hitchcock tidal creek summit 120611

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Dan Hitchcock, Ph.D., P.E. with A. D. Jayakaran, T. H. Epps,

T. M. Williams, B. Song, and W. H. Conner

Baruch Institute, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC

Tidal Creek Summit Charleston, SC USA – December 6, 2011

Watershed, Land Use, and Stormwater Influence on Tidal Creeks

Acknowledgments   Drake Rogers Loflin – Clemson Biosystems Engineering M.S. student

  Tim Callahan, Vijay Vulava and Michael Griffin - College of Charleston

  Devendra Amatya – Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service

  Ken W. Krauss - National Wetlands Research Center, USGS

  David White, Clemson Computing and Information Technology (CCIT)

  April Turner – S.C. Sea Grant Extension Program

  Jeff Vernon – Clemson – Baruch Institute

  Dawn White – Clemson’s EPA Center for Watershed Excellence

  Katie Giacalone – Clemson’s Carolina Clear program

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Where are we located?

Winyah Bay Inlet

Georgetown, SC

Photo: North Inlet – Winyah Bay NERR

North Inlet

Clemson University Baruch Institute

TRANSPIRED WATER

WATER UPTAKE

Forest Water Budget – Typical Scenario

EVAPORATED WATER

INFILTRATION

SURFACE RUNOFF?

GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER?? GROUNDWATER

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TRANSPIRED WATER

WATER UPTAKE

Forest Water Budget – Coastal Scenario

EVAPORATED WATER

INFILTRATION??

SURFACE RUNOFF?

GROUNDWATER

Urban Water Budget – Pavement/Rooftop Scenario ROOFTOP RUNOFF!!

GROUNDWATER??

EVAPORATED WATER

INFILTRATION??

SURFACE RUNOFF!!

GROUNDWATER?

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Scales for Decision-Making

  Watershed-scale and geopolitical boundaries

  Development land tract

  Individual management practice (BMP)

HYDROLOGY

VEGETATION

SOILS

LANDSCAPE PARAMETERS

HUMAN DIMENSION

HYDROLOGY

VEGETATION

SOILS

WATER TABLE DEPTH

STORAGE/INFILTRATION

SURFACE/GROUNDWATER FLUX HYD

ROPERIO

D

PLAN

T SU

CCESSI

ON

PRODUCTI

VITY

PLANT SUCCESSION PRODUCTIVITY

WATER/NUTRIENT UPTAKE

ORGANIC LOADING TEMPERATURE REGULATION

SOIL STABILIZATION

EVAP

OTRAN

SPIR

ATIO

N

FLOOD/F

LOW

REG

ULATI

ON

ORGANIC

CONTR

IBUTI

ON

EROSION/SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

ORGANIC DECOMPOSITION

NUTRIENT CYCLING

SERVICES: FLOOD CONTROL

STORM PROTECTION AIR/SOIL/WATER QUALITY

NATURAL RESOURCE PRODUCTS

CLIMATE REGULATION HABITAT/CORRIDORS NUTRIENT CYCLING CARBON STORAGE

HEALTH

Landscape parameters, their interactive complex processes, and ecosystem services. (Modified from Ge Sun, Southern Global Climate Program, USDA Forest Service)

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HYDROLOGY

VEGETATION

SOILS


HUMAN DIMENSION

Components of Natural Resource Based Planning

Wetlands Steep slopes / topography Water supply areas Aquifer recharge areas Wildlife habitat Endangered species Productive farmland Productive forest land Recreation areas Viewsheds Floodplains Historic/cultural sites Existing infrastructure Many more!!

Community Resource Inventory

Open Space Plan

Development Plan

Plan of Development & Conservation

Review/Change Policies

Visit http://nemo.uconn.edu/tools/cri

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Online Community Resource Inventory (CRI)

Online Community Resource Inventory: www.cri-sc.org

Poorly-drained sandy loam

Somewhat poorly drained clay Well-drained sandy clay clay loam Poorly-drained sandy clay loam

Well-drained sandy loam Very poorly-drained sand

Excessively well-drained sand Poorly-drained sand

Private protected lands

Major roads Parcels Open water

State protected lands

N

5 mi.


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HYDROLOGY

VEGETATION

SOILS


HUMAN DIMENSION

Commercial Conservation Public/Semi-public Private Recreational Public Recreational High Density Residential Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential

Zoning for Future Land Uses?

Map courtesy of Georgetown County, SC

WWaaccccaammaaww NNeecckk LLaanndd UUssee MMaapp

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Bannockburn Plantation Bannockburn Plantation

Original Development Plan Proposed plan has been modified and development has been delayed…

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Surface and Groundwater Interaction (from Buol, 1978)

Weather Station Piezometer Sample well / rain gage / soil moisture sensor Stream monitoring Pond monitoring From Dr. Tom Williams, Clemson

Intelligent River© -- Bannockburn Plantation www.intelligentriver.org

PIEZOMETER PIEZOMETER

MET STATION

STREAM STATION

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2008 2009 2010

Upper Debidue Creek – Rainfall and Stage

2009: P = 1030 mm 2010: P = 1248 mm

Curve Number versus Water Budget Approach

From Ms. Drake Rogers

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Runoff:Rainfall Rela�onships

Date Rainfall (in) Ratio 9/5/2008 3.4 0.14

9/11/2008 1.0 0.26 9/16/2008 1.9 0.31 9/25/2008 1.7 0.23

10/24/2008 5.7 0.44 3/1/2009 1.6 0.08 4/2/2009 2.0 0.19

11/10/2009 3.1 0.03 1/16/2010 0.9 0.11 1/25/2010 0.9 0.24

2/2/2010 1.1 0.25 2/5/2010 2.3 0.40 3/2/2010 1.0 0.32

9/29/2010 3.2 0.37 6/29/2011 0.8 0.01 8/6/2011 3.2 0.04

Rainfall – Groundwater - Streamflow Relationships

From Ms. Drake Rogers, recent Clemson M.S. graduate

Surface elevation = 169 in. AMSL

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Upper Debidue Creek – Tree Survey

From Dr. Tom Williams and Thom Epps, Clemson

Forest Stand – Water Table Relationships

From Dr. Ken Krauss, USGS

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Forest Stand – Water Table Relationships

From Dr. Ken Krauss, USGS

2009: PET = 928 mm





HYDROLOGY

VEGETATION

SOILS


HUMAN DIMENSION

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  Rain barrels/cisterns

  Rain gardens

  Pervious materials   Vegetative buffers

  Backyard wetlands

  Maintenance!!!

Low Impact Development (LID)

Rain Barrels

  Rainwater collection and storage = “harvesting”

  Not unlike the old “cistern”   Barrels come in all shapes

and sizes   Can be used for water

reuse such as for irrigation

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  Appealing landscape ideas for homeowners and HOAs

  Allows collection of stormwater and infiltration   Plants and microbes do the

work of pollutant removal   Can be attractor for wildlife

such as birds and butterflies   A natural way to irrigate

Rain gardens –an attractive idea…

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Roof surface area = 8100 sq. �. Storage design for first inch of rainfall = 675 cu.�.

Planting Day!

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BEFORE… …AFTER

Jan. 16, 2008 Sept. 25, 2009

From Dan Hitchcock, Ph.D., P.E., Clemson University

Monitoring

  Weather parameters: Rainfall Barometric pressure Temperature Relative Humidity Solar radiation Potential evapotranspiration

  Soil water parameters:

Soil moisture Water table depth

  Surface water level

  Inflows

Precipitation (P) Evapotranspiration (ET)

Outflow (Q )out

Inflow (Q )in

Infiltration (I=0)Percolation (P=0)

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Rainfall Water table

Rainfall (in)

Hyd

raul

ic H

ead

(in A

MS

L)

2-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug 23-Aug 30-Aug 6-Sep 13-Sep 20-Sep 27-Sep 4-Oct 11-Oct

240

235

230

225

220

215

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Cell bottom elevation = 276 in AMSL

Water Table Response to Rainfall

ROOFTOP RUNOFF!!

Rainwater Harvesting – Barrels and Gardens

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Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement!!!

Pervious Materials, Pavers and Concrete

Alternatives to conventional surface materials Increases chances for infiltration Can be used in combinations

Pavers can be expensive Maintenance…. Weeds and clogging

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Landscaping With Pervious Surfaces

Driveway Grass or Turf Strips

Gravel Paths, Vegetated Buffers, and Mulched Areas

Block Pavers for Curved Sidewalks

Old Brick Pavers for Sidewalks

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BMPs in Series or “Treatment Train”

  Some BMPs are better than others for certain pollutants

  Consider the connectivity of BMPs

  Front-end sediment collection; i.e., forebays or traps

  Vegetated BMPs can be overloaded so should be toward the end of train

Extended Swale

Buffer

Pond (w/ Forebay)

Wetland

Urban Land Use

Receiving Waters

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Poorly-drained sandy loam

Somewhat poorly drained clay Well-drained sandy clay clay loam Poorly-drained sandy clay loam

Well-drained sandy loam Very poorly-drained sand

Excessively well-drained sand Poorly-drained sand

Private protected lands

Major roads Parcels Open water

State protected lands

N

5 mi.


  The critical way to ensure stormwater mgmt success

  Must have a plan!! Who, what, when, where, how, how often?   Many maintenances practices from which to choose

  Education and outreach programs available

Stormwater Management Strategies The “M” word = MAINTENANCE!

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Sponsors

  Coastal watershed hydrology - South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA06OAR4170015

  Baruch rain garden monitoring and education – USDA Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA)

  Online Community Resource Inventory – CICEET funds to U.Conn. and NEMO, administered by SC Sea Grant

  This work is also related to the Intelligent River™ project sponsored by Clemson Public Service Activities (PSA) and the EPA Center for Watershed Excellence

For more info, please contact me: [email protected]

Also visit:

www.clemson.edu/baruch www.intelligentriver.org

www.clemson.edu/baruch/rain_gardens www.cri-sc.org

hitchcock tidal creek summit 120611

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