flatwasherThemostcommontypeofwasher,theflatwasherisasimplediskofmaterial,normallymetal,andisdesignedtodistributethepressurefromtheheadofaboltorscrewacrossmoreofthesurface(intowhichthefastenerisbeingput)thanwouldbecoveredbyjusttheheadofthefastener.Compare/contrasttofenderwasherandsplitringlockwasher.Thereisasquareversionofthiscalled,notverysurprizingly,thesquarewasherExamples:

floorCloserAlsoknownasaspringpivot,thisisaspringloadeddoorclosingdevicethatisinstalledinarecessinthefloorbelowapivothingeinordertoregulateandcontroltheopeningandclosingofthedoor.Thesehaveaheavyspringwhichisattachedtothepivotpinwhereitcomesdownintotheflooranditinturnisrigidlyattachedinsidethebottomofthedoor.

flushcrankedhingeAspecialtytypeofsinglecrankedhingethathasacutoutintheframeleafsothataninsetcabinetdoorcanswingafull180degreesandbeflushwiththefaceframebothwhenopenandwhenclosed.Actually,ImayhavebeenhastyinacceptingthisdefinitionsinceIfindthattherareinfactsomedoublecrankedhingesthataretheflushtype.Theylooklikethesomeoftheonesinthecompositepicbelowexceptthatthetonguelikeleafalsohasadogleg.Examples:

flushhingeYoumightthinkfromthenamethatthishassomethingtodowithahingebeingflushmountedwithamortiseinthedoorortheframe,butquitetheopposite,whatitreallyisisatypeofedgemountedhingethatisalsoasurfacemountedhinge.Thatis,itismountedontheedgeofthedoorandframeandwithnomortiseintheeither.Ithaswhatamountstobeingamortise(generallyreferredtoasa"recess"inthiscase)inoneoftheleaves(whichisgenerallymountedastheframeleaf)intowhichtheotherleaffitswhenthedoorisclosedsoastoprovideonlyasinglehingeleaf'swidthofopeningbetweenthedoorandtheframe.Theyareusedasedgemountedhingesinanycabinetdoorsthatdon'tneedtohaveareallytightfitbetweentheframeandthebackedgeofthedoor.Ratherthanbeing"flushmounted"inthesenseofbeingmortised,thistypeofhingeavoidstheneedforamortiseinthedoorortheframe.Generally,thesearenotusedforheavyloadbearingapplications.Examples:

needtoaddflushhingepics

flushwasherAwasherthatislikeaflatwasherexceptthatthecenterispresseddownintoaconeshapetoconformtotheundersideofacountersunkscrewandtherimactstospreadtheloadoutalotmorethanisthecasewithacountersunkheadalone.Compare/contrasttofinishwasher.Examples:

foldingscreenhingeThisisatypeofhingethatisfunctionallysimilartothedoubleactionspringhingeinthatitallows360degreesofmovement,butitislighterweightandhasnospringsbecauseitisdesignedtoallowafoldingscreentoberepositionedbutnotactuallyswungbackandforththewaycafedooris,forexample.Thatis,thefoldingscreenhingeisnotreallyaloadbearinghingeatall.Likethedoubleactionspringhingeithas,effectively,threeleavesandtwobarrels,butitisasomewhatmorecomplexlayoutandlessstrengthasyoucanseeinthepicsbelow.Examples:

foldingtablehingesynonymouswithbutlertrayhinge[actually,thereareseveraltypesofhingesthatcouldwellbeusedinfolduptabletops,buttheyeachhavetheirownnames]

frameboltAnilldefinedtermthatseemstorefermostoftentoflangeboltsasusedinframing,withbedframes,inautomobiles,etc.butalsoisusedtodesignateothertypesofboltswhentheyareusedinframingapplications.Inotherwords,thisseemstobealooselydefinedtermbasedontheUSEofabolt,notthestyleoftheboltitself.

framelessdoorAdoorforaframelesscabinet.Thesedoorsarealwaysoverlaydoorsratherthaninsetdoors(seefaceframedoorsforfurtherdiscussion)becauseinsetdoorsinaframelesscabinetwouldgivethetotalconstructquiteanunattractivelook.Compare/contrasttofaceframedoor.Examples:

framinghammerSimilartoaheavyclawhammerbutwithtwodifferences.First,theclawisstraightratherthancurvedwhichallowsittobemoreeasilyusedasacrowbar.Second,theheadhasawafflelikecrosshatchingandframingnailshaveasimilarcrosshatchingonthetopoftheirheads,thusprovidingastrikingsurfacebetweenhammerandnailthatisfarlesslikelytoslipoffthanoftenhappenswhenanormalsmoothtopcommonnailisstuckwithaclawhammer(whichhasasmoothface).Thecrosshatchingontheheadofthistypehammerdoestendtomarthewood,butsinceitisframing,itwillbecoveredupandthemarringwon'tbeseen.Someframinghammershaveamagnetizedslotalongthetopedgeofthestrikingsurfacetoholdanail.Thisallowsthenailtobeplacedanddrivenquicklywithjustonehand.Framinghammersaregoingthewayofthedodobirdnowthatnailgunshavetakenoverinframingwork.Examples:

framingnailAcommonnailthathasbeencrosshatchedacrossthetopofitsheadsothatwhenstruckbyaframinghammer(whichhasacrosshatchedheadface)theblowwillbeveryunlikelytoresultinthehammerheadslippingoffofthenailhead.Framingnailsaregoingthewayofthedodobirdsincetheadventofnailguns,whichareMUCHfasterthanaframinghammerandnail,andthenailsinthenailgunsdon'tneedthecrosshatchedheadofthetrueframingnail.Infact,thetrueframingnailasdescribedhereisSOrarethatIwasunabletofindevenonepicofitanywhereanywhereontheInternet.TheoneexampleIcouldfindwasadrawing,notapicofanactualnail,butitdoesshowcorrectlywhattheylooklike:

framingscrewAvaguetermthatseemstobeappliedtoanyscrew,regardlessoftype,ifitisusedinaframingapplication.

FrenchcleatAsimple,strongmountingmechanismforwallcabinets(ormostanyheavywallmountedobjectthathas,orthatcanbemadetohave,aflatback).The"cleat"isnothingmorethanabeveledplankthatismountedtothewallstudsandthatthenprovidesalong"hook"onwhichtohangtheflatbackedobject,asshownintheexamplebelow.Acorrsponding"hook"plank(alsobeveled)isglued/screwedontothetopbackoftheobjecttobehung.

needtoaddfrenchcleatpics

frictionhingeAnyhingethathasafrictionmechanisminthe(hinge)barrelthatcausesfrictionbetweenthe(hinge)knucklestokeepadooropenatanyfixedposition.Althoughawellbalancedbutthingewillallowadoortositatanyposition,astrongbreezewillmovethedoorunlessthehingeisafrictionhingeandthenitwilltakealittlemoreforcetomovethedoor.

fullmortisehingeAnyhingethathasbothofits(hinge)leavessittinginmortisesratherthanbeingsurfacemounted.Leavesthatsitinmortisesareflushwiththesurfacethattheyarein,sothattheydonotgetinthewayofthedoorclosing.Compare/contrasttofullsurfacehinge.

fullsurfacehingeAnyhingethathasbothofits(hinge)leavessurfacemountedratherthansittinginmortises.Leavesthataresurfacemountedcan,dependingonwheretheyaremounted,interferewiththeclosingofadoor,orattheveryleastrequireagapthatwouldnotberequirediftheyweremortised.Theadvantageofsurfacemountedleavesisverysimple...youdon'thavetocreateamortise.Compare/contrasttofullmortisehinges.

fullwraparoundhingeAtypeofhingethatwrapsaroundboththeedgeandthebackofbothadoorandthefaceframeonaninsetfaceframecabinet.Itprovidesstrengthandafull180degreeopeningrange.YouCOULDdothesamejobwithabutthingebutyou'dhavetoputscrewsonlyintotheedgeofeachwhereasthefullwraparounddesignallowsmountingscrewsinboththeedgeandthebackofthedoorandtheframe.Sometimes270degreehingesarecalledwraparoundhinges(andseveralvariationsonthatname,whicharelistedwiththeterm270degreehinge),buttheitemshownhereiswhatisnormallyintendedbythetermfullwraparoundhingeandthereisanotherstylecalledthepartialwrapaoundhinge.Thepartialwraparoundhingeistypicallyusedinaframelesscabinetwhereasthefullwraparoundisusedinafaceframecabinet.Examples:

fullyconcealedhingeAnyhingethathastheentiremechanismhiddenfromviewwhenthehingedobjectisclosed.Thisishighlydesirableonsomeobjects,suchasjewelryboxesandentertainmentcentercabinetdoors.Thereareseveraltypesoffullyconcealedhinges,themostcommonofwhicharelistedbelowwithlinkstotheirfulldefinitionsandillustrations.Theninthecompositepicbelowthatareshownanumberof"miscellaneous"concealedhinges,someofwhichhaveabodystylethatisVERYclosetotheSOSShinge,butthemechanismisslightlydifferent.Compare/contrasttopartiallyconcealedhinge.

barrelhingetype#1hascylindrical(barrelshaped)leavesandflatplatsasknucklesEuropeanhingeatypeofzeroclearancehingewidelyusedincabinetdoorsSOSShingesimilartobarrelhingebutwithstrongermountingmechanism

galvaniccorrosionAprocessthatcausescorrosionindissimilarmetalsthatareincontactwitheachotherinthepresenceofsaltwater(orcertainotherchemicals)thecombinationofmetalsandelectrolytecreatesanelectronicprocesswhichseparatesmaterialoffofoneofthemetallicsurfaces.Nonconductingphenolicwashersareusedtopreventthiswhen,forexample,steelscrewsareusedinaluminumblocks.

gatehook[alsogatehook]Atypeofhookingsystemmostoftenusedtokeepscreendoorsclosed.Itconsistsofaneyehookoneachendandalong,speciallyshapedcuphookattachedtooneofthemandfittingintotheother.Alsocalleda"hookandeye".Examples:

glassdoorhingeAtypeofpivothingedesignedspecificallyforusewithglassdoors.Whataccomodatesglassdoorssowellisa"U"crosssectionedbracketthatholdstheglass.Sometimesscrewsareusedtoholdthebracket,butmoreoftenitisgluedtotheglass(orinstalledasapressurefitwithhighfrictionrubber)soastoavoidhavingtodrillscrewholesintheglass.The(hinge)pinthenprotrudesdirectlyupordownintotheframe.Ihaveseenevenveryheavyfullsizedglassdoorsmountedwiththistechnique,butitismorecommonlyusedindisplaycasesandhomeentertainmentcenters.Examples:

grubscrewsynonymouswithsetscrew

gudgeonThe"hole"partofapintleandgudgeonhinge.Whenusedonships'rudders,thegudgeonisalmostalwaysaUshapedstrapwiththeholeathemiddleoftheU,butinotherapplication,othertypesareused.Examples:

gutterspikeThisisalongnail(usuallyabout7"to8"longandupto3/8"indiameter,althoughmorelike1/4"ismorecommon)thatisspecificallyusedtoinstallroofgutters.Asshowninthecompositepicbelow,thenailisputintotheouterholeinthegutter,theninsertedthroughtheferruleandthenthroughtheinnerholeinthegutteranddrivenintothefascia.Theferrulepreventsthenailfrombeinghammeredinsofarthatitbendsthegutter.Generally,thesearequitesimilartocommonnailsinappearance,buttheendoftheshankmayberidgedforbetterholdingpower.Therearelongscrewsthatarealsousedspecificallyforthesamejobforevenmoreholdingpower.

Examples:

handcountersinkAmanualtoolthatallowsyoutodrillouttheupperportionofaholesothattheheadofascrewwillsitflushwiththefaceoftheobjectitisputinto.Thereisaversionthatisusedindrillsjustcalledthecountersinkbit.Examples:

handednessVariousitemsinwoodworking,includingtools,locks,closers,somehingesandotherhardware,requirethatyoutakeintoaccountadirectionofmotionand/oramethodofmountingtoaccomdatethatmotion.Themostwidelyknownhandedtooisthescissors.It'sveryannoyingtousea"normal"pairofscissorsinyourlefthandsolefthandedscissorsweredeveloped.Forhinges,seehingehandedness.

handscrewAtraditionalwoodworkingclampwithtwolongwoodenjawsjoinedbytwothreadedrodsthathavehandlesinlinewiththeshank.Therodsadjustindependentlybyturningthehandles,whichallowsyoutopositionthejawsparalleloratanglestooneanother.Handscrewscomeinavarietyofsizes,basedonthelengthofthejaws,generallyfromabout4"toasmuchas12".Therearetwodisadvantagesofahandscrews.First,there'snoquickreleasetheonlywaytomovethejawsisbytheslowturningofthescrews,andsecond,itishardtotellwhenthesurfacesarereallyparalleltotheworkpiece(andthusprovidingevenpressure).Examples:

hangerboltAmetalcylinder(nottaperedandmostcommonlysteel)withscrewthreadsononeendandmachinethreadsontheotherendandthecentereitherfullythreadedor,moreoften,"plain"whichmeansthereisasectionwithoutthreadingtomakeinstallation

easier(youcangriptheunthreadedpartwithvisegrips).Oftenusedwithcornerbracesontheundersideoftablecorners,wherethescrewthreadedendisscrewedintothetablelegandthemachinescrewendrunsthroughananglebracketandwhichcanthenbetightenedbytheboltonthethatendofthehangerbolt.Anotheruseisinoverheadinstallationofthingsthatneedamachinescrewtoattachtobuthavetogointoawoodenjoist.Donotconfusewithdowelscrewwhichseemssomewhatsimilarbuthasscrewthreadsonbothendsandhascompletelydifferentuses.Vendorssometimeslistthesetwodifferentitemsindiscriminatelyasonebeingtheother.Examples:

head(1)Thetopportionofanail,screw,bolt,andmanyotheritems.Thedesignoftheheadoftendistinguishesbetweenandamongsuchitemsandisspecifictoparticularusesandtools.head(2)Theareaatthetopofawindowordoorinabuilding.Seealsoheader.

headboltAboltthatistobescrewedintoathreadedpieceofmetal,asopposedtobeingputTHROUGHapieceandfastenedontheothersidewithanut.AheadboltinpracticeisidenticaltootherboltsthenameisbasedontheUSE,notthedesign.TheheadboltISlikelytobethreadedallthewayuptheshankwhereassomeboltshaveanunthreadedsectionnearthehead.

headsideThepieceofwoodinajointthroughwhichascrewornailpassesonitswayintothereceivingpiece,whichisknownasthepointside.

hexagonhingeSupposedly,thisisatypeofbutthingeusedwithacabinetthatissetata45degreeangleinacorner,whichmakesthedoorandthetwoareastoeachsideofitthreepartsofahexagon,thusthename.Thepanelsofthedoorarebeveledonthebacksideto135degreesandthishingeisdesignedtoworkwiththat.Thesetypesofdoorsarecommoninkitchens.NOTE:IhaveseenVERYfewreferencestothistypeofhinge,Ifoundonepicofitandforgottosaveitandcouldnotfinditagain(itwasabutthingewithanangleinoneleaf)andIamdoubtfulabouttheneedforthistypeofhingesincefortheintendedapplication,dependingonthedesiredmountingtechniqueandthespecificsofthedoor/cabinetarrangement,onecoulduseasimplebutthingeorahalfcrankedhingeorafullwraparoundhingeorapartialwraparoundhinge.

hexcapscrewAcapscrewwithahexagonalhead

hexcouplingnutseecouplingnut

hexheadboltAboltwitha6sidedheadthatcanbeeasilyturnedwithacrescentwrench.Suchboltsmaybethreadedallthewayalongtheshankornot.Examples:

hexheadnut(also"hexnut")Amachinenutwithahexagonalshapedouterrim.

HhingeBasically,abutthingewithan"H"shapeforuseoninsetdoors.Althoughsomeversionscouldbeedgemountedhinges,

thatdoesnotseemtobeatallthenormandmostofthemarefacemountedhinges.Somearespecificallydesignedforuseondoorsthatareabitthinforedgemountedbutthinges.Inanycase,the"H"shapemeansthe(hinge)leavesaretallerthanthe(hinge)barrelwhichisabitlikeonaparlimenthingebutmoreextreme.TheshortbarrelisOKbecausethistypeofhingeisdesignedforonlymodestloadbearingrequirementsandthelongleavesarebothfordecorativeeffectandtoprovidealongersurfaceinwhichtoputmountingholes.Somethatareusemostlyfordecorativepurposeshavemountingholeonlyatthetopandbottomofeachleaf.SmallHhingestendtobeusedforcabinethinges,whilelargeronesareforpassagedoorsorclosetdoors.AverysimilarhingeistheHLhinge.Examples:

hiddenhingesynonymouswithfullyconcealedhinge

highcollarlockwasherAnextrathicksplitringlockwasher.Examples:

hilothreadAtypeofscrewthreadwherethereareactuallytwocoursesofthread,onehigherthantheother.Theseofferlowdrivingtorqueandfairlyhighholdingpowerinmaterialthatissomewhatcurmblysuchasmasonry,wallboard,particleboard,hardboard,etc.Itisalsofairlyeffectiveinverysoftwoods.Thedesigntrapsmaterialbetweenthehigherthreadswithoutcausingittocrumble.Examples:

hingeUsuallyathreepartmechanism,normallybutnotnecessarilymadeofmetal,thatholdstwopiecesofwood(orothermaterial)

togetherinawaythatallowsthemtorotate,toalimiteddegree,relativetoeachother,aroundtheaxisofthehinge.Thepartsofthecommontypesofhingesarethe(hinge)pinandtwo(hinge)leavesbuttherearemoretypesofhingesthanyoucanshakeastickatandnoteveryoneofthemisofthebasic(butthinge)typeorevenavariationonit.Theyaremostcommonlyusedfordoorsbuthaveotheruses(e.g.shipsrudders,dropleaftables).Typesofhinges,andhingerelatedterms,include:NOTE:INCOMPLETESECTIONsomeofthetermsbelowarenotyetdefinedandthereareothersnotyetlisted.Pleasenotethatsomeofthe"definitions"givenhereareoverlysimplisticforbrevityandthefulldefinitionsshouldbeexaminedforafullunderstandingoftheterm.Also,whilethislistisreasonablycomprehensive,itisnotexhaustive.Therearesomehingetypesthataresorarelyseen/usedthatlittleinformationisavailableonthemanditisalsopossiblethatsomeofthemareonlyavailablefromonemanufacturer.Ifigurethatiftheyarethatobscure,Idon'treallyneedtohavethemhere.Anexampleofthisisthe"pivotreinforced(butt)hinge".

270degreehingeallowsdoortorotate270degreesanchorhingeaverystrongdoorhingewithextramountingflapsontheleavesarchitecturalballbearinghingesameasballbearinghingearchitecturalhingeadoorhingeforeithercommercialorresidentialuseballtiphingeAnyhingewithafinialtipthatisshapedlikeaballbarrelThecylindricalpartofahingethroughwhichthepinpasses.ballbearinghingehasballbearingsbetweenthehingeknucklestoreducefrictionbarrelhingetype#1hiddentype,notforheavydutyusebarrelhingetype#2forheavyusewithwoodbarrelhingetype#3forusewithmetaldoors/gatesbifolddoorhingetwostyles,bothdesignedforusewithbifolddoorsbutthingethe"normal"or"standard"hingebutterflyhingeabutthingewithashapelikebutterflywings(butinGreatBritian,thenameissynonymouswithparlimenthinge)butlertrayhingeforthosebreakfastinbedtrayscabinethingecafedoorhingesameasdoubleactionspringhingecamlifthingeselfclosingcasehingesupposedlythisisjustanameusedforadecorativebutthinge,butIamunsureofthevalidityofthistermcardtablehingeallowsacardtabletofoldupcasementhingeforusewithacasementwindowcliponhingeNOTDONEYETcoachhingesameasbutthingecounterflaphingeusedforcounterflapsofthetypeoftenseeninbarsanddinersconcealedhingeanyhingethathassomeorallofitspartsconcealedfromview(seepartiallyconcealedandfullyconcealed)continuoushingesameaspianohingecrankedhingesee"singlecrankedhinge","doublecrankedhinge",andflushcrankedhinge"cuphingesameaEuropeanhingedemountablehingespecialtyhingeforcabinetdoors(seesingledemountableanddoubledemountable)dogbolthingesameassecurityhingedoorhingeabutthingestrongenoughtoholdahousedoordoorleafthehingeleafthatisattachedtothedoor,nottheframe/carcassdoorwingsameasdoorleafdropflaphingeusedwithverticalpanelthatdropsdowntobecomeahorizontalworksurfacedropleafhingeusedwithdropleaftabledoubleactionspringhingeusedtohangadoorthatwillswinginbothdirectionsdoublebarrelhingesameasdoubleactionspringhingedoublecrankedhingeallows180degreesofmovement,usedalotwithstormwindowsdoubledemountablehingespeciallymadeforcabinetdoorinstallationsdoublehingeallowsadoortoswingbothinwardandoutwardedgemountedhingeismountedontheedge,notthefrontorback,ofthedoorandframeendplaytheamountthatoneleafcanmoverelativetotheotherandparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]EuropeanconcealedhingesameasEuropeanhingeEuropeanhingeatypeofconcealed,zeroclearancehingewidelyusedincabinetdoorsexposedhingeanyhingethathassomeorallofitspartsexposedtoviewfacemountedhingemountedonthefrontorback,asopposedtotheedge,ofthedoorandframe.fastpinhingehasapermanentlyattached,ratherthanremovable,hingefinialtippedhingeanyhingewherethetopofthepinistippedbyaturnedfinialfixedpinhingeatypeofsecurityhingeflaphingesameascounterflaphingeflipperdoorhingefloatinghingefloorcloserspringloadeddeviceinthefloorbelowapivothingetoclosethedoorflushcrankedhingespecialtytypeofsinglecrankedhingeflushhingehasarecessinoneleafintowhichtheotherleaffoldsfoldingscreenhingeprovides360degreesofmovementforfoldingscreensfoldingtablehingesameasbutlertrayhingeframeleafthehingeleafthatisattachedtotheframe/carcassnotthedoorframewingsameasframeleaffrictionhingeholdsdoorinanyfixedpositionbyafrictionmechanisminthebarrelfullmortisehingehasbothleavessittinginmortisesfullsurfacehingehasbothleavessurfacemountedinsteadofsittinginmortisesfullwraparoundhingeprovidesextrastrengthfora180degreeopening

fullyconcealedhingeanyhingethathasallofitspartsconcealedfromviewwhenclosedgatehingeanyhingestrongenoughtoholdagate(seegatestraphingeandgateThinge)gatestraphingeAstraphingethatisstrongenoughtoholdagategateThingeAThingethatisstrongenoughtoholdagateglassdoorhingepivothingeforglassdoorshalfmortisehingesameassinglemortisehingehandednessopendirectionsometimesdetermineswhichwayahingehastobemountedhexagonhingeforangledcabinetdoorsHhingeHshapedbutthingeusedoninsetdoorshingedimensionsagraphicshowingthevariousdimensionsofhingeshingehandednesssomehingeshavetobemountedinaparticularorientation,asexplainedinthistermhingelengthdimensionofhingeleavesparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]hingepinthemetalrodthatholdsthetwopartsofahingetogetherhingeStileadoorstiletowhichahingeisaffixedhiddenhingesameasfullyconcealedhingehingecuppartofaEuropeanhingehingepitchThedistancefromapointonaknuckletothesamepointonanadjacentknuckleonthesameleafinvisiblehingesameasfullyconcealedhingehingefinialafinialonthetop/bottomofahingepin(hinge)knuckleonesectionofthebarrel(hinge)leafthepartofahingethatattachestosomethinghingemountingpositionsandstylesagraphiconhinges(hinge)pinelongatedcylinderthatisthecenterofrotationofahingehingewidthfullwidthofahingeincludeingbothleaves[seehingedimensions]liftinghingesameascamlifthingeHLhingespecialtyshapebutthinge,similartoHhingehospitaltiphingebarrelendsbeveledsonothingcanbehungonthebarrelindustrialhingeaheavydutyarchitecturalhingeknucklelengththedimensionofaknuckleparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]leafwidthdimensionofleafperpendiculartothepin[seehingedimensions]liftoffhingeallowsthehingedpaneltobeliftedoffloosepinhingeanyhingewhichhasaloose(floating)pinsothattheknucklescanbeseparatedmortisedhingeanyhingethathasbothleavessittinginmortisesnomortisehingecouldrefertoanysurfacemountedhingebutusuallymeansabifolddoorhingeoliveknucklehingeHhingewithjusttwoacornshapedknucklesoverlayhingepaintclearancespacingthatavoidshavingaleafscrapepaintoffofanopposingknuckle[seehingedimensions]parlimenthingeabutthingewiththetopandbottomscollopedoutforadecorativelookpartiallyconcealedhingeanyhingethatispartiallyhiddenwhenclosedpartialwraparoundhingelikeafullwraparoundhingebutonlyoneleafwrapspaumellehingesimilartoanoliveknucklehingebutwithveryelongated"olives"pianohingelongcontinuousstrippinseehingepinpinhingea"hinge"thatisnothingbutasinglepinpintleandgudgeondesignedforshipruddersbuthasotherusespitchdistancefromapointonaknuckletothesamepointonthenextknuckleup[seehingedimensions]pivotdoorhingeletsyouopenacabinetdoor90degreesandthenslideitbackintothecabinetpivotdoorslidecanmeaneitherpivotdoorhinge,orjusttheslidingpartthereofpivotdoorrunnertherunner/slideportionofapivotdoorhingepivothinge(1)onetypeofscissorhingepivothinge(2)hasprotrudingpinspointingstraightupandstraightdownplainbearinghingeahingewithnoballbearingsoroilimpregnatedorantifrictionbearingsprojectionhingedesignedtoavoidprojectionsquadranthingespecialtyhiddenhingeforjewleryboxesandsuchrackandpinionpivotdoorhingeaparticulartypeofpivotdoorhingeraisedbarrelhingethebarrelisbentofftoonesideofapplicationswhereadoorissetbackintheframe(relativetotheopeningdirection)removablehingeremovablewithnoscrewdriver(seeliftoffhingeandcliponhinge)residentialhingealightdutyarchitecturalhingerisingandfallingbutthingesameascamlifthingerisingbutthingesameascamlifthingesaloondoorhingesameasdoubleactingspringhingescissorhingehashorizontalleavesthatfitintothetopbottomofadoorinsteadoftheback,rearedge,orfacesecurityhingehaspinsthatpreventopeningadooronthehingesideselfcenteringbitdrillbitusedforhingemountingholesselfclosinghingeAnytypeofhingethatclosesautomatically(seecamliftandspringloaded)semiconcealedhingesameaspartiallyconcealedhingesewingmachinghingesameasbutlertrayhingeshowerdoorhingesameaspivothingesideplaymovementofaleafperpendiculartothepin[seehingedimensions]singlecrankedhingecrankedhingewithadogleginonlyoneleaf,notbothsingledemountablehingespeciallymadeforcabinetdoorinstallationssinglemortisehingeahingethathasonlyoneleaf(normallytheframeleaf)sittinginamortise

slipjointhingesameasliftoffhingeSOSShingesimilartobarrelhingebutlargermountingsectionsspringedhingesameasspringloadedhingespringloadedhingeanytypeofhingethatusesaspringtomakethehingeselfclosingspringpivothingepivothingewithaspringmechanismonthepininthefloortoclosethedoorstormproofhingesameas"crankedhinge",butmostoftenmeans"doublecrankedhinge"straphingemostlyforheavydutyuse(gatesandheavydoors)surfacemountedhingedoesnotuseanymortisesswingclearhingesameasdoublecrankedhingeThingelikeastraphingebutwithoneshortleafteehingesameasThingetwoleafhingehas2separatemeaningsseefulldefinitiontwowayhingereferstobothdoubleactionspringhingesandfoldingscreenhingesweldonhingesameasbarrelhingetype#3wideswinghingeonewideleafandanoffsetbarreltogivefulldoorframeclearancewidethrowhingesameaswideswinghingewindowhingewinganothernameforleaf(IbeliefthistermismostlyusedinGreatBritain,nottheUSA)wraparoundhingeprovidesextrastrengthfora180degreeopeningseefullwraparoundhingeandpartialwraparoundhingezeroclearancehingeavoidsobstuctingpulloutdrawerszeroprotrusionhingesameaszeroclearancehinge

hingebarrelTheportionofthe(hinge)leavesthatcontainsthe(hinge)knucklesthatacceptthe(hinge)pin.Whentalkingaboutthisiteminrelationtohinges,itisnevercalledthe"hingebarrel",itisjustcalledthe"barrel".Foranillustration,seehingeparts.

hingecuppartofaEuropeanhinge

hingedimensionsThegraphicbelowdescribesthevariousdimensionsthatapplyto"standard"hingessuchasthebutthinge(butnottosomeothertypessuchastheEuropeanhinge).

needtoaddhingedimensionspics

hingefinialAfinialthatisputonthetoporbottomofahingepintogivethehingeamoredecorativeappearance.Examples:

needtoaddhingefinialpics

hingehandednessadddefinition

hingeknuckleThepartsofahingethatmakeupthe(hinge)barrelthroughwhichthe(hinge)pingoes.Foranillustrations,seehingepartsandhingedimensions.

hingeleaftheflatpartofahingethatattachestoaframeortheobjectbeinghinged.Whentalkingaboutthisiteminrelationtohinges,itisnevercalledthe"hingeleaf",itisjustcalledthe"leaf",althoughsometimestheonethatattachestoadooriscalledthe"doorleaf"andtheonethatattachestoaframeiscalledthe"frameleaf".Foranillustration,seehingeparts.

hingelengthThelengthoftheleavesofahingeparalleltothepin.Seehingedimensions.

hingemountingpositionsandstylesAgraphicshowingvariouswaysthathingescanbemountedontheedgeandfaceofadoororframe,withandwithoutmortises.