history,introduction & scope of microbiology
TRANSCRIPT
HISTORY, INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISM
USMB-101FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I1.1History, Introduction & Scope of Microbiologya. Discovery of Microorganismsb. Conflict over spontaneous generationc. Golden age of Microbiology-Koch Postulates,
Medical Microbiology, Immunologyd. Development of Industrial Microbiology and
Microbial Ecologye. Scope and Relevance of Microbiology
f. Future of Microbiology
1.2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Functionsa. Cell wallb. Cell membranec. Components external to cell wall-capsule,
slime layer, S layer, flagella, pili, fimbriaed. Cytoplasmic matrix- inclusion bodies,
magnetosome, ribosome, gas vesiclee. Nucleoid, plasmidf. Bacterial endospores and their function
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
ANTONIEVAN LEEUWENHOEK
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
• DUTCH MERCHANT• GREAT DICOVERIES• EDUCATED BUT NOT GONE TO ANY UNIVERSITY• LANGUAGE BARRIER• 50 YEARS OF WORK
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON• An organization preserving and publishing
scientific work• Leeuwenhoek observations were shown to the
members• He wrote all his observations in Dutch• Translated in to English published in The
Proceedings
MATERIALS OBSERVED
• Seeds• Embryos• Teeth material• RBCs• Blood circulation• Higher plants, animals and so on………..
Animalcules
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’s Observation
REFERENCES FOR UNIT I
General Microbiology by Stanier. Ingraham et al , 5th edition
CONFLICT OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
• Greek belief- living things originated from inanimate objects• Aristotle(384-322BC)- Spontaneous
generation of animals from soil, plants• Virgil(70-19BC)- propagation of bees• Maggots from meat when exposed to
air
ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)- believer of biogenesis
Maggots from MEAT in presence of air ???????
Francesco Redi
ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
John Needham- abiogenesisair essential60-70 years gap
ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS• FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT-used
strong acids and strong alkali to treat air• THEODOR SCHWAAN- used cotton
filter and passed air through it
FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT
THEODOR SCHWAAN
ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
Louis Pasteur
Louis PasteurProfessor of ChemistryUniversity of Lille, FranceMade a special flask- Goose necked flask or Swan necked flask
Louis Pasteur’s Experiment
TYNDALL’S EXPERIMENT-1820-1893
DUST CARRIES GERMS(MICROORGANISMS)
Other Contribution of PasteurWine/ Beer industry
Problems-bad wine- ropy, bitter etc.Loss of money
Pasteur studied- methods and processes of wine production
Objective- to produce good product
Pasteur’s observationsWine/beer production – microbiological processRaw materials- fruits and grainsProcess- fermentationGood wines-one type of M.O. predominatedBad wine- other types were also presentSolutions-Select good MOHeating of finished product to destroy undesirable MO
• Heating should not hurt the flavour
• Holding temperature and time-62.8 degree (145 deg faren)centigrade for an hour
PASTEURIZATIONWidely used in fermentation industry and Dairy
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Fracastoro of Verona-diseases due to invisible
organisms• Transmitted from one person to other• Von Planciz 1762-Different germs for different
diseases
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)- Physician- a
disease of childbirth(puerperal fever), very contagious, many deaths after childbirth
• THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PUERPERAL FEVER (1842)
• Ignaz Phillip (Hungry)-use of antiseptics during obstetrical practice
• Death rate decreased due to infections during child birth
• The Cause, Concept & Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861- a book
• Joseph Lister (England)- importance of antisepsis
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Pasteur’ role- found the parasite of a silkworm
disease, Pebrine after a long struggle• Solution- use of healthy disease free caterpillars
for breeding stock• Anthrax a disease of cattles- grew mo in the flasks
from the blood sample of died animals
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASEFather of Medical Microbiology
• Robert Koch(1843-1910)• Germany- Anthrax problem
Discovered tuberculosis bacteria
KOCH’S POSTULATES
KOCH’S POSTULATES
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURES
• Pure Culture• Joseph Lister- Dilution Technique (1878)• Sample – milk
Koch’s laboratory procedures
• Koch- liquid medium Solid medium (gelatin, agar)
COLONIES
Development of Medical Microbiology
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION
VirulenceAttenuationAntibodies
Chicken Cholera Experiment
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION• Edward Jenner- used cow pox vaccine to
protect people from small pox(1798)• Attenuated cultures- VACCINE• Vacca, a latin word- cow
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION
• Pasteur prepared vaccine against anthrax• Was told to study about human diseases• Prepared vaccine for rabies
Honours for Pasteur and Koch
1888
Discovery of other diseasesEdwin Kleb 1883 & Frederick Loeffler-1884Diphtheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Toxin production- demonstrated
Discovery of other diseases
Von Behring & Kitasato discovered tetanusToxin (lock jaw), Clostridium tetaniAntitoxinSerum therapy- Behring (nobel prize
Phagocytosis
Metchnikoff - leucocytes
Defense in the body• Cells- phagocytosis• Soluble substances in blood- Paul Ehrlich• Paul Ehrlich- chemotherapy- antibiotic (606th substance)-to treat syphilis (contained arsenic)- first chemotherapeutic substance)Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900
Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900date disease Causative agent discoverer
1876 anthrax Bacillus anthracis Koch1880 typhoid Salmonella typhi Eberth1880 Malaria Plasmodium Laveran
1882 tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Koch
1885 tetanus Clostridium tetani Nicolaier1894 plague Yersinia pestis Kitasato and
Yersin
1898 dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Shiga1905 syphilis Treponema pallidum Schaudin1906 Whooping
coughBordella pertussis Bordet , Gengou
Development of Agricultural, Industrial, and Food Microbiology
Application of discoveries of Pasteur & Koch
• Soil microbiology- Sergei Winogradsky- nitrogen fixing bacteriaSymbiotic relations between leguminous plants and clover, alfa-alfa
Importance of Pure Culture• Dutch microbiologist Willeum Beijerinck (1901)-
free living nitrogen bacterium• Azotobacter – very useful for soil fertlity• Hansen-industrial fermentation- yeast and
bacteria for vinegar production• Adametz from Austria –cheese production• Conn &Weigmann from Germany- starter culture
for butter production
Development of Plant Pathology
• Burril – fire blight in pears• Mayer- mottling disease of tobacco plant• Iwanowsky- viruses• Hashimoto (farmer)- insects can transfer• Wendell- Tobacco Mosaic Virus- isolated (Nobel
Prize- 1946)
REFERENCES1. Prescott, Hurley, Klein, Microbiology 7th ed.2. Kathleen Park Talaro & Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology, International ed.2002