hiv tests on newborns

8/8/2019 HIV Tests on Newborns

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HIV TESTS ON

NEWBORNS


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When does AIDS develop?y Initial HIV infection can mimic those of influenza

and other viral infections.

y The term AIDS applies to the most advancedstages when your CD4 T-cell count drops below200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood or whenyou have HIV and an AIDS-related illness such as

tuberculosis take place.y Currently, there is no cure for HIV or AIDS.


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TRANSMISSIONIn new born, HIV infection get transmitted mainlydue to :

1) transfusion of infected mothers blood

2) milk feeding by infected mother


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Can you use the HIV antibody test

to detect HIV in newborns?

No. Because maternal antibodies are

transferred from mother to baby and stay inthe newborns system for 612 months, adifferent test must be used. This test is

called the HIV DNA test .

Methods that test either oral fluid orurine are available in some locations


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Blood cell disordersSickle cell

TyrosinemiaArgininosuccinic aciduriaCitrullinemia (CIT)

Phenylketonuria(PKU)Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)


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Tests performed on Child Laboratory tests for children younger than 18 months of age :

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) deoxyribonucleicacid (DN A) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth, 2

weeks, 4 to 6 weeks, 6 to 12 weeks, and 4 to 6 months of age.

Laboratory tests for children older than 18 months of age :Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)Western blot test for confirmation

Rapid test assays :OraQuick ADVANCEReveal Rapid HIV-1 Antibody test

Uni-Gold Recombigen HIV Test


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Blood Sample Collectiony Collecting a sample by pricking the heel of a newborn baby

to get enough blood (typically, two to three drops) to fill afew circles on filter paper labeled with names of infant,

parent, hospital, and primary physician. It is usuallyspecified that the sample should be obtained on the secondor third day of life, after protein-containing feedings (i.e.,breast milk or formula) have started.


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Polymerase Chain

Reaction(PCR)

The polymerase chain reaction is a

laboratory (in vitro) technique forgenerating large quantities of a specifiedDN A. Obviously, PCR is a cell-free

amplification technique for synthesizingmultiple identical copies of any DN A ofinterest.


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ELISAEnzyme-linked immunosorbant assay is a non-

isotopic immunoassay. ELISA is based on the

immunochemical principles of antigen-antibodyreaction. Stages of ELISA are as below

y Antibody against the protein to be determined

y Now protein antibody complex react with the second

protein specific antibody to which an enzyme iscovalently linked.

y This specific enzyme is easly assayed.


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WesternB

lotting Western blotting involves the identification ofproteins. It is very useful to understand the nucleicacid functions, particularly during the course of gene

manipulation.


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ORAQUICKTESTy OraQuick is an antibody test that provides

results in 20 minutes. The blood, plasma or oral fluid

is mixed in a vial with developing solution, and theresults are read from a stick like testing device. Usuallydetects HIV 1 and HIV 2.


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y Uni-Gold is a rapid HIV antibody test that providesresults in 1012 minutes. A drop of blood is placed onthe device with developing solution. Uni-Gold is onlyFDA approved to test for HIV 1.

y Diagnostics Rapid HIV Test is a non-FDA-approvedhome test. The company sells a blood test and a urinetest. Similar to a home pregnancy test the patientcollects a drop of blood/urine and drops the sampleonto a cassette. Results are read visually in 15

minutes. The accuracy of this test has not beenconfirmed by the FDA, and it is not authorized for salein the United States.


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CURRENT STATUS IN INDIAy A simple blood test is now helping India identify the

status of children born to HIV positive mothers asearly as six weeks after their birth, instead of 18months.As soon as the child of an HIV positive mother is

older than six weeks, his or her blood sample iscollected and transported to seven national labs for

testing with DN

A PCR which gives us a definitivediagnosis on the child's HIV status.

y TheNational Aids Control Organization (NACO) isactivated by Indian Govt. to control HIV infection.


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y NACO will start the DNAPCR testing in four months.But it will be introduced first in high-risk states likeMaharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. InMumbai, PCR laboratory inside Kasturba Hospital will

have the testing facility.

y The project director of Mumbai District Aids ControlSociety, said. Though each test can cost almost Rs

1,200, patients will not have to pay anything. It is free.


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CONCLUSIONIn India infant disease screening is in developing

stage for parents as it is little unaffordable to screen

the baby for various diseases due to the cost associatedwith this.

But we can predict that, in future there will beadvancement in this area due to the seriousness of the

issue and awareness created among the people.


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hiv tests on newborns

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