hobbies weekly 3043 feb 24 1954

8/3/2019 Hobbies Weekly 3043 Feb 24 1954

1/14

IN THIS ISSUEGlazed Bookcase or Ch ina Cahin .1CGn. tructa Fol,j;ng Pottin@-Table -A "House' lor Cotton Reels - -Making a Small Pbotograpb FrameToys to Make from Odds and Ends -Some Stains and Their aemedies -About Two Colour Lino-Cutting _El


2/14

39"

lot-.-----'i7"i'-'---~---.---*I

Ii

ossible, as will be explained later, toary the positions 'of the shelves to suitarticular requirements. 'Tlhe depthverall is 1Hins., but this can beodified if desired. .The main measurements are shown ine front and side views in Fig, J , andther details are .given in these instruc-ons. To help you further, we haverovided a scale which can be used orte details -in Fig. 1. Note that the con-ructional details are-not drawn to scale.ote that the scale is nJil. equals lin.Read through t!'lese instructions once

-~l"

~=:'-:'::'=:'2.Ii

Fig. 8or twice to gel a clear picture of themethod ofconstruction, then proceed tocut the parts, make the joints andassemble as' detailed, Glue should beused sparingly in aU the joints and anyexcess wiped off before it has time todry hard.Cut the sides from " 0 . . wood, IHins.wide and 501ins. long. The tops 'areshaped .as shown in the side view,Fig. I. . NQw mark out the positions, on,the sides, of the top and bottom. Bothare cut from tin. thick wood, but thetop is 3@ins, by lotins, and the bottom

3 2 1

36!i:ns,. by l lins. Both top and bottare let into the sides by meanshoused dovew.ils.TheSe are stopshort about Ilms. from the front. _,-Preliminary cuts are made with a sand the rest of the work is done wichisel and router. Details of the housare shown in Fig. 2. Note that the sare also rebated to take the back raishown in Fig.. 2. A narrow rebatecontinued right down to take, theplywood or hardwood back. Thestep in making the sides is to bore hto take the shaped wooden pegs wsupport the shelves. Do not bore. rthrough, but: stop about tin. toshort" The- pegs are fashioned,shown in Fig. .3, from waste wood.The bottom and top are both cut ftin. wood and the ends are dovetaiready to slip into the housed sides.diagram in Fig. 4 shows the top bslipped into the housing joint. Taptopand bottom into positionaud(Colllinu.eti on page


3/14

FOR THE GARDENERConstruct ~ ..Folding Potting-Table

EVERY gardener is not alwayslucky enough, to have a properpotting-shed, complete withbenches, wherein he can proceed withthe operation of potting-up the plants.Tb-wre th~e described in......his artic~e will come tn ~extrem~-- .m e . tr s easy 0ma 'k -e ; c an 6e'set upin a twinkling, and when folded upoccupies' only about '2tins. width space.So it takes up no. room to speak of, andis very handy, It is just the thing for thegreenhouse man. .In making the.jable, first constructthe frame for the top of the table. This ismade or two side battens (S) and oneend one (E). These are of 2ins. by lin.-. section, with (S) 33tios. long and (E). 14ins. .leug. A shoulder is sawn out ofboth (S) and (E) to produce tbe joint asin Fig. 3, and glued and nailed as shown,or just simply nailed. 'The top is then added by nailing on tothis frame 15ins. lengths of tonguedand grooved, boarding tin. or iin. thick. ',From the near comer of (S), as Seen inFig. 1,'bore a hole to take a bolt, at adistance 2*in8. from the end. Do thesame on the opposite side.Next make the legs. Make the outsideones first (0). These are of liins. by tin.section and; as can be seen in Fig. 5, are45ins. long (A). A bole for the bolt isbored lin. from the end, and this end isthen, rounded off. The 'other end is sawnoff at 45 degrees. After makin!:i two ofthese, join them together by naiJing tin.or iin. boards across, roughly in thepositions shown in Fig. 5 (P, Q). Theseboards are 6ins. by I3ins. Take care tofix them on the propeI: sides as shown'.

._"_ -

Fig. 3

""- - - - - - - - _- - - - -.~ 45'- - - - - - - - - - _- - - - ~... - _ - - _ - - _ - _ ZlJ;--.~ _.,... - - __ 22l!"-._ - -' - - - - - ...s::;= A 1#,/ r-lLb B? . . , . - - ; ; = r 7+-_------_"_ - -...:... _ _ - 1..3-- - - - - - - - - - ..

Lastly, the bolt holes, for joining to theother legs," are exactly half-way downthe length .The Inner L e g sThe inner legs (L) Fig. 2 or (B) Fig. S,are also 45ins. long and I lins. by tiri. insection. First. bore the bolt hole, butnote this is 22ins. from the top end, and23ins. from the' bottom. Next saw off thetop and bottom at 45 degrees angle, as in(8) Fig. 5. A few inches from the top endtake out a section. 6ins. long and iio.deep to take the board (K). Havingmade two legs, join them together with,the boards (K) 'and (N) as shown.These, again, are 6ins. and IlJins. -wideand tin. thick. , ..At the top end, a short batten (1')(Figs. 2 and 4) is fixed at both sides towiden the head. This can be Lin. thickand Zins, deep. and is best fixed withstout screws.Another board (8); iin.' thick by2tins. deep by II tins. wide. is thentaken and has a slot cut into it half-way

3 f 3

Fig,5

along and half-way across. Thistake the bolt (V). This board iattached to the head of the lscrews as shown in Figs. 2 and 4.(H), another board, lOins. by 3ln., is nailed under tbe end of thtop. (B) impinges on this, andis kepby the bolt (U). The exact positionbolt through (H) must be foundthe table has been experimentallyThe legs must first be joined"middle. Nuts and bolts are the ewith a washer under the nut. Thethe outer leg (0) can be joined tothe same way. One can saw off thethe bolt and rivet the short end leftwill prevent the nuts from workinFinally, give the table a coupcoats o f aluminium paint, whichgood preservative,To fold the table up; releawinged nut. at (V). withdrawinghead board (B). This latter movesinto (0), and (N) into (P). Bothnow together, can then swing intable top.


4/14

MAKE IT FOR MOTHER

MUCH valuable time can bewasted when hunting for thatillusive reel of cotton that hasnot been put away in its proper place. Itmay possibly not have a proper homeand get left in any odd place and isnever found when wanted.This state of affairs would not occurIf there was a handyman about- to makea suitable container for the many reelsof cotton which are needed in theaverage household. 'The subject of this article is a neatlittle container, and althougb it is quiteartistic it is not at all difficult to make.Taking the form of a little Swiss chaletthere is room inside for ten reels ofcotton while in the roof is provided a

i4 0 ' m

making the pegs longer two or eventhree reels placed on each peg.As the-entire house will be painted orpapered to look real almost any kind ofmaterial may be used: Plywood is verysuitable or even one of the many brandsof pulpboard will make a very satis-factory job. How to BeginStart by cutting the baseboard andthen building the house on to thisfoundation. A piece of board 7tins.IODg,#ins. wide and tin. thick will bequite substantial and these measure-ments will allow a projection of tin. allround the house which can be paintedgreen to represent grass.- Next cut two blocks of wood for thecotton reels to stand on. The one at theback for the large reels is 6ins. long,liins. wfde and iin. thick, while the

front one 6ins_,..ong, l!ins. wide and I:tin. thick is for the small reels.The positions for the dowel rod pegsover Which the reels are slipped to keepthem neat and secure are clearly markedin Fig. 2. If the pegs are cut from tin.rod tbey will be quite strong enough andwiU allow the reels to be slipped overthem easily. Drill the holes for these~pegs

f k"-I i f4~ 1 . J, I -3 I~ - l l - l - - = - - - = - - - = - - - - = - - ~ 1

A 'House~for 'Cotton Reels,

-- '_'"_1=',,,.3

-- ---II

k- < , , - ) 1 1 : ' ":--4~I I W3---11

FI~.$compartment for an assortment ofneedles. . _Each reel fits on a short wooden pegwhich helps to keep tile contents tidywith a special place for every reel. It isnot necessary to rigidly follow thearrangement of the reels as shown inFig. 2, and the row of miniature reelscan be done away with. lly a slightrearrangement of the pegs another row.of four larger reels can be put in instead.When a lot of reels are to be storeda larger house can be planned or thehouse couJd be made taller and by

right through the blocks and glue themin unless you have made them a good-tight tit. The four back pegs are Itins.long, while the six smaller ones aretin. long, and before they are fixed intothe blocks the tops can be roundedwith glasspaper.The two blocks can now be puttogether and glued in the centre of thebaseboard as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. A. few panel pins can be driven in foradded security ifnecessary.324

Cut the front, back and two sidthe house from tin. board andthem securely to the base blocksboard. The front and back arelong and 4ins. wide', and the two3ins. long and 4ins ..wide. Beforethem together cut an 'opening fowindow-the framing around thmade from matches glued on, wbwider piece of wood serves forwindow sill. A piece of thinperspex is fixed inside for the glassthe bars painted on or matches shalf can be used to make itrealistic.The door framing is made fromstrip\vood glued on as shown in Fwith a piece of card cut to the shapa letterbox and a round-headedtack for a handle.An extra window can easily beto each side of the house before g

them together if desired.The roof section will completeconstructional part of the house abaseboard is first made for this 6long, 3ins. wide and tin. thick. Thenarrow ends are bevelled off to fislope of the Loof-see Fig: 4. 'Two gabJe ends are_np.w cut fro",Eiece of t~6ftDs. iorrg"ati1f1

wide in the centre, tapering off to a pat each end. Glue these on to the sidthe baseboard and in between thesthe ridge board which is 4ins. l2ins. wide and tin. thick. Fig. 5 shthe shape and sizes to cut this boand the top part that projects sligabove the roof is rounded off as shin Fig. 4.-The actual roof need not be thithan tin. and can be either fixed oror both halves hinged at the ridgform a small container for needlesother odds and ends. Cut two pieeeplywood 4ins. long and 4tin5. widebevel off one end of each to fit snagainst the ridge board.If a fixed roof is required thepieces can be glued in positionallowed to dry. To hinge the roofnarrow strip of canvas and glue overidge and wide enough to project a(Continued on page


5/14

SIMPLE FRETWORK

Making aPhotographTHIS frame is cut from 11-in.wood,with strips to fcrrn the rebate forpicture, etc., and the backing piecebelowit from tin. After transferring thepatterns of the frame to the. wood, cuta J I the interior work before cuttinground the outline.Double LineCut round to the double line shown onthe pattern to form the picture opening.The piece of wood thus removed will bereinserted la fer. after the glass andpicture have been dropped in from theback. Glue the strips neatly to thedotted lines. The strut to hold the frame

in a slightlysloping position is tenonedinto the reinserted piece which will beheld to the frame by clips or brownpaper pasted neatly over the-join. .:.Note that half only of the backing

SIn allFrameFull-sizepatternsare onpage 335

~piece is given on the sheet.The wholeshape can be easilyoutlined from the centre lineand the centre point given.Thin clear cellophane or cellu. .Ioid can be used in place ofglass if desired. (S.W.c.)

Bookcase or China Cabinet(Conttnued from page 322)

fix a rail along the back edge of the top. look when asembled, The dotted lineThe back can.be screwed to this rail. shows the shape of the tenon inside theThe back rail is cut from tin. or tin. stile.wood and is now fixed in place by The beading is formed by rebatingmeans-of countersunk screws. The back the edges 'or by gluing and pinning iis cut from tin. plywood or hardboard .round beading 'all round. The illustra-and is screwed directly to the sides, tion in Fig. 7 shows the two piecesfitting into the rebate as shown in Fig. 5. pulled apart to reveal the actuaf joint.This diagram, which is cut away; shows Remember to smear the joint lightlyjhe top in position, with a rail fixed at with glue when assembling. The cornersthe back. You can see how the back can be strengthened further by adding aitself can be screwed to this rail, besides dowel from the back. Do not take thebeing screwed to the sides. dowel right through, but stop, 'shortThe shelves are cut to slide easily about iin. from the face side. .between the sides. They should be cut The glass is fitted up to the beading,from tin. thick material and are simply which prevents it falling out; and a tin.laid on the pegs. Note that the bottom thick strip of wood is pinned round thefront can' be left open or can be filled in inside as shown in Fig. 8.with a piece stub tenoned in place. Having cleaned them up thoroughlyThe cabinet doors' are next made up with glasspaper, the doors may now befrom tin. or ~in.material. The upright hinged to the sides, using 2ins. heavypieces, or stiles, are Itins. wide and the brass butt hinges .. These may be ob-top and bottom pieces, or rails; are the tained direct from Hobbies Ltd., Dere-same .. The stiles are each 39in5. long, ham, Norfolk, price 11 d. per pair, postand the rails J 6tins. Pour of each are free.required. . There is no need to fit .stops to theThe rails are tenoned into the stiles, doors, because the shelves will act inallowing for a small beading to 'mitre at this capacity, You could,.if you wish,the corners as shown in Fig.' 6.. The fit a brass lock, No.IB, which costs 1/6.diagram shows the pieces as they will It measures 2ins. by 1in. and can be325

inserted ill the stile. Alternativelymay fix a cabinet bolt, No. 23, pricand a plastic handle such as 'Noprice 1/9. In this case, however, itbe necessary to fix a ball catch,No. 5482 at 7d.Existing furniture will determincolour of the finish, the cabinetmatched up with suitable stain. Tstain on an odd piece of the sameof wood before attempting to .wothe cabinet. You will then be abascertain whether it needs' brushirior merely rubbing on with a : clothadvantage with rubbing with amade irito a pad-is that Y0U can stwith a light application and gradwork if up until, tlie required shobtained. When using a brushcommon fault is to apply too mucho f course, it is difficult to removethe stain has soaked into the wood.Remember that you can mix. sothe stains until you get the exactyou' require.The actual finish will dependyour own ability, but french polgives a 'workmanlike job if yousufficient experience to tackle it.wise we suggest wax .polishinvarnishing. U~ one of'fhe .newsynthetic lacquers if )lOll waiit ahigh gloss. .


6/14

AMUSE THE KID DIESToys to Make from Odds and EndTHE a,ntics pod diversions of smallchildren are most entertaining towatch and their happiest momentsare spent-playing with the simplest items.How many doting parents and relatives,after' presenting a child with an ex-pensive toy have felt disappointed and.perhaps, mildly offended to find thepresent pushed to one side and theobject of their affection happily occupiedwith an old shoe or a lump O f coal?

' rWI5TED W il lE,HANDLE

Fig.!On one occasion, to pacify a toddler

in one other more trying moods, l'gota used cottonreel and a piece ofwire andwithin a few -minutes made the littlepush-toy shown in Fig. 1. I, demon-strated this toy by pushing it around tbegarden paths, then handed overcontrolto the, youngster.. Not. only WlJS. shehighlY delighted,but fastened on to thatsimple device with an affection whichIasjed .for many months .. The, humblecotton reel; with its, wire handle, re-ceived far more attention than thecostliest.toys. " - : '1':bis'is a type of'foy which is capable

of infinite variation. An old perambu-lator wheel, or a pair of such wheels cantake the place of the cotton reel, and itcan be decorated with coloured ribbonsor paper, or better still'with little bells oranything which will make a jinglingnoise.Theimportance of bright colours onchildren's toys cannot be too stronglystressed. To those of us with smallchildren a few tins of bright colouredenamels or lacquers will prove aprofitable investment.

5TOOliNTO HOQ5E

imaginative building of castles, ho. cars, aeroplanes, etc. Proof of suwas the fact that the boy forsookmore expensive toys for the bricks.In every workshop and in every hthere are discarded objects Which,a little ingenuity, could' be useprovide 'Playthings for the childUsed cocoa tins, bits of wire, bskewers, string, ribbons and colorags, One has to learn to viewthings through the eyes of a chil.decide their potentialities, and sh

ITEMS FIZOM TINS

W IRE . A LPHABET STOOL rlZOMA L06Elg.2

BO X WH~ELeARI20

'Durj~g tire late war, when' toys werevery scarce and their prices corre-spondingly high, a friend found aproblem in finding a suitable Christmaspresent for his small boy. Acting on ahappy inspiration he went to a joiner'sworkshep and was there supplied with agood assortment of wooden remnants ofvarying shapes and sizes. A tin or two. ofenamel soon transformed these pieces ofwood into unorthodox building bricks,and the mere fact that these bricks wereof all shapes and sizes gave full scope to

think of trains, motor-cars, aeroplaanimals and dolls.It is most important to avoid uobjects with sharp edges or projectand wood should be well glasspapto avoid splinters. There is no needconcentration on realism, as the schild' will accept anything bearingthe remotest resemblance to whatmeant to represent.Fig. 2 shows a few suggestions forwhich in all instances can be of thedetermined by the items used. (L.

"Home Chemistry. ;(Continued from page 330)producing 'carbon dioxide. The ex- prepare it free from carbonate it must beplanation of this is that the moist handled and dried in air from which the'hydroxide -greedily absorbs carbon carbon dioxide bas been removed-dioxide from the air, with partial rather' a'. troublesome process in - theconversion into cadmium carbonate. To home laboratory,

326

'There' is no need to waste thistaminated product, however. Youturn it into a specimen of cadmoxide for your stock, Place themainder of the impure cadmhydroxide ill a crucible and heatbright redness for about fifteen minOn. cooling you will be left with brcadmium oxide. (L.A


7/14

USEFUL TIPS

SODle Stains and Their' RemediesOFTEN when a stain occursprecious minutes are lost whilethe remedy is sought from thehandbook which never seems to bearound when you want it. This articlewill help you to cope with these emer-gencies. Why not cut it out O f fopy itand keep it handy. You can never tellwhen it might come in useful.Blood StainsWash in cold water until the stainsturn brown, then rub with paraffin soapand soak in hot water.CodUverOilSpread the soiled garment over a souppLate or basin and rub some carbontetrachloride in the stain. Then wash insoapy water.ColI'eeBeat up an egg yolk with a Smallquantity of glycerine and rub weU intothe stain. Wash out io . the usual way.Cream SpotsSprinkle a few drops of ammonia onthe spots, then place a piece of blotting, paper on top and press with a hot iron. ., Egg StainsThese are easily removed if the articleis well soaked in cold water before beingwashed in .the usual way. Egg stains onsilver or china ware can be rubbed awaywith a rag moistened slightly witb coldwater and common salt. Be sure not toleave any salt on the silver.FruitRub the marks with a slice of lemondipped in salt, then wash as usual.

GrealSeCarbon tetrachloride, petrol, or cleans-ing benzine are ideal remedies andefficient grease solvents. Although carbontetrachloride has slight anaesthetic pro-perties arid should not be inhaled, it hasthe advantage of being non-inflammable.It is particalarlyefficient on wool, cotton

and silk but it is advisable to test rayonfabrics first.Ice CreamSponge immediately in warm waterthen rinse the fabric. Any remainingstain will be of a ~easy nature andshould be treated WIth cleansing ben-zine, petrol or carbon tetrachloride.Indelible PencilMethylated spirit will usually removethese stains but test rayon fabrics first inan inconspicuous place to make surethat the material is not damaged bytreatment.InkRub the stains with a slice of lemonand soak in sour milk for two or threeminutes.,IodineSoak the stained article in hypo for acouple of minutes. Dissolve about t ateaspoonful of hypo in t pint of water.Another very effective remedy is to dabthe stained area with a sponge dippedindilute ammonia.LlpstfckAs a rule thesestains wash out but ifthey are resistant apply a few drops ofcarbon tetrachloride with a sponge orbleach with hydrogen peroxide.MedicineOxalic acid will remove most nervetonic stains containing iron as the mainconstituent, but failing this 'try spongingwith methylated spirits.MilkWash the stain immediately in coldwater.Nall PolisbAcetone is a very efficient remedy forthese stains, but far any remaining tracestr


8/14

AR TISTIC HOBBY

by cutting out) are easily obtainedmaking shallow cuts with a V-shatool. To give vigour to the design,advisable to use one light or medcolour, and either black or a verycolour. This gives two definite toThe paper on which the designprinted is also made use of, and maywhite or tinted, giving three colourstwo printings.To follow through an actual examof Iino-cutting in two colours, suppa design has been selected, to be band green on white paper. If it isordinary sketch it must be adaptedsimplified. The design is then colouusing the two colours in which it is tprinted, and making use of the wbase, the paper itself, wherever suitaIf poster colour is used for this, alttions to the design are easy to makebeing opaque, one colour used fairly

A~out Two-Colour Lino-CuttingCO-CUTTING is a popular craft,but- usually confined to black andwhite or one-colour printing. Yetit is even more fascinating when morethan one-colour is used,. Although, whenusing two colours, two separate linoblocks have to be made, the workentailed is, not rnueh greater than theordinary black and white design, for theactual cutting of the design is spreadoverthe two blocks. The only extra care.~~cessaTYis in getting the two qolours in

A

Fig. I-The cutting-out of linoleum sathat the portions left in-relief call be inkedand a print taken from the block(A) represents II section of linoleum onwhich a part of a design is drawn. Theshaded narfs show the portions. to becut 0111lB) shows (he section partly cut 0",(0 ) shows a CUI following the outline 0/the design, and made with all ordinaryknife(b) shows the outline cut out with ae V-shaped fino-cutting tool

(c - d) shows a complete section cut ~UIFrom theabove if is seen how a thin linefelt ill relief will lie weak. 'f (d - b) isvery narrow there will be tiuie strengthin It. But the cut (b) can be quite narrow,the .widtli depending on -the depth towhich the Vsshaped tool, is allowed /0tilt into the.linoleumregister; that is, having printed from thefiFst block; theposition of the secondblock is so fixed that- when theesecondcolour is printed over the first it will bein the-correct place.l."l~~}.Iesign,asin single lino-cutting, isbetter-unadorned. Itshould be simple inIt s tines and simple in its masses. Thedesign is cut out of the elinoleum inrelief; all those' parts which are notTeq11ired to print being but away. Thusin two-colour .printing, each "separatecolour is traced o{f,theedesign. The firstcolour is transferred to one block of

linoleum, and the second colour to theother block of linoleum. So in twosepa ra te priIIings the comp Iete designis produced,To ensure accuracy, and to see thefinal effect, the design must be firstworked out on paper in the two colours,remembering the limitations of the

Fig. Zb-c-The design lo r the green block.Ii.ts tracedshrough, 'reversed 01 1 to the, linoleum, and cat .out in.relief medium. Thin Lines left in relief aredifficult to cut and liable to breakNarrow spaces (the white lines obtained "328 .

2c- The design lor the black blWhell (2c) is superimposed on /0 (the finished design is achieved,represented by the original (20)will go on top of another without tmixing together and altering the tonecolour of either.To transfer the design, theseparate tracings are made, one for epiece of linoleum. One lino block wilused to print- all the green sections ofdesign, the other prints aLIthe black,keep tliewhite sections Clear, these pwill automatically be cut away fboth blocks. On the one Iino-cut, othe green"is Left in-relief; on the otonly the black. For ease in cutting,lino surface may be painted white,


9/14

that the lines of the tracing are moreeasily seen. When transferring thedesign on to the block, it must bereversed, so that when a print is takenoff it will be the right way round. Asimple way of reversing is to tum overthe transparent paper on which thedrawing is made and to trace throughthe back.

. . . . . . .+ ~ - - - - - - - - i +

I PII.si~(,~: ~f :, ', i:.1v. .;A I, ,I l}/ol;A I, ,+ -1 - - - - - - -f +,_ + ......

3a 3bFig. 3-A frame for priming ill twocolours and obtaining correct registerThe linoleum is mounted all a block ofwood, so that the surface is level with thetop of the frameThe block is fixed firmly in the frame bystrips of wood (Fig. 30)(Al, (B), (e) and (D) represent theposition occupied by each sheet of paper(a), (6). (c) and (d) represent the extendedpositions of tire border of the design.After the green block is printed off, it isremoved and the black block is insertedso that the extended borders of the design.pass through the marks (a), (b), (c)- and(d) made from the green block (Fig 3b)When pnnting off, the greatestdifficulty is to get the two colours inregister; that is, to get.the sections of thegreen part of the design in position withthe sections of the black. If they are noti1 register, the colours will eit heroverlap at the edges, or else they willnot meet, and a white space will be left

in between. The overlapping does notmatter so much, but a gap between thecolours should be avoided. Whencutting the blocks where the green andblack edges coincide, it is as well to erron letting the green edge extend afraction, encroaching slightly on theblack design. If the green is printed first,and-then the black, a good solid blacksuperimposed on the green will 'kill' thegreen, so giving that bit of licence souseful in obtaining a good 'finish, Aborder should be retained of the same

size all both blocks.If a printing press is being used, it is acomparatively simple matter to obtainregister, but ifno press is available, someform of surround should be built up.The linoleum when cut out is bestmounted on a piece of wood slightlylarger than the design. The surroundingframe is made larger than the block, sothat its position can be varied. When the

colour are taken as required, pluextra for trials when the black isimposed.Before the green block is rethe outside edges of the bordextended and marked on' the suring frame. When the black binserted, the placing of a rulerthrough these marks will giposition which the black block

Fig. 4-Lillo-cl/t design in two colours represented by thestipple lind the solid black

Photograph of the two blocks used in the two-colour oast house designblock is in place, lt can be fixed firmly bymeans of strips of wood.When printing use large sheets ofpaper stretching over the block on to theframe. The position which each sheetwill occupy is marked on the frame.When the green block has been insertedand made fum, and the paper positionmarked on the frame, printer's ink orposter colour is applied to the block, andthe paper is placed in position. Bypressure (a rubber roller or the back of aspoon) the green colour is transferred tothe paper. As many prints of this single

329

occupy, for the borders on bothwere made the same size. Theblock is inked up, and impressiontaken, first with rough sheets of paget good impressions, then withthe green trial pie-ces. It is checkregister. If satisfactory, the restfinished off, inking the block fresheach separate print. The printtrimmed when dry. Most papersused, but the right consistency ofpaint must be found by trial ftype of paper in use. A too(Continued 01 1 pag


10/14

HOME CHEMISTRY

these, Wood's Metal and LipowMetal, contain cadmium, bismuth,lead and mercury and melt at 6570 degrees Centigrade, so that ifdroppeven into hot water they at once melt.As with most metals, it is useful wexperimenting with their soluble sto prepare a small supply of the carboate so that you can produce other sof the metal whenever you need thBasic cadmium carbonate is easily ppared. Dissolve 10 grams of cadmisulphate in J 00 c.c, of water and adsolution of washing soda until the liqis slightlyalkaline to litmus. Filterthe white precipitate of basic cadmicarbonate and wash it on the filter uit is free from sulphate-shown bsample of one wash water givingprecipitate with barium . chlorsolution. Dry the moist substance inoven.

Exper-iments with CadDliulD SulphateTHOUGH for many centuries acadmium compound was obtaineda's a by-product in zinc smelting,it was not until 1817 tbat this compoundwas found to contain a new rnetal->cadmium. No economical deposits ofcadmium ores have ever been found.Hence we, still have to extract it fromzinc ores' ill which it occurs as animpurity.In the laboratory we meet with it ascadmium sulphate, and this is.a con-venient starting point for experiments.Oil and water-colour, painters arefamiliar with the 'pigment 'cadmiumyellow'. This consists of cadmiumsulphide and is ea.sy to prepare ..Diss-;>Ive5 grams of cadmium sulphate in 50 c.c,of water in a beaker. Generate hydrogensulphide by acting on iron sulphidewith hydrochloric' acid diluted with itsown volume of water, using a generating

Fig. I-Making cadmium yellowbottle fitted with a thistle funnel. Slipthe delivery tube well down in' thecadmium si.tlphatesoludon in thebeaker.Offensive SmellThe complete. apparatus is shown inFig. 1 and should be set up in the openair owing to the offensive smell of thehydrogen. sulphide. As- the gas bubblesthrough the solution a yellow precipitateof cadmium sulphide forms. Continuepassing the gas until a filtered sample ofthe liquid no longer gives a precipitate.Filter off the cadmium ~ulphide andwash it on the filter until the washwaters ate no longer acid. Dry thecompound in the oven. To make thisinto a water-colour, grind it to a- pastewith weak gum water. '. v .Cadmium 'metal is rather like zinc inappearance. The easiest way to preparea specimen is by 'deposition by simpleimmersion'. This term means, that byimmersing a given metal in a solution of

a salt of another metal the latter isdeposited on the first metal. Forcadmium salts we can use a rod of zinc.Clean the zinc, push it through a card-board strip, and suspend it in asolutionof 10 grams of cadmium sulphate in'200 c.c, of water (Fig. 2).Changing PlacesA grey powdery deposit of metalliccadmium will begin to appear on thezinc at once. In Ikfew days this usuallycontains crystalline plates .o f the metal,What is actually happening here is thatthe zinc and "cadmium are changingplaces, so that the final result will be asolution of .zinc sulphate with all the cad-mium deposited on the remaining zinc.To find the end point we can make

Fig. 2-Preparing metallic cadmiumuse of the different colours of zincsulphide (white) and cadmium sulphide(yellow). 'After about twelve days test afew drops of the solution with am-monium sulphide. A, precipitate willform. If this is quite white. all thecadmium has been deposited." If it isyellowish let the reaction go on until asample of the solution gives a whiteprecipitate with ammonium sulphide.Detach the cadmium from the rod, washit well by decantation and then dry it ina cool oven..Cadmium oxidises easily when heated.Place a little in a crucible and heat it.Even before the crucible is at a low redheat the metal ignites and burns' tobrown cadmium oxide. It., therefore,cannot be melted in contact with air.Mercury forms an amalgam withcadmium. This amalgam was once usedfor tooth fillings, butcasit discolours theteeth in time, its use was discontinued.Melted with other metals cadmiumproduces low melting alloys. Two .of

330

Cadmium Iodine'To prepare a soluble cadmiumfrom this it is only necessary to dissoit in the requisite acid. You can makspecimen of cadmium iodide,instance, by adding hydriodic acidlittle at a time to, say, 3 grams ofcarbonate suspended ina few c.c.warm water. Stop adding the acid wa little carbonate still remainsdissolved.. Filter the solutionevaporate to small bulk over _wgauze, then to dryness on the water bCadmium iodide is a colourlcompound. On account : of its besoluble in alcohol' it has been usediodising collodion plates in phography. It has also found usemedicine. 'Cadmium hydroxide, like thedroxides of many other metals,insoluble ill water. To a solution5 grams of cadmium sulphate ill 100of water add sodium or potassiuhydroxide until a drop of the mixturfaintly alkaline to litmus. The buwhite precipitate of cadmium hydroxshould be washed by decantation untsample of one wash watersbows onlslight turbidity when mixed with barichloride. Filter off the hydroxide andit dry in a warm room. _Now place a little in a test tubeadd dilute hydrochloric acid. Yoube puzzled (0 see that it effervesces, Tthe gas evolved by holding in thetube a glass rod with a drop of lwater banging from its end. The lwater becomes cloudy, indicating carbdioxide, and hence a carbonate. Cmium hydroxide should dissolve with

.....Continued 01 1 page


11/14

KUKLOS ANNUAL. Indispensable cyclist'shandbook. Tours, resthouses, money-savinghints. 2/10, post free.-Burrow, Publishers,2 Imperial House, Cheltenham.-------TH E MODER N H OB B Y HOBBIES BRANCHESThousands have found that moulding tne newplastic. way is not only int-erC!!iting and jn~scrucuve. but also profitable. Markets ae"om7 ana abroad are callin.g OUII: f"r well madePlastic goods,-Hore is you r opportunity [0cash in on tf'lis great dem-'a.nd l!T H E N o . I L I Q U ID P L A S T IC K IT

NEW PACK-REDUCED PRICEContain" 2 type. of liquid I 7 / I IPI.stic, Filler. ColouringP a sre , Flexible MOUld. etc.In 10 .,'erything for (p. & p. 2/.)Immed.ate p('oducclon or beauellul casting:s.Trade enqulr-les invitedL. J. PLASTICS STR'::J'R~~REGALLEYWOOD NR . CHELMSFORD. ESSEX

LONDON78a New Oxford se., W.C.I(PhonG MUSeum 2975)87 Old Broad Street, E.C.l(LONdon Wall 4375)117 Walworth Road, S.E.11(RODney SS09)81 Str"atham Hill, S.W.l(TULse Hill 879')

GLASGOW-326 Argyle S.r"",[Fhone CENtra! 5041)

MANCHESTER-IO Piccildilly(Phone CENtral 17g1)BIRMINGHAM-14 Bull Rin~SHEFFIELD-4 St. Paul', P"n.d.(Phone 26071)

LEEDS-IO Queen V,ctor;aScree


12/14

Hardening a RopeIHA VE some rope for a lasso, but,unfortunately, it is much too soft.Can YOII tell me of anything to put Ofl therope to harden' it? (I.R.- WestonUnderwood).Iis probable that if the soft rope bewell steeped in hot paraffin wax andthen hung out to dry, it will be sufficient-ly hard for your purpose. Alternativelyyou could use pitch-a form of tar-but this results in a rope that is fatherdirty to handle. . . *Blemishes' on FurnitureOUR furniture is of veneered walnutwith a cellulose finish, but there are afew scratches 011 the legs. I would be gladif YOIl will fell me what to treat thescratches with and then re-polish. (W.B.-Luddenden Foot).THE scratches if not deep, may betreated with clear cellulose varnishapplied with a fine brush. If carefullydone, it usually hide" them effectually.If the scratches are many and deep, it

would be better to remove the old polishwith a solvent-ethyl acetate, forexample-and after a rub down, re-coatwith the cellulose varnish. This shouldbe laid on. with a wide brush, wellfilled, and not be brushed on as varnishusually is, but Bowed on, to avoid goingover the same spot twice. Spraying isthe best method if one is available.

*Preparing a Wall for PaintingIHA VB a wall I wish to prepare forpainting. This wall has been dis-tempered previously which has made theplaster on the walls very dusty and soft,so that it very easily dusts off. Could youtell me the best possible preparation 10lise so I call paint afterwards? (S. W.-Salford).Ithe plaster is not too powdery, thefollowing should be satisfactory.Mix lib. Casco glue in l~ pints water,then mix the dissolved glue in I gallonof water. Apply t < : i the wall and whendry, paint over it. Be sure to remove olddistemper beforehand.

Two-Colour Line-Cutting(Continued-from page 329)

consistency will give ragged edges, atoo dry consistency does not printevenly: Some papers absorb ink or paintbetter than others.The illustrations of the oast housesshows a simple use of two colours,mainly in solid masses of black andgreen. Consider for a moment how a penand ink artist obtains his effects byusing black and white. His simplesteffect is the silhouette, which is just ablack mass contrasted against the whiteof the paper. But by breaking up a blackmass with white lines, or filling a whitespace with black. lines and dots, heobtains a variety of tones giving theeffect of light and dark greys, althoughonly jet black ink and the white of thepaper has been used.In a similar manner the differentcoloured masses of Iino blocks can bebroken up, not with the fineness of a penand ink sketch, but in a broad mannerbefitting the medium, the cutting tool.By cutting thin lines in a solid blackmass, a dark tone is obtained. By using

wider lines; a lighter tone results; and bycross-cutting, still different effects areobtained. This can be done with thesecond colour as well. So it is realizedwhat a variety of effects are obtainable--the solid black-the solid green-thesolid blacks and greens together-thebroken black-s-the broken green-the broken black and green together-thebroken black and solid green-and thesolid black interspersed in the brokengreen.A sketch entailing sky and seapresents an interesting problem. Thecolours chosen may be black and blue.If a light blue is chosen, sea and skymust be printed in this light tone of blue.If a dark blue is chosen both sea andsky must be worked out in this darktone of blue. Either colour can be usedaccording to the effect required. A lightblue sea can be strengthened by use ofblack and the white of the paper. If thedark blue is used, the sky may needattention. It can be lightened by cuttinglines across it. If the white lines are kept

332

Cleaning a GravestoneCAN YOII suggest an effieien: .'clean a gravestone whichweathered? It is ordinary stone, brubecome very dark coloured. (W.H_Wibsey).THE normal method of cleanindiscoloured and weathered SlO~to have it sand-blasted or '~washed', but both processes, of cocall for professional aid. Somesiderable improvement can be obtaby washing and scrubbing withsand and hot water. This can be folloby painting with any 'cement' peither in a natural grey colour or wThe lettering could be picked outdull black or very dark greypaint.

* *Laying Stair CarpetIWISH to lay a -stair carpet, bUthere is a bend in the stairs I findvery difficult. Will YOII advise me hodo if ?(J.M.-Dalkeith).

EACH tread of the winders shoulcarefully measured and laid oupaper, then numbered for identificaNow measure each riser and layoutthe paper plan for cutting a treadriser in one piece of the carpet. Alin. wider in all joins than requirefinish. Fray edges out and sew closmake an equal thickness, and alumps which might prove dangerouthe stairs. W~I press all seams, anany wrinkles show, damp wellshrink out with a hot iron.

narrow at the top, gradually widetowards the horizon, then the effethe sky lightening towards the horis obtained-a graduation of talthough the same tone of colour isthroughout.Great variety is obtainable in a sicolour line-cut. How much greaterwhen two colours are used. (D.Y

There is still time tenter Hobbies GranFretwork Competitiofor which prizes valuedat over 100 are beinawarded. The closingdate is April 30th. Fofree details, write to theEditor, HobhiesWeeklDereham, Norfolk. .


13/14

Make your spare time profit-able pouring beautiful castingsat home, We su pplyeveryth ing,induding ready-made moulds,and show you how, Amazinglysimple. Rapid production. Immediate res u 'its , Also otherNovel: Plastics. Good prcposltlon for both women andyou nger generation. Send 2td. stamp for excit,ing Bookand Market details. _No obllgatlcn, 'QUALITYPLASnts LTD. (Dept. H9), BRENT~OOD, E S S E X ,

Is This Sawi,nYour KittYou no cut atmo


14/14

for a house or a horse!From rough, rugged stone to smooth animal muscles-any surface,,"~y shape can 'be easily modelled, moulded or- cut from plastic,rea":yto"'e PYRUMA Baked or air-dried 10 stone-hardness, yourPyruma models can be painted or enamelled in realistic colours,as instructed in the Illustrated Book offered below, Send for ittoday and learn how 10 make model-HOUSES, BUILDINCS FOR MODEL RAILWAYS; DOCKS ANDAIRPORTS, SHIPS, MODEL FURNITURE, ANIMALS, FIGURES,RELIEF MAPS, Etc., as well as utility objects such 11 $ASHTRAYS, BOOKENDS, MENU HOLDERS, PAPER WEICHTS.ORNAMENTS AND DECORATIVE OBJECTS.

NO SKILL OR SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED.Inexpensive, PYRUMAis ~btainable from Ironmongers, Art-materialShops an d HObbies Stores.

4d. brings book from: DEPT.HW,J.H. SANKEY ...SON.L~'"

1 5 ' T I P M l'.S TER ' 35 mm,:S TRIP FILMPROJECTOR

55 ! -Post and pkg. 2/- exuo or C.O.D.* High'QualityFo.u~inl!" tens, p.ojecls pictu.e up to a r.e. x 6leot.* Plugs direct i 'nto main.. * Finished Gold and Silver. * Com-plete with Film.* Magnifi""nt film and colour film of Entire Coronatioll1/6 extra,Huge lis t of films from 11- 10 3/6 enclosed wlth projector.FOWDEN fiLM & OPTtCAL SERVICEl'Haoting.Street LUTON

N O R O O M F O R A M O D E L R A I L W A Y ?Then read the February Railway Modeller. It ischock-full with space-saving ideas, with articles byJ . H. Ahern, R. W. G. Bryant, P. O. Hancock andP. E. Barnes. This issue will be in even greater de-mand than usual, so don't delay, send 1/8 now foryour copy.~RAILWAYMODElLER 1/6 M 0 NTH L Y

Dept. H.W ., Pecoway, S tatio n Ro ad" Seato nDEVON

You can build this shipthe book,rom

' TREASUREI S L A N D 'Complete Kit1"3Post Free

This ship, the 'Hispaniola' isa reminder of Long JohnSilver and Jim Hawkins from .the famous novel 'Tr easu re Island' by R. L. Stevenson. With HoKit No, 2852 you can make a fine waterline model 19in . long. Kitrains everything you need in wood, rod for masts and 'pars, deadparchment for salls, cord for rigging lines, and.full-size working planUse the form below aod send for a Kit today. 'ro HO~B~E;- Ltd.:Oe;t~9:- Der;a;, -;,~~I Please send me Kjt No. 2852, the 'Hispaniola'.I enclose P.O. for 19/3.I NAME_~,.__ "_. ..I ADD RESS < < _ . _ _ _ ~ _ , . o < ~ . , ._ _ ' "

- - - - - - - - - -" = - = - m _ ' = = . = " = ' " m _ ' = " = : : ' - = o < - . : ~ = - : : : . -Kits of parts to make twoFully Jointed 12 inch pup-pets with con-

trols. PEDAl : MOTO ~ CAI 5 /6 ~~ :~Any amateur can maSend stamped this strong smart modeaddressed enve- pedal car for children 2lope. for lllus- S. Plan and instructiontrated list of with list of available mecomplete pup- parts 2/6pets and books post fr

9 4.N 88 WARE ROAD~ .. ).r .- ~ HODDESDON, HERW A T C HR E P A I R

& J C L O C KO U T F I T

SENIOR OUTFIT D E A L I N P R E C I O U S M E TComplete outfi t Includes explhas additionally lumlneus c.om- tory bccklee. touchstone"pounds. je.well13 r's route, 11/_ bottles, e,eglas,s. tesdn& 1 7 / idial brush,' jewels file, tweez.ersPostage and pack;ng 6d. extra Post.age and PQ(king 6d. extrMon.y beck gue" ,," te e - C.O.D. if requiredBOLSTERINSTRUMENT CO. (Dept. HW.06)10, Wesillead ChamiMon, c;..,.p StrMt, Slalnu, Mldd."334

hobbies weekly 3043 feb 24 1954

Documents