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HIV Vaccines: HIV Vaccines: Time for a New Vision Time for a New Vision Time for a New Vision Time for a New Vision Annie De Groot MD Annie De Groot MD EpiVax EpiVax GAIA V i F d i GAIA V i F d i GAIA Vaccine Foundation GAIA Vaccine Foundation Brown University and now . . . Brown University and now . . . Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island University of Rhode Island i i f i il i i f i il University of Georgia April 8 2008 University of Georgia April 8 2008

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Page 1: HIVHIV Vaccines - We Are Grady · HIVHIV Vaccines: TimeTime for a ... and still counting! Outline ... EEEpppitoitoitopppeseses ‐Minimal Essential Unit of Information Vaccine pp

HIV Vaccines: HIV Vaccines: Time for a New VisionTime for a New VisionTime for a New VisionTime for a New Vision

Annie De Groot MDAnnie De Groot MD

EpiVaxEpiVax

GAIA V i  F d iGAIA V i  F d iGAIA Vaccine FoundationGAIA Vaccine Foundation

Brown University and now . . . Brown University and now . . . 

Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, 

University of Rhode IslandUniversity of Rhode Island

i i f i ili i f i ilUniversity of Georgia April 8 2008University of Georgia April 8 2008

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AIDS killed AIDS killed 2.5 2.5 million peoplemillion people in in 2007.2007.

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During During 2007, 2007, 5 million people became infected 5 million people became infected p pp p

with HIVwith HIVwhich inevitably leads to AIDS which inevitably leads to AIDS 

if untreatedif untreatedif untreated.if untreated.

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There will There will more than 120 Million more than 120 Million people dying of AIDS in 2010  people dying of AIDS in 2010  There will There will more than 120 Million more than 120 Million people dying of AIDS in 2010. people dying of AIDS in 2010. 

Page 5: HIVHIV Vaccines - We Are Grady · HIVHIV Vaccines: TimeTime for a ... and still counting! Outline ... EEEpppitoitoitopppeseses ‐Minimal Essential Unit of Information Vaccine pp

Africa, AsiaAfrica, Asia, , disproportionately disproportionately affected . . .affected . . .

The The majoritymajority of people with HIV, some of people with HIV, some 95% 95% of the global total, live of the global total, live in the developing world. in the developing world. 

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In In 2007, 2007, an estimated an estimated 700,000 700,000 children children In In 2007, 2007, an estimated an estimated 700,000 700,000 children children 

O   %   b bi  b  t  HIVO   %   b bi  b  t  HIV iti     h   i d iti     h   i d O   %   b bi  b  t  HIVO   %   b bi  b  t  HIV iti     h   i d iti     h   i d 

7,7, 7 ,7 ,aged 14 or aged 14 or youngeryounger became infected with HIVbecame infected with HIV. 

7,7, 7 ,7 ,aged 14 or aged 14 or youngeryounger became infected with HIVbecame infected with HIV. 

Over 90% were babies born to HIVOver 90% were babies born to HIV‐‐positive women, who acquired positive women, who acquired the virus at birth or through their mother's breast milk. the virus at birth or through their mother's breast milk. Over 90% were babies born to HIVOver 90% were babies born to HIV‐‐positive women, who acquired positive women, who acquired the virus at birth or through their mother's breast milk. the virus at birth or through their mother's breast milk. 

More than 600,000 of these More than 600,000 of these babies and children babies and children More than 600,000 of these More than 600,000 of these babies and children babies and children live in Africa. live in Africa. live in Africa. live in Africa. 

The number of babies dying from AIDS in the US dropped to near The number of babies dying from AIDS in the US dropped to near The number of babies dying from AIDS in the US dropped to near The number of babies dying from AIDS in the US dropped to near zero.zero.zero.zero.

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By the end of By the end of 20072007, , the epidemic left behindthe epidemic left behind 20 20 millionmillionAIDS AIDS orphans, who had lost orphans, who had lost one or one or both parents to AIDS both parents to AIDS before before the age of 15.the age of 15.

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Treatment is Cost SavingTreatment is Cost SavingTreatment is Cost SavingTreatment is Cost SavingB il d t t   ff t  f i ti  i  HIV 

350

400ARV purchases Avoided expenditures Final costs

Brazil demonstrates effect of investing in HIV care:

200

250

300

million

100

150

US$ m

‐50

0

50

Cost of antiretroviral drug purchases, avoided expenditures and final costs to the Ministry of Health Brazil, 1997 ‐ 2001* 

Source:  Ministry of Health Brazil, 2001

* Estimated data1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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The need outstripsThe need outstrips available fundsavailable fundsThe need outstripsThe need outstrips available fundsavailable funds

8,000

10,000International

6,000

8,000National

Private

US$ m

illions

2 000

4,000 Global Fundto Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis andMalaria

2003 2004 2005

U

0

2,000 Malaria

Unmet need 

Projected available resources and resource needs in low‐ and middle‐income countries: 2003‐2005

2003 2004 2005

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Is asking for treatment for all Is asking for treatment for all ––

. . . “. . . “Too much”?Too much”?Sub‐Saharan Africa: US$3,070M (69.14%)

South and SoutheastAsia:  US$670M (15.09%)

East Asia  Pacific:  East Asia, Pacific:  US$80M (1.80%)

Latin America, Caribbean:  US$550M (12.39%)

4 Billion for4 Billion for treating HIVtreating HIV//AIDS world wideAIDS world wideandand

Eastern Europe, CentralAsia:  US$20M (0.45%)

North Africa, Middle East:  

??>500 >500 Billion for Iraq? Billion for Iraq? 

Total:  Total:  US $ 4.4 billionUS $ 4.4 billion,

US$50M (1.13%)

Projected annual expenditure requirements for HIV/AIDS care and support by 2007, by region 

Source:  Schwartlander B et al (2001) Resource needs for HIV/AIDS, Science

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For most of the world, a vaccine is the For most of the world, a vaccine is the For most of the world, a vaccine is the For most of the world, a vaccine is the only hope...only hope...only hope...only hope...

  li i  li i•• no clinicsno clinics• no doctors• no doctors• no medications• no medications• no condoms• no condoms• what is her chance of • what is her chance of surviving HIV?surviving HIV?

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A vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of livesNew adult HIV infections in lowNew adult HIV infections in low‐‐ and middleand middle‐‐income countriesincome countries

5

A vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of livesA vaccine could save millions of lives

Total new infections averted by an AIDS

i b t

Total new infections averted by an AIDS

i b t

4

ns) Vaccine introduction

vaccine between 2015-2030 vaccine between 2015-2030

30% efficacy, 20% coverage 5.5 million30% efficacy, 20% coverage 5.5 million

3

ctio

ns (M

illon Base

Low scenario

17 million50% efficacy, 30% coverage 17 million50% efficacy, 30% coverage

1

2

New

Infe

Medium scenario

70% efficacy, 40% coverage 28 million70% efficacy, 40% coverage 28 million

0

1

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

High scenario

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

IAVI impact forecasting; Policy Brief #10, November 2006

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Should we be surprised it is taking so Should we be surprised it is taking so l ? V i  D ’  l ? V i  D ’  i  P ii  P ilong? Vaccine Dev’t long? Vaccine Dev’t in Perspectivein Perspective

Vaccine Discovery Vaccine YearsVaccine Discovery of Cause

Vaccine Developed

Years Elapsed

Pertussis 1906 1926 20906 9 6 0

Polio 1908 1955 47

Measles 1953 1983 30

Hepatitis A 1973 1995 22

Hepatitis B 1965 1981 16

HIVHIV 19831983 None as yetNone as yet 25 25 and still counting!and still counting!

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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

Basic aspects of HIV relevant to Basic aspects of HIV relevant to vaccine designvaccine designvaccine designvaccine design

VaccinesVaccines

A new visionA new vision

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The HIV VirusThe HIV VirusThe HIV VirusThe HIV Virus

HIV is a HIV is a retrovirusretrovirus: it carries RNA that converts to : it carries RNA that converts to DNA in the infected host cellDNA in the infected host cell

HIV is a HIV is a retrovirusretrovirus: it carries RNA that converts to : it carries RNA that converts to DNA in the infected host cellDNA in the infected host cell

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LIFE CYCLE OF HIV 1LIFE CYCLE OF HIV 1LIFE CYCLE OF HIV‐1LIFE CYCLE OF HIV‐1

NucleusNucleusNucleusNucleus

RNARNARNARNA

ReverseReverseReverseReverse

ProteaseProteaseProteaseProtease

DNADNADNADNAReverseReversetranscriptasetranscriptaseReverseReversetranscriptasetranscriptaseHIVHIV

CD4+ T‐CellCD4+ T‐Cell

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Entry Entry ‐‐ Binding to CD4 Binding to CD4 and and Chemokine ReceptorChemokine Receptorgg

Two Step Entry Two Step Entry ‐‐Note Variable Loops on gp160 and hidden site of gp41 Note Variable Loops on gp160 and hidden site of gp41 Two Step Entry Two Step Entry  Note Variable Loops on gp160 and hidden site of gp41 Note Variable Loops on gp160 and hidden site of gp41 

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CD4 T cell as HIV FactoryCD4 T cell as HIV FactoryCD4 T‐cell as HIV FactoryCD4 T‐cell as HIV Factory

100 Billion new viral particles per day100 Billion new viral particles per day100 Billion new viral particles per day100 Billion new viral particles per dayp p yp p yp p yp p y

CD  T  ll d li  CD  T  ll d li   i   l ii   l iCD  T  ll d li  CD  T  ll d li   i   l ii   l iCD4 T cell decline CD4 T cell decline –– immune paralysisimmune paralysisCD4 T cell decline CD4 T cell decline –– immune paralysisimmune paralysis

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Retrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolutionRetrovirus process permits evolution

Reverse TranscriptaseReverse Transcriptase converts this RNA to DNA…but only after converts this RNA to DNA…but only after making numerous mistakesmaking numerous mistakes

Reverse TranscriptaseReverse Transcriptase converts this RNA to DNA…but only after converts this RNA to DNA…but only after making numerous mistakesmaking numerous mistakes

The host cell transcribes and translates the altered HIV DNA, The host cell transcribes and translates the altered HIV DNA, churning out thousands of identical mutant HIV virionschurning out thousands of identical mutant HIV virions

In an HIVIn an HIV infected patient  this process occurs simultaneously in infected patient  this process occurs simultaneously in 

The host cell transcribes and translates the altered HIV DNA, The host cell transcribes and translates the altered HIV DNA, churning out thousands of identical mutant HIV virionschurning out thousands of identical mutant HIV virions

In an HIVIn an HIV infected patient  this process occurs simultaneously in infected patient  this process occurs simultaneously in In an HIVIn an HIV‐‐infected patient, this process occurs simultaneously in infected patient, this process occurs simultaneously in millions of cells, each generating a different mutant…millions of cells, each generating a different mutant…

There also exists evidence that divergent HIV strains can recombine There also exists evidence that divergent HIV strains can recombine 

In an HIVIn an HIV‐‐infected patient, this process occurs simultaneously in infected patient, this process occurs simultaneously in millions of cells, each generating a different mutant…millions of cells, each generating a different mutant…

There also exists evidence that divergent HIV strains can recombine There also exists evidence that divergent HIV strains can recombine ggin a single host, inducing a less frequent but more drastic in a single host, inducing a less frequent but more drastic mutationmutation

ggin a single host, inducing a less frequent but more drastic in a single host, inducing a less frequent but more drastic mutationmutation

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HIV EvolutionHIV Evolution

22 ProcessesProcesses BehindBehind HIVHIV EvolutionEvolution

HIV EvolutionHIV Evolution

22 ProcessesProcesses BehindBehind HIVHIV EvolutionEvolution

• genetic drift

l f f• selection for more fit virus variants

TheThe StatsStats

• 109‐1010 virions generated daily

• Mutations = 10‐5 per BP per generation (conservativep p g (estimate)

• HIVGenome ~ 104BP

• > 108 mutant viruses produced every day

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Viral Evolution enables escape from T cell recognitionViral Evolution enables escape from T cell recognition

HIV HIV Vi l  it      b  T  ll  i   t t  f MHC (HLAVi l  it      b  T  ll  i   t t  f MHC (HLA))

Viral Evolution enables escape from T cell recognitionViral Evolution enables escape from T cell recognition

HIV HIV Vi l  it      b  T  ll  i   t t  f MHC (HLAVi l  it      b  T  ll  i   t t  f MHC (HLA))HIV HIV Viral epitopes are seen by T cells in context of MHC (HLAViral epitopes are seen by T cells in context of MHC (HLA))HIV HIV Viral epitopes are seen by T cells in context of MHC (HLAViral epitopes are seen by T cells in context of MHC (HLA))

Epitope/MHC

Target Cell (CD4 T cell)

Virions

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Examples of immune escapeExamples of immune escapep pp p

••These are some These are some published examples published examples p pp pofof epitope epitope escapeescape

hh•• Note that epitopes Note that epitopes can be represented can be represented by strings of lettersby strings of lettersby strings of lettersby strings of letters

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Phylogenetic Phylogenetic P6.19.1P6.19.1P6.19.19P6.19.19P6.19.3P6.19.3P6.19.25P6.19.25P6 19 31P6 19 31P6.1.42P6.1.42

Analysis of Analysis of Sequences Sequences 

P6.19.31P6.19.31P6.19.28P6.19.28P6.19.29P6.19.29P6.19.30P6.19.30P6.42.3P6.42.3P6.22.16P6.22.16P6 22 4P6 22 4

P6.1.50P6.1.50

44

FromFrom one one PatientPatient

P6.22.4P6.22.4P6.22.5P6.22.5P6.22.3P6.22.3P6.22.6P6.22.6P6.39.2P6.39.2P6.39.4P6.39.4P6.42.17P6.42.17P6.42.17P6.42.17P6.42.23P6.42.23P6.42.1P6.42.1P6.42.19P6.42.19P6.42.7P6.42.7P6.19.4P6.19.4P6.19.5P6.19.5

P6.1.59P6.1.59

9 59 5P6.22.1P6.22.1P6.29.1P6.29.1P6.39.18P6.39.18P6.42.2P6.42.2P6.42.22P6.42.22P6.29.14P6.29.14

P6.1.58P6.1.589 49 4

P6.29.17P6.29.17P6.29.10P6.29.10P6.29.13P6.29.13P6.29.15P6.29.15P6.29.6P6.29.6P6.29.7P6.29.7P6.29.8P6.29.8P6.29.9P6.29.9P6.42.15P6.42.15P6.42.4P6.42.4P6.42.6P6.42.6

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Evolution of HIV world wide Evolution of HIV world wide 

Adapted from J. MullinsAdapted from J. Mullins

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Comparing the variability of HIV, influenza, and HCV Trees drawn on the same scale

Comparing the variability of HIV, influenza, and HCV Trees drawn on the same scale

N = 193, DR CongoGroup M, 1997

Influenza HA geneHA1 domain

D

HN = 20 1997/1998“Sydney-like “Canadian Influenza A

G

N 96 1996 global

J AN = 96 1996 globalH3N2 viruses

F

K

Source: Vidal et al, J.Virol. 1997

CRF01C

,

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S  S   i th ii th iSummary Summary ‐‐ immunopathogenesisimmunopathogenesis

Key points of the lifecycle from the immune (vaccine) Key points of the lifecycle from the immune (vaccine) perspective :perspective :perspective :perspective :

••Near impossible task of preventing HIV entryNear impossible task of preventing HIV entryp p g yp p g y••HIV HIV variability (T and B cell epitopes)variability (T and B cell epitopes)••HIV latency (integration)HIV latency (integration)

f ff f••Destruction of immune defense tissuesDestruction of immune defense tissues••Activation of T cells increases risk of infectionActivation of T cells increases risk of infection

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The Simple Approach to HIVThe Simple Approach to HIVp ppp pp

recombinant recombinant proteinprotein(gp120(gp120))VaxgenVaxgena gea ge(and Chiron)(and Chiron)

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Some individuals control HIV VLSome individuals control HIV VL

Reduction of “Set Point”Reduction of “Set Point”Walker, AIDS Vaccine 2001Walker, AIDS Vaccine 2001

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Potential endPotential end‐‐points of HIVpoints of HIV‐‐vaccine vaccine efficacy trialsefficacy trials

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Recall HIV Recall HIV StagesStagesRecall HIV Recall HIV StagesStagesCD8 T cellsCD8 T cells

CD4 T cellsCD4 T cells

CD8 T cellsCD8 T cells

i l i l viral viral loadload

AcuteAcute ChronicChronic AIDSAIDS“flu”“flu” asymptomatic …asymptomatic ….     symptomatic.     symptomatic

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CD4 correlated with Viral load CD4 correlated with Viral load (HIV(HIV‐‐RNA level in plasma)RNA level in plasma)

predicts course of HIV diseasepredicts course of HIV disease

i li l i Si SViral RNAViral RNA Progression to AIDSProgression to AIDS

copies/cccopies/cc within the next 5 yrs.within the next 5 yrs.

<5 000 copies/cc<5 000 copies/cc 8%8%<5,000 copies/cc<5,000 copies/cc 8%8%

5,000 5,000 ‐‐ 13,00013,000 2626%%

13,000 13,000 ‐‐ 36,00036,000 49%49%

>36,000 copies/cc>36,000 copies/cc 62%62%36,000 copies/cc36,000 copies/cc 62%62%

RefRef: Mellors, JW, et al. : Mellors, JW, et al. ScienceScience 272:1167, 1996272:1167, 1996

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Vaccines that Vaccines that Suppress HIV?Suppress HIV?

Promise andPromise andProblemsProblems

Larry Corey Larry Corey IAC 2002IAC 2002

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Relationship to Viral Load and Relationship to Viral Load and Heterosexual TransmissionHeterosexual TransmissionHeterosexual TransmissionHeterosexual Transmission(Rakai Discordant Couple Trial, n=415)(Rakai Discordant Couple Trial, n=415)

Quinn et al, NEJM 342(13):921‐9, 2000 Mar 30, 34 ( 3) 9 9, 3

eque

ncy 

mission

Ann

ual F

reof Trans

mA

RNA Viral Load in HIV+ Source Partner

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Mathematical Model of Impact of a Vaccine That Mathematical Model of Impact of a Vaccine That Reduced Viral Load Over TimeReduced Viral Load Over Time

Mathematical Model of Impact of a Vaccine That Mathematical Model of Impact of a Vaccine That Reduced Viral Load Over TimeReduced Viral Load Over Time

(Ira Longini, Emory University)(Ira Longini, Emory University)(Ira Longini, Emory University)(Ira Longini, Emory University)

latio

nlatio

nV in Pop

ulV in Pop

ulen

ce of H

IVen

ce of H

IVPrev

ale

Prev

ale

YearsYears

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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

Basic aspects of HIV relevant to vaccine designBasic aspects of HIV relevant to vaccine design

VaccinesVaccinesVaccinesVaccines

A new visionA new vision A new visionA new vision

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HIV vaccine approachesHIV vaccine approachespppprecombinant protein (gp120)recombinant protein (gp120)

synthetic peptides (V3)synthetic peptides (V3)y p p ( )y p p ( )

naked DNAnaked DNA

livelive--recombinant vectorsrecombinant vectors(viral, bacterial)(viral, bacterial)

wholewhole--inactivated virusinactivated virus

livelive--attenuated virusattenuated virus

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Merck Ad5 Vaccine Failure Nov 2007Merck Ad5 Vaccine Failure Nov 2007Merck Ad5 Vaccine Failure Nov 2007Merck Ad5 Vaccine Failure Nov 2007

Titer ALL Low HighALL Low High

Vaccine 49 28 21

Placebo 33 24 9

Vaccine 49 28 21

Placebo 33 24 9

49 HIV infections in the vaccine group and 33 among those who received placebo (Oct 17, 2007).

But in individuals with the highest levels of Ad5 antibody, 21 infections in vaccinees compared to 9 in placebo21 infections in vaccinees compared to 9 in placebo.

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Vaccination may not induce T cell recognition of Vaccination may not induce T cell recognition of 

HIV HIV Vi l  itVi l  it t d b   h ll   t i   f  it d b   h ll   t i   f  i

Vaccination may not induce T cell recognition of Vaccination may not induce T cell recognition of 

HIV HIV Vi l  itVi l  it t d b   h ll   t i   f  it d b   h ll   t i   f  iHIV HIV Viral epitopesViral epitopes presented by challenge strain of viruspresented by challenge strain of virusHIV HIV Viral epitopesViral epitopes presented by challenge strain of viruspresented by challenge strain of virus

T cell recognitioninduced by vaccine

Target Cell (CD4 T cell)

Challenge Strain

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http://chi.ucsf.edu/vaccines

Ongoing HVTN Trials: Phase II

Protocol Number

Status as of December2007

Prime Boost

Class Producer Product Adjuvant Class Producer Product Adjuvant

Ongoing HVTN Trials: Phase II

Class Producer ProductName

Adjuvant Class Producer Product Name

Adjuvant

HVTN 502/Merck 023 (Step) (n=3000)

Closed to accrual

Nonreplicating adenoviral vectors (clade

Merck MRKAd5 trivalent

B Gag-Pol-Nef)

HVTN 204 (n=480) Closed to accrual

DNA plasmids (clade B Gag, Pol, Nef; clade A,B,C Env)

NIH VRC VRC-HIVDNA-016

Non-replicating adenoviral vectors

NIH VRC VRC-ADV-014

, , )(clade B Gag-Pol; clade A,B,C Env)

HVTN 503 (n 801) Cl d t N li ti M k MRKAd5HVTN 503 (n=801) Closed to accrual

Nonreplicating adenoviral vectors (clade B Gag-Pol-Nef)

Merck MRKAd5 trivalent

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AIDS Vaccines in Clinical TrialsAIDS Vaccines in Clinical Trials 20072007

DNA vectorsDNA vectors

AIDS Vaccines in Clinical Trials AIDS Vaccines in Clinical Trials -- 20072007

Viral Vectors- Adenovirus

Clade C, Clade C,  IAVIIAVI‐‐ADARCADARC

Clade BClade B‐‐minigenesminigenes

Ad-5 (Clade B) Merck

Ad-5 (Clades A,B,C), [DNA] NIH-VRC

Ad-6 (Clade B) Merck

Viral Vectors PoxClade BClade B‐‐minigenesminigenesEpimmuneEpimmune

Clade BClade B‐‐nuclear anchornuclear anchor FIT BiotechFIT Biotech

Clade  B, MVA*Clade  B, MVA* GeoVaxGeoVax

Viral Vectors- Pox

Canarypox (Clade B/E), gp120* Aventis

MVA (Clade C) IAVI-Therion

MVA* (Clade C) IAVI-ADARC; MulticladeMulticlade‐‐A,B,C, Ad5*A,B,C, Ad5* NIHNIH‐‐

VRCVRC

Clade BClade B‐‐Micro particle, gp140* Micro particle, gp140*  ChironChiron

Multiclade, gp120* Multiclade, gp120*  U. MassU. Mass

MVA (Clade B),[fowlpox] Therion

MVA (Clade B),[DNA] GeoVax

MVA (Clade A/E), [DNA] WRAIR

MVA (Clade B’/C Changchun Baike, gp, gp

MulticladeMulticlade‐‐ABC, MVA* ABC, MVA* KarolinskaKarolinska

Clade C Clade C  Johns Johns HopkinsHopkins

MVA (Clade B /C Changchun Baike

Fowlpox (Clade B)[MVA] Therion

NYVAC (Clade C)[DNA] EuroVac

Vaccinia (Cocktail) St. Jude’s HopkinsHopkins

Clade B’?CClade B’?CChangchun BaikeChangchun Baike

Clade B/C, NYVAC* Clade B/C, NYVAC*  EuroVacEuroVac

Viral Vectors- Other

VEE (Clade C) AlphaVax [formerly IAVI]

AAV-2 (Clade C) IAVI-TGEN

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Which of these vaccines addresses HIV Which of these vaccines addresses HIV Variability?: HIV is  Variability?: HIV is  A Global ProblemA Global Problem40 million persons living with HIV/AIDS40 million persons living with HIV/AIDS

Building an HIV vaccine for the worldBuilding an HIV vaccine for the world

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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

Basic aspects of HIV relevant to vaccine designBasic aspects of HIV relevant to vaccine design

VaccinesVaccines VaccinesVaccines

A new visionA new visionA new visionA new vision

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WhatWhat kind of HIV Vaccine?kind of HIV Vaccine?Effective everywhere in the worldEffective everywhere in the world

Against any strain of HIVAgainst any strain of HIV

Broad T cell responseBroad T cell responseBroad T cell responseBroad T cell response

Reduce the chance of transmissionReduce the chance of transmission

Low risk (no live vector)Low risk (no live vector)

Low Cost if not entirely freeLow Cost if not entirely freeLow Cost if not entirely freeLow Cost if not entirely free

Could be made in developing worldCould be made in developing world

ScaleableScaleable

And with collaboration of “developing world” scientistsAnd with collaboration of “developing world” scientists

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Th GAIA HIV V iTh GAIA HIV V iTh GAIA HIV V iTh GAIA HIV V iThe GAIA HIV VaccineThe GAIA HIV VaccineThe GAIA HIV VaccineThe GAIA HIV Vaccine

GAIAGAIAGAIAGAIAGlobally relevant  globally accessibleGlobally relevant  globally accessibleGlobally relevant, globally accessibleGlobally relevant, globally accessible

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An EpitopeAn Epitope‐‐Based “World Clade” Based “World Clade” V iV iEpitopes Epitopes ‐‐Minimal Essential Unit of InformationMinimal Essential Unit of InformationEpitopes Epitopes ‐‐Minimal Essential Unit of InformationMinimal Essential Unit of Information

VaccineVaccinep pp p

••Use immunoinformatics to Use immunoinformatics to identify identify “Achilles“Achilles’ heel of HIV’ heel of HIV•• Confirm in context Confirm in context ofof ‘healthy’ HIV‘healthy’ HIV infected patientsinfected patients

p pp p

••Use immunoinformatics to Use immunoinformatics to identify identify “Achilles“Achilles’ heel of HIV’ heel of HIV•• Confirm in context Confirm in context ofof ‘healthy’ HIV‘healthy’ HIV infected patientsinfected patients•• Confirm in context Confirm in context ofof healthy  HIVhealthy  HIV‐‐infected patientsinfected patients•• Reduce nonReduce non‐‐essential components essential components ‐‐ Limit Limit ToxicityToxicity•• Highly conserved across time and clades of HIVHighly conserved across time and clades of HIV

•• Confirm in context Confirm in context ofof healthy  HIVhealthy  HIV‐‐infected patientsinfected patients•• Reduce nonReduce non‐‐essential components essential components ‐‐ Limit Limit ToxicityToxicity•• Highly conserved across time and clades of HIVHighly conserved across time and clades of HIV•• Tailored to be presented in HLA  of  all types of genetic backgroundsTailored to be presented in HLA  of  all types of genetic backgrounds

And . . . And . . . 

•• Tailored to be presented in HLA  of  all types of genetic backgroundsTailored to be presented in HLA  of  all types of genetic backgrounds

And . . . And . . . 

••Make the vaccineMake the vaccine free of developing world countriesfree of developing world countriesGlobally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible 

••Make the vaccineMake the vaccine free of developing world countriesfree of developing world countriesGlobally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible Globally relevant  and globally accessible 

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For HIV For HIV ‐‐ variability is a HUGE problemvariability is a HUGE problemy py p

Adapted from J. MullinsAdapted from J. Mullins

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Distribution of HIVDistribution of HIV--1 Clades1 Clades

BBFBB

BBF

GBBEEcurrent vaccinescurrent vaccines

AA

E

E

BBE

CCF

GG

H

BBF

BB

EOCC

DDCC

HU

BB

current epidemiccurrent epidemic

source: source: Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos National Laboratory

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“GAIA” HIV Vaccine“GAIA” HIV Vaccine

BBFBB

BBF

GBBEE

AA

E

E

BBE

CCF

GG

H

BBF

BB

EOCC

DDCC

HU

BB

Multiple epitopes that are conserved across cladesMultiple epitopes that are conserved across clades

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GAIA Vaccine  GAIA Vaccine  ‐‐ From From Gene to VaccineGene to Vaccine

In SilicoIn Silico EpiMatrix / ClustiMer / OptiMatrix [class I and class II alleles]EpiMatrix / ClustiMer / OptiMatrix [class I and class II alleles]In SilicoIn Silico EpiMatrix / ClustiMer / OptiMatrix [class I and class II alleles]EpiMatrix / ClustiMer / OptiMatrix [class I and class II alleles]Conservatrix / BlastiMerConservatrix / BlastiMer

In VitroIn Vitro HLA binding assayHLA binding assayIn VitroIn Vitro g yg yELISpot ELISpot -- ELISA ELISA -- Multiplex ELISA Multiplex ELISA -- FACS FACS -- T regulatory T T regulatory T cell profilingcell profiling

In VectorIn Vector DNA vaccinesDNA vaccinesVaccineCADVaccineCADVaccine delivery / formulation optimization / detolerizing Vaccine delivery / formulation optimization / detolerizing delivery agentsdelivery agents

In VivoIn Vivo HLA DR3, DR4 transgenic miceHLA DR3, DR4 transgenic miceIn VivoIn Vivo , g, gHLA class I transgenic miceHLA class I transgenic miceVaccination, Dose, Route, AdjuvantVaccination, Dose, Route, Adjuvant

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RPGNTKTVVPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQAQIQQEEQARPGNTKTVVPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQAQIQQEEQAQQEKEAMQQQEKEAMQCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKAMYELQKLNSWGTKNLQARYIQYGVYIVTVWGTKNLQRTVRFQTAIEKAMYELQKLNSWGTKNLQARYIQYGVYIVTVWGTKNLQRTVRFQTAIEKYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHARLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTARLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACHIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACH

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKNNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFNNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFHNFKRKLVDFRELNKPGNTKTVVPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTHNFKRKLVDFRELNKPGNTKTVVPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKT YLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACYLKISLNYLKISLNCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHARLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACELIFQWVQRRPNNYAKIKHTHTDIKQGPKEPSPRTLNAWVGGKKKYRLKQIIEQLIKKKILYQSNPYAELIFQWVQRRPNNYAKIKHTHTDIKQGPKEPSPRTLNAWVGGKKKYRLKQIIEQLIKKKILYQSNPYAAIFQSSMTKPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLAIFQSSMTKPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKYLVSEFPIPHATVLDYLVSEFPIPHATVLD

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKOur approach  search for the HIV virus Our approach  search for the HIV virus YLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHARLRPRLRPCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKNRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACHNRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACHNNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFNNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAWTEPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAWTECTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

Our approach: search for the HIV virus Our approach: search for the HIV virus “Achilles’ heel” using immunoinformatics“Achilles’ heel” using immunoinformatics

WFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDACTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHARLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTAC

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

ELIFQWVELIFQWVCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKIKHTHTDIKQGPKEPSPRTLNAWVGGKKKYRLKQIIEQLIKKKILYQSNPYAIKHTHTDIKQGPKEPSPRTLNAWVGGKKKYRLKQIIEQLIKKKILYQSNPYAAIFQSSMTKPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDAIFQSSMTKPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKATYLVSEFPIPIHATVLDATYLVSEFPIPIHATVLDYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHARLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTAC

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

NNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFNNCYCKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTKVVPITNKTVVPITLYIQYGVYIVLEQALATLITPKQLDCTHLEGKAVFHNFKRKLVDFRELHNFKRKLVDFRELCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKTPCKRPGNKTVPGNKTVVPIGNKT YLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCYLKISLNKYYNLRPRQAWCWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKWFHSFNCGGEFTLFCASDAKSLWDQSLKPSLYNVATYLVSEFPIPIHAPRQAWCWFKRQAWCWFKRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTACRLRPGGKKKLARNCRAPPKQIIEQLIKKAIFQSSMTKTACNNCYCKRLIDRIRERKLTEDRWNKTAC

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

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Conservatrix: Find conserved epitopes in variable Conservatrix: Find conserved epitopes in variable th  (thi k HIV  HCV  t )th  (thi k HIV  HCV  t )pathogens (think HIV, HCV etc.)pathogens (think HIV, HCV etc.)

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

ConservedConserved

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

HIV protein sequencesHIV protein sequences

ConservedConservedepitopeepitope

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

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T help essential; T help essential; Conserved T help an obstacleConserved T help an obstacle

“Th   l  f   HIV  i  f     l d  t   t t “Th   l  f   HIV  i  f     l d  t   t t “The goal of an HIV vaccine for one clade to protect “The goal of an HIV vaccine for one clade to protect against other clades may be more limited by the against other clades may be more limited by the ability to provide CD4 T cell help than the ability to ability to provide CD4 T cell help than the ability to li it CD8  ff t  f ti ”li it CD8  ff t  f ti ”elicit CD8 effector functions.”elicit CD8 effector functions.”

Smith JM, Amara RR, Wyatt LS, Ellenberger DL, Li B, Herndon JG, Patel M, Sharma S, Smith JM, Amara RR, Wyatt LS, Ellenberger DL, Li B, Herndon JG, Patel M, Sharma S, Chennareddi L, Butera S, McNicholl J, McClure HM, Moss B, Robinson HL. Studies in Chennareddi L, Butera S, McNicholl J, McClure HM, Moss B, Robinson HL. Studies in macaques on crossmacaques on cross‐‐clade T cell responses elicited by a DNA/MVA AIDS vaccine, better clade T cell responses elicited by a DNA/MVA AIDS vaccine, better conservation of CD8 than CD4 T cell responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005 conservation of CD8 than CD4 T cell responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005 Feb;21(2):140Feb;21(2):140‐‐4. 4. 

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i ii iImmunogenic Consensus EpitopesImmunogenic Consensus Epitopes

ConservedConservedepitope epitope 

CTRPNNTRKCTRPNNTRK

Conserved epitopesConserved epitopes

p pp p

EpiEpi‐‐AssemblerAssembler

Immunogenic consensusImmunogenic consensus

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A  A  Time

Aggregate Aggregate of of ideal ideal 

Aggregatrix:Aggregatrix:

ideal ideal epitopesepitopes

Aggregatrix:Aggregatrix:Using our tools, we Using our tools, we have found HIV have found HIV epitopes that are epitopes that are p pp phighly conserved highly conserved over time over time andandacross HIV subtypesacross HIV subtypes

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Current GAIA Epitope SummaryCurrent GAIA Epitope SummaryCurrent GAIA Epitope SummaryCurrent GAIA Epitope Summary

> 400 epitopes mapped> 400 epitopes mapped> 400 epitopes mapped> 400 epitopes mapped> 300 tested (ELIspot)> 300 tested (ELIspot)> 200> 200 confirmed (>67%)confirmed (>67%)> 200 > 200 confirmed (>67%)confirmed (>67%)HLA A2, A3, A24, B7, B44 and Class II (clustered)HLA A2, A3, A24, B7, B44 and Class II (clustered)

Both Supertype and Promiscuous EpitopesBoth Supertype and Promiscuous Epitopes

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Improving Vaccine Design by aligning epitopesImproving Vaccine Design by aligning epitopes: Vaccine: Vaccine‐‐CADCAD

1 2 3Design the arrangement of the epitopes to minimize the immunogenicity of Design the arrangement of the epitopes to minimize the immunogenicity of junctional peptides and focus the immune response to the desired epitopesjunctional peptides and focus the immune response to the desired epitopesDesign the arrangement of the epitopes to minimize the immunogenicity of Design the arrangement of the epitopes to minimize the immunogenicity of junctional peptides and focus the immune response to the desired epitopesjunctional peptides and focus the immune response to the desired epitopes

1 2 3

De Groot AS, Marcon L, Bishop EA, Rivera D, Kutzler M, Weiner DB, Martin W.HIV vaccine development by computer assisted design: the GAIA vaccine. Vaccine. 2005

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Immunome VaccineImmunome VaccineConstruct Design / AssemblyConstruct Design / Assemblyg / yg / y

Intended Protein Product: Many epitopes strung together in a “StringIntended Protein Product: Many epitopes strung together in a “String‐‐ofof‐‐Beads”Beads”

Reverse Translation: Determines the DNA sequence necessary to code for the intended Reverse Translation: Determines the DNA sequence necessary to code for the intended protein  This DNA is assembled for insertion into an expression vectorprotein  This DNA is assembled for insertion into an expression vectorprotein. This DNA is assembled for insertion into an expression vector.protein. This DNA is assembled for insertion into an expression vector.

DNA insertDNA insert

DNA DNA VectorVector

Protein Protein product product (folded)(folded)

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EpitopeEpitope‐‐based vaccines Protect based vaccines Protect HLA DR Mice HLA DR Mice from 5X LDfrom 5X LD LVS ChallengeLVS Challengefrom 5X LDfrom 5X LD5050 LVS ChallengeLVS Challenge

FT_II_v1-immunized Mice

PlaceboRecipient MiceRecipient Mice

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GAIA Vaccine CollaborationGAIA Vaccine CollaborationLaboratoire de la Biologie Moleculaire Applique  Laboratoire de la Biologie Moleculaire Applique  

Dr. Ousmane Koita (FAST) U. BamakoDr. Ousmane Koita (FAST) U. Bamako

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Hope Center Clinic, Hope Center Clinic, Sikoro . . . Sikoro . . . 20052005

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Hope Center Clinic (Centre D’Espoir)Hope Center Clinic (Centre D’Espoir)Hope Center Clinic (Centre D Espoir)Hope Center Clinic (Centre D Espoir)Front line HIV care and Prevention Front line HIV care and Prevention ––GAIA Vaccine FoundationGAIA Vaccine Foundation

. . . . . . 20082008

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Wh   ill   h  Wh   ill   h  When will we have When will we have anan HIV Vaccine?HIV Vaccine?

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Phases of HIV vaccine trialsPhases of HIV vaccine trialsPhases of HIV vaccine trialsPhases of HIV vaccine trials

Phase Sample I/E criteria Endpoints DurationPhase Sample I/E criteria Endpoints Duration

I 20-50 Healthy, HIV-uninfected at lower risk for HIV-

Safety,preliminary

18-24 mat lower risk for HIV-infection; dose, regimen

preliminary Immunogencity

II 200-500 (Healthy), HIV- Safety, 18-24 muninfected at lower to higher risk, dose; regimen

Immunogencity

III 5000 HIV i f t d t i k E d d 3 5III 5000-10.000

HIV-uninfected, at risk (CSW, discordant couples, general population)

Expanded safety EfficacyCorrelates of

3-5 years

p p ) Correlates of protection

10 years

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Potential Availability Of Efficacy Data Potential Availability Of Efficacy Data F  C t & Pl d T i l *F  C t & Pl d T i l *From Current & Planned Trials*From Current & Planned Trials*

2004 2005 2006 20112007 2008 2009 201020033 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

2004 2005 2006 2011

RV 144

2007 2008 2009 20102003

Merck 023/HVTN 502 (STEP)

HVTN 503

PAVE 100 ♦

Enrollment Follow-up

EP 44 503

100

PAVE 100

STE

RV

14

HVT

N 5

PAVE

1

Anticipated Data Availability

Courtesy, J Flores*Assuming no early termination

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AIDS Vaccines in Preclinical Pipeline 2007AIDS Vaccines in Preclinical Pipeline 2007

NIAID/CHAVINIAID/CHAVI

AIDS Vaccines in Preclinical Pipeline - 2007AIDS Vaccines in Preclinical Pipeline - 2007

In trials 2007In trials 2007 20092009 NIAID/CHAVINIAID/CHAVIChimeric Adeno VectorsChimeric Adeno Vectors

BCGBCG

VSVVSV

In trials 2007In trials 2007--20092009

Ad 35 prototypeAd 35 prototype NIHNIH--VRCVRC

Ad 35Ad 35 IAVIIAVI--CrucellCrucellVSVVSV

Adeno: Chimeric and AdAdeno: Chimeric and Ad‐‐1111

Pox: NYVAC, MVAPox: NYVAC, MVA

Low seroLow sero‐‐prevalent AAV  prevalent AAV  

Chimeric AdenoChimeric Adeno HarvardHarvard--CrucellCrucell

VSVVSV WyethWyeth

MeaslesMeasles GSKGSK pp

Reovirus Reovirus 

Newcastle Disease Newcastle Disease 

HIV/VEE Chimeras HIV/VEE Chimeras 

MVAMVA SAAVISAAVI; WRAIR; WRAIR

HIV/VSV ChimerasHIV/VSV Chimeras

BCGBCG

IAVI Vector ProgramIAVI Vector Program

SendaiSendai

CMVCMV

Simian Adeno (GSK)Simian Adeno (GSK)

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GAIA Vaccine Status: GAIA Vaccine Status: Now “Pre Phase I”Now “Pre Phase I”

286 highly conserved HIV CTL/ Th epitopes mapped286 highly conserved HIV CTL/ Th epitopes mapped

186 epitopes in the last three years186 epitopes in the last three years86 ep topes t e ast t ee yea s86 ep topes t e ast t ee yea s

149 confirmed149 confirmed

10 constructs synthesized10 constructs synthesizedyy

6 tested (4 A2 AAY+/6 tested (4 A2 AAY+/‐‐; 2 Class II = original/reorderd); 2 Class II = original/reorderd)

3 work! Positive responses in HLA transgenic mice3 work! Positive responses in HLA transgenic mice3 p g3 p g

More constructs in progressMore constructs in progress

Phase I trial preparation in Mali, W. AfricaPhase I trial preparation in Mali, W. Africa

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AIDS DeathsAIDS DeathsAIDS DeathsAIDS Deaths

Http://www.worldmapper.org

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Health SpendingHealth SpendingHealth SpendingHealth Spending

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A l b t l tiA l b t l tiMore resources are being invested …more neededMore resources are being invested …more needed

Annual average by country relative to national wealth (2003-2005)Annual average by country relative to national wealth (2003-2005)

I t t i AIDS i R&D

Philanthropic

Total over 2005 = US$759 mnTotal over 2005 = US$759 mn % of GDP (x10-3)

Country

4.0 – 5.0 United States

Investment in AIDS vaccine R&D

US Public

pSector

US$12 mn

Commercial Sector

US$75

2.0 – 3.0

1.0 – 2.0

Ireland

CanadaSouth AfricaNetherlands

3.0 – 4.0

Sector US$574 mn

US$75 mn

Non-US Public Sector

US$98

0.5 – 1.0

Netherlands

NorwayUnited Kingdom

DenmarkSweden

US$98 mn

< 0.5

AustraliaBrazilChinaFinlandFranceGermany

IndiaItalyJapanRussiaThailand

Based on a 2006 study by the HIV Vaccines and Microbicides Resource Tracking Working Group; full report available at: www.hivresourcetracking.org. The study reviewed national, not sub-national or provincial, public sector data. Cuba is not captured as no GDP data is available. Estimates of 2005 investment include NIH CHAVI funds but not Gates Grand Challenges/ Gates Foundation

Germany

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War BudgetWar Budget

Spending on War 2008Spending on War 2008

War BudgetWar Budget

Spending on War 2008

= $1.4 TRILLION (US = $711 B)

Global spending on AIDS Vaccines

Spending on War 2008

= $1.4 TRILLION (US = $711 B)

Global spending on AIDS Vaccines

= $759 M

= 0.1 % of amount spent on war.

= $759 M

= 0.1 % of amount spent on war.

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A safe, effective and globally accessible AIDS vaccine is possible. A safe, effective and globally accessible AIDS vaccine is possible. One day it could save the lives of tens of millions of people. One day it could save the lives of tens of millions of people. 

But AIDS has not benefited from the same level of public or political support that But AIDS has not benefited from the same level of public or political support that propelled the war on polio.propelled the war on polio.

The March of Dimes crusade started in 1930. By 1955 The March of Dimes crusade started in 1930. By 1955 ––25  years later 25  years later ‐‐we had a we had a vaccine. vaccine. 

25 years later 25 years later ‐‐we cannot say the same about AIDS. we cannot say the same about AIDS. 

Jon Cohen, science writer who has followed the field for more than 20 years says Jon Cohen, science writer who has followed the field for more than 20 years says Jon Cohen, science writer who has followed the field for more than 20 years says Jon Cohen, science writer who has followed the field for more than 20 years says that AIDS vaccine researchers are always strapped for funds, and their funds are that AIDS vaccine researchers are always strapped for funds, and their funds are mainly allocated by their publication record. Instead of thinking mainly allocated by their publication record. Instead of thinking –– how do I make a how do I make a vaccine faster vaccine faster –– they are thinking they are thinking ‐‐ 'What can I publish next?'" 'What can I publish next?'" y gy g pp

In fact, research spending on AIDS vaccines today totals only approximately US In fact, research spending on AIDS vaccines today totals only approximately US $700  $700  million dollars a year, about the cost ofmillion dollars a year, about the cost of five five Hollywood movies. Hollywood movies. 

Where Where is our March of Dimes for an AIDS Vaccine?is our March of Dimes for an AIDS Vaccine?

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     Is      Is this asking for “Too much”?this asking for “Too much”?. . . Is . . . Is this asking for  Too much ?this asking for  Too much ?

One vaccine, start to finish: One vaccine, start to finish: 2o Million 2o Million

Ours: already part way thereOurs: already part way there

Yet >500 Billion for Iraq? http://www.nationalpriorities.org/costofwar_home Yet >500 Billion for Iraq? http://www.nationalpriorities.org/costofwar_home

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Hope is a vaccineHope is a vaccineHope is a vaccineHope is a vaccine

http:www.gaiavaccine.org

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Alliance Globale pour la Lutte contre le SIDAAlliance Globale pour la Lutte contre le SIDA

•• Espoir/Hope Espoir/Hope -- SIDA n’est pas la Mort/AIDS is not DeathSIDA n’est pas la Mort/AIDS is not Death•• IdentitIdentitéé DDéépistage pistage -- Get Tested Get Tested •• Transmission Transmission PrPréévention vention -- Stop TransmissionStop Transmission•• Famille/FidelitFamille/Fidelité/Femmeé/Femme Family/Few Partners/MTCTPFamily/Few Partners/MTCTP

Hope is a Vaccine / Tenez a l’Espoir http://www.GAIAVaccine.org

•• Famille/FidelitFamille/Fidelité/Femmeé/Femme Family/Few Partners/MTCTPFamily/Few Partners/MTCTP•• CommunuatCommunuatéé Together we can stop HIVTogether we can stop HIV