HIV EVOLUTION

Santiago RiosMaster Proteòmica i Genòmica

HistoryHIV (the virus that causes AIDS) probably transfers to humans in Africa between 1884 and 1924.1970: African doctors see a rise in opportunistic infections and wasting .Western scientists and doctors remain ignorant of the growing epidemic.1981: AIDS is detected in California and New York (probably enters around 1970)1982: AIDS is reported among haemophiliacs and Haitians (probably enters around 1966) and in several European countries.The name AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is created.1983: Scientists identify HIV (initially called HTLV-III or LAV) as the cause of AIDS. Western scientists become aware that AIDS is widespread in parts of Africa.1985: AIDS is found in China, and has therefore been seen in all regions of the world.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Viruses)

Genus LentivirusHIV-1 (Groups M “Subtypes: A-K”, O, P and N)and HIV-2

Family Retrovirusesgag: Gag polyproteinpol: enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and HIV proteaseenv: precursor to gp120 and gp41Transactivators: tat, rev, vprOther regulators: vif, nef, vpu

Genome structure

ORIGINS OF HIV

Sharp P.M. et al. 2011 Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

Phylogeny of Pol sequences

Cross-species transmission.

The phylogenetic relationships of representative SIVcpz, HIV-1, and SIVgor

Hybrid origin of SIV

Phylogenies of primate lentivirus Pol and Env sequences

• SIVcpz discordance.• Clear breakpoint in SIVcpz between Pol and Env Differences.

Bailes E. et al, Hybrid Origin of SIV in Chimpanzees, Science 13 June 2003

Diversity plot comparing SIVcpz to 7 other SIV

Infection & Expantion Hypotesis

Hunter theoryOral polio vaccine theory use chimpanze

kidney cells. (Blancou P. et al, Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS, NATURE 2001)

The contaminated needle theory for hunter body (Wolfe N.D. et al, Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters, Lancet. 2004)

The colonialism theoryThe conspiracy theory

Conclusions1. HIV is host-specific.2. HIVs are the result of multiple cross-species

transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates.

3. The origin HIV pandemia is not clear.4. Other HIV types can occur by cross-species

transmissions.

Bibliography1. Sharp P.M. and Hahn B.H., Origins of HIV and the AIDS

Pandemic, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2011;12. Hahn B.H. et al, AIDS as a Zoonosis: Scientific and

Public Health Implications, Science 287, 607. 20003. Bailes E. et al, Hybrid Origin of SIV in Chimpanzees,

Science 13 June 2003: Vol. 300 no. 5626 p. 1134. Blancou P. et al, Polio vaccine samples not linked to

AIDS, NATURE 26 April 2001: Vol. 410 5. Wolfe N.D. et al, Naturally acquired simian retrovirus

infections in central African hunters, Lancet. March2004: 20;363(9413):932-7.

HIV-Cell Interaction

Co-receptors