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HISTORY OF

ART



HISTORY OF ART

Generally, the art history is divided into 14 periods. These are as follows :

PreHistoric Period

Greek Period

Roman Period

Medieval Period

Renaissance Period

Age of Mannerism

Baroque Period

Classic Period

Rococo Period

Romantic Period

Realist & Naturalist Period

Impressionistic Period

Modern Period

Post-Modernism



Pre-historic period Art appeared as one of the earliest activities of man. Even as far

back as the prehistoric period, before man knew how to read and write, he was already an artist.

Some Examples of Cave Paintings

The first works of art were found inside the caves which primitive man inhabited; paintings of animals on the walls andceilings as well as the first works of sculpture.



ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-600 B.C.)

In the Archaic Period the arts manifested the influence of earliercivilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia & Egypt, in their linear,

geometric tendency and stylized forms. This was seen in pottery with its variety of geometric designs and highly stylized human figures.

Some Examples :



Classical or Hellenic Period (500 B.C.)

It is with the Classical or Hellenic Period that Greek civilization,particularly that of Athens, is mainly associated. This period marks the highest

point in the remarkable civilization of the ancient Greeks. It is also known as thegolden age of athens or the Age of Pericles, after its great statesman . As an

outstanding period of cultural achievement, it is a constant point of reference in thehistory of Art & Philosophy.



Hellenistic Period (400-100B.C.)

The beginning of the Hellenistic Period was marked by two important historical events:

The defeat of ATHENS by its rival, military SPARTA, in 404 B.C. in thedisastrous PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

a nd …

The subsequent conquest of the Greek city-statesby “Alexander the Great” in 338 B.C.

These events put an end to the Golden Age of Athens, and thethenceforth, the ideals of classicism went into eclipse. The “HELLENISTIC”,then, refers to the period after the 5 th century B.C. when Greek cultureintermingled with Oriental influences and, together with the political instability of the time, gave the rise to a new set of aesthetic ideals.



PAINTING (Hellenistic Period)

Painting in ancient Greece was largely confined to pottery, Greek pottery was first in highly stylized, geometric style, which later developed into

the expressive, flexible style of the red and white-figured vases.



SCULPTURE (Hellenistic Period)

There were two outstanding sculptors of the period: “PRAXITELES &LYSIPPOS”. Praxitelles is known best for the beautiful statue of “Hermes and

the Infant Dionysus”. He also did “Apollo with a Lizard”.

Hermes and the Infant Dionysus Apollo with a Lizard

As for “ Lysippos ”, his acknowledged masterpiece is the“ Apoxyomenos ”.

Apoxyomenos

The subject is anathlete scraping hisbody anointed with oilafter a game.

Other important sculptural works of the Hellenistic Period are the …

LAOCOON WINGED VICTORY of SAMOTHRACE

DYING GAUL VENUS of MILO



Roman periodThe Hellenistic world was absorbed by Roman expansionism in the

first century B.C. when Greece and Asia Minor were added to the RomanEmpire. The Romans admired the older Greek civilization and propagated it throughout the empire. In the arts, Roman sculptors adapted Greek formsand techniques.

But the Romans, unlike the idealistic Greeks, were a practical and

realistic people.



PAINTING (Roman Period)Endowed with a keen, observant eye, the Roman artists painted their

environment. They developed new artistic subjects such as genre, still lifes, andlandscapes, as well as architectural motifs.

These ornamented the walls of villas as frescoes, such as those found inPompeii, or as intricate mosaics on the floors and ceilings.



SCULPTURE (Roman Period)It was, however, in portraiture that Roman artist concentrated their

talents. The portrait filled an important role in roman society. It was , of course,related to ancestor-worship in which the image of the deceased was venerated.

Spear-Bearer

by: Augustus Caesar



ARCHITECTURE (Roman Period)But the greatest contribution of the Romans to Western civilization lay in

the field of architecture. The Romans adopted certain features of Greek architecture, but these were modified to suit their purposes.

ARCH of TRIUMPH ARCH of TITUS

The simplest structure was the “Arch of Triumph”, such as the “Arch of Titus”. It was constructed to honor a victorious general returning from a foreigncampaign. It was elaborately ornamented with figures in relief celebrating heroicexploits.

Another structure of a decidely practical nature was the “Aqueduct”,such as those found in Segovia, Spain, and Nimes, France.

AQUEDUCT (Segovia, Spain)



Medieval periodUnder the Medieval Period, we shall consider four(4) artistic styles:

EARLY CHRISTIAN ART

BYZANTINE ART

ROMANESQUE ART

GOTHIC ART



EARLY CHRISTIAN ART

In contrast to the Roman love of luxury and worldly pleasures, as well astheir thirst for power, Christianity introduced a new sense of values, laying emphasis

on the spiritual and the eternal-life on earth being but a preparation for life afterdeath.

Early Christian architecture would be developed only at the end of the era of Christian persecution. The first known Christian church is the old “ Bisilica of St.

Peter” in Rome.

Basillica of St. PETER

(Rome, Italy)

by: Emperor Constantine



BYZANTINE ART

The term Byzantine refers to the Eastern branch of the Roman Empire which existed from the founding of Constantinople by the Emperor Constantine in330 A.D. to its conquest by the Turks in 1453..

CONSTANTINOPLE

by: Emperor Constantine

The icons portraying Christ, the “ Crucifixion ”, or Mary as the Mother of god are examples of Byzantine artistic representation.

CRUCIFIXION

A Byzantine icon which we are most familiar with is the image of “Our Lady Perpetual Help”.

OUR LADY of P ERPETUAL HELP



ROMANESQUE ART

In spite of the vast extent of the Roman Empire, the Romans failed toestablished a stable and healthy economy. The Romans depended excessively onthe booty of war and products exacted from their colonies. Their moral fiber wassoon weakened by excesses in food and drink indulged in by the upper classes whodelighted in rare and exotic dishes, such as the amphitheater also contributed totheir downfall. Decadence and love of luxury slowly but surely undermined thestrength of the Roman Empire, and when the barbarian tribes surged into theempire in 476 A.D., it rapidly disintegrated.



ARCHITECTURE (Romanesque Art)Romanesque Art is often associated with the architectural style of the

period.During the period, strong castle-fortresses were built by the lords

for defense, and in the event of an attack by roving bands of marauders, thepeople of the villages around took refuge in it and defended it from within.

These structure were of somber aspect, with heavy stone walls andsmall narrow windows which were few and far between. The fortress wasentirely surrounded by a deep moat, and a drawbridge was used to cross it.

In the 16 th century, the Spaniards brought over to the Philippines theconcept of the “ Walled City” in the building of Intramuros.

Walled City

(Intramuros)



GOTHIC ART

The Crusades to win back the Holy Land from the Turks resulted inincreased mobility in the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Furthermore, thediscovery of new trade routes widened the opportunities for trade and commerce.

Scholastic philosophy, greatly influenced by Aristotelian thought andpremised on the marriage of faith and reason, was developed by St. Thomas

Aquinas in his voluminous “Summa Theologia ”.

Summa Theologia

by: Thomas Aquinas



(Gothic Art)

In the midst of these new and prosperous towns stood the GothicCathedral, the architectural triumph of the later Middle Ages. It was, as John Ruskin

described it, “a Bible in Stone”, to provide all people, especially many who couldnot read or write – and painting had not yet been invented – a lively visual narrativeof the Holy Scriptures.

Bible in Stone

by: John Ruskin

ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURE

The Gothic Cathedral became more richly ornamented. Its façadefeatured rows of sculptured figures of the saints and Biblical personages. Again,

sculpture and architecture were in close alliance.

A cross section of a typicalGothic Cathedral (Amiens),showing its significant features.



Renaissance periodThe economic progress in the late Medieval Period, which was brought

about by increased trade and commerce, resulted in the growth of cities and

provided the backdrop for the remarkable period that is known as theRenaissance.

Renaissance , a word borrowed from French language, literally means“rebirth,” and in the history of art it is applied to the 15 th century which is one

of the highest moments of civilization.

First, there was a revival of classical learning in the study of the ancient Greek and Roman text.

Then, too, the Renaissance saw the widening of horizons in the literalsense with the series of maritime expedition in which man circumnavigated the

world for the first time, thus proving it was round and not flat as formerly thought.

Finally, this expansion into all directions, the discovery of more trade

routes, and the development of trade and commerce changed the structure of society.

These social changes soon led to a reassessment of man and the worldaround him Humanism, revived from classical times, pervaded philosophy andthe art, and man came into his own as master of his world.



PAINTING & SCULPTURE (Renaissance Period)

In the visual arts, portable easel paintings became popular due to widerpatronage. Although many subjects remained religious, figures from classical

mythology made their appearance.

The Death of St. Francis

Massaccio succeeded him inmodeling his figures in light and

shadow, as in his “Adam and Eve Driven Out of Paradise”

by: Massaccio

The artists, influenced by the interest in science, strove for a morenaturalistic portrayal of man and developed new techniques such as the use of

modeling and shading for a three-dimensional effect.

by: Giotto

Leonardo da Vinci made numerous studies of the human body inmovement , and so did Michelangelo before painting the astounding frescoes of

the Sistine Chapel.

SISTINE CHAPEL

by: Michelangelo

The sculpture of Michelangelo, including the expressive figures of Dawn,Evening, Morning, and Nigh t for the tomb of the Medici Pope, Julius II; his

seated Moses , which portrays the huge figure, with its rippling muscles andtendons, turning its head sharply in a dramatic contrapposto .

Michelangelo Buonarrotti, Moses , marble.(San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.)

An example of linear perspective in painting is Leonardo da Vinci’s famous“Last Supper”.

In this works, the principal lines on th e ceiling, walls, and floor of the hallcan be traced to coverage at a point behind the head of the central Christ figure.

The Last Supper by: Leonardo da Vinci

. . . but his experiments in wall painting were not altogether successful, for

the Last Supper has not been able to withstand the ravages of time and the weather.



The Venetian artists, excellent colorist, also experimented woth the freeruse of color without the use of underpainting and produced richer tones, as seenin the works of Titian “The Entombment of Christ ”

Brush strokes became loose as surface texture and impasto effects were cultivated.

The Entombment of Christ by: Titian The Pastoral Concept by: Giorgione

and Giorgione “The Pastoral Concept” .



There is the Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” – she with the cool,enigmatic smile and the hands quietly crossed on her lap.

In sculpture, there are the equestrian statues of the famous condottieri– the “ Gattamelata ” of Donatello, the first equestrian statue since classicalantiquity, and Verrocchio’s “ Colleoni ”, expressing tension that borders on violence.

Mona Lisa

by: Leonardo da Vinci

Gattamelata by: DonatelloColleoni

by: Verrocchio

One of the most exquisite paintings of the Renaissance is Botticelli’s“Birth of Venus”

Birth of Venus by: Botticelli

which shows the slender goddess, with long, flowing hair, poised lightly on a shelland wafted to the shore by the wind-gods .



Mannerism periodThe Renaissance is often said to be the beginning of modern times

because of its rationalism and scientific attitude, as well as its material progress.Mannerism in arts may assume various forms. First, there may be

mannerism in subject. The meaning of a mannerist painting is often obscure andambiguous, and it may contain elements one cannot account for.

In Parmigiano’s “Madonna of the Long Neck”,

Madonna of the Long Neck by: Parmigianino

…. who is the thin man in the background holding a scroll?

Thus the mannerist artist may treat space arbitrarily or he may intentionally create unusual spatial effects, such as in El Greco’s “St. Martin and the Beggar”.

St. Martin and the Beggar by: El Greco

The painting may also show mannerism of value. The mannerist paintermay employ strong contrasts of light and dark which the subject may not necessarily require and which may be cultivated for special effects, as in El Greco’s“View of Toledo ”,

View of Toledo by: El Greco

or for sensationalist effects, as in “The Nativity ” by Beccafumi.

The Nativty by: Beccafumi

There is often found the mannerism of line, in which outlines areelongated and the forms contorted and twisted. This is commonly found in the

works of Parmigianino.

This manner of representation involving distortion had, of course,begun earlier with Michelangelo’s frescoes, including the power “ Last Judgement ”

Last Judgment by: Michelangelo

and the “Creation of Adam” at the Sistine Cha pel .

Creation of Adam by: Michelangelo

There is, too, the mannerism of gesture, in which the hands may callattention to themselves by their unusual, exaggerated, or dramatic gesture, suchas in Parmigianino’s “Vision of Saint Jerome”.

Vision of Saint Jerome by: Parmigianino

Finally, there is the mannerism of the fantastic and the bizarre, as in Arcimboldo’s “Allegory of Winter”, which is the double image of a man and a gnarled plant.

Allegory of Winter by: Arcimboldo



Baroque periodClosely following the Renaissance was the great religious upheaval called

the Reformation that shook the whole of Europe out of its complacency.

Religious leaders, like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knoxdemanded religious reform to put a stop to the abuses of the clergy, such as selling indulgence and religious titles.

The Catholic Church had the difficult task of salvaging its good nameand reassuring its members. Towards this end, the Council of Trent wasconvened from 1545 to 1563 to set Church policies on various subject, including art.

The highly sensual and dynamic style that emerged from this period of crisis was the baroque. What are its features?

PAINTING (B P i d)



PAINTING (Baroque Period)

The Baroque style is, first of all, characterized by movement, energy, andrestlessness. The formal balance and harmony of classicism gave way to turbulent expression.

This quality is found in the “Crucifixion” by Rubens, and the“Descent from the Cross” by Rembrandt.

C R U C I F I X I O N

by: Rubens

D E

C E

N T

from the

C R O S S by: Rembrandt

Both painti ngs have a related subject, but each bears the stamp of the artist’s personality.

One very important feature of Baroque Art is chiaroscuro. In the worksof Caravaggio, one of the first Italian baroque artists, light is the principal element,as in the “Conversion of St. Paul.

Conversion of St. Paul by: Caravaggio

Instead of serving forms by modeling them, it isused to break down forms in a seemingly arbitrary manner. In the “Calling of St.

Mathew” by the same painter, light appears as a single, penetrating ray, picking out details, and singling out the astonished face of the saint.

Calling of St. Mathew by: Caravaggio



SCULPTURE( Baroque Period)Baroque as a restless, dynamic style with its diagonals and floating curved

lines, its striking chiaroscuro, and its sensuous textual effects set its indelible stampon sculpture and architecture.

In sculpture , Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the baroque artist par excellence.He is best known for hi “Ecstasy of St. Theresa” done in marble with life-sizefigures.

Ecstasy of St. Theresa by: Gian Lorenzo

Few can match this work in its exquisite

emotionalism.



ARCHITECTURE (Baroque Period)In architecture the Baroque style is marked by a sculptural, highly

ornamented facade.

An example of baroque architecture in Italy is the “Church of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane ” by the architect Francesco Borromini.

The building with an oval plan has a façade of giant columns, flanking niches and recesses.



ThaT’s all!!! THANK YOU

by: NICKY ALEJANDRO

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