history... · web viewwhether that is a positive or negative for the united states depends on...
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United States History and Government11th GradeRegents Review Packet
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Regents Review Sheet #1: Constitutional Foundations of American Society
1. Explain the advantages of the following four geographic features of the United States of America.
Mississippi River Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Great Plains Abundent Natural Resources
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2. Geography was the primary influence on colonial life. So were the practices brought from the homelands of the colonists. This divided the colonies into Three major areas. Explain the main economic activities in the three colonial regions:
New England:
Middle:
Southern:
European Philosophers of the Enlightenment:During the Age of Enlightenment (1600’s-1700’s), the leading thinkers in western Europe thought that society should be ruled by natural laws rather than the divine right of absolute monarchs John Locke (1632-1704):
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755):
French and Indian War:Causes France claims the interior of North
America, while British colonists settle along the coast.
French and British trade for furs with different Native American groups.
France and Britain arm the Native Americans.
British colonists move into the Ohio River Valley, claimed by France.
France builds forts to keep the British out.
Effects Britain defeats France. Britain wins control of all of North
America east of the Mississippi River. Spain gains control of New Orleans and
French Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Native Americans revolt against the British.
Britain bans further settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Colonists become angry.
What was Benjamin Franklin promoting with this political cartoon?
Task: Identify the significance of the following terms/polices on United States History. Albany Plan of Union (1754):
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Proclimation of 1763:
Charters and Self-Government:Task: Define and identify the importance of the following terms:House of Burgesses (1619)
Mayflower Compact (1620)
Fundamental Orders of Conneticuit (1639)
New England Town Hall Mettings
Democracy
Represenative Democracy
Natural Rights
American Revolution:Causes: Colonial resistance to British attempts to
impose taxes and trade controls on colonies (Mercantalism)
Lack of colonial representation in the Britsish Parliament“Taxation without Representation”
Results of French and Indian Wzr - Proclimation of 1763
Intolerable Acts – discolving of colonial assemblies and quartering of trrops in colonial homes during peacetime
Enlightenment Philosophies – Natural Rights
Effects: Treaty of Paris (1783) The United States is free and
independent country. A new system of government needs to be
created – Articles of Confederation Massive War Debt. Contuinued slavery. Britain refuses to trade with the United
States.
Task: Define and identify the importance of the following terms:Mercantalism
John Peter Zienger Trial
Stamp Act
Sugar Act
Townsend Acts
Intolerable Acts
Boston Massacre
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Boston Tea Party
Common Sense
Second Continential Congress
Declaration of Independence
Early United States Government:Articles of Confederation:During and after the Revolution, delegates from the 13 states to the Continental Congress drew up the Articles of Confederation. This document describing the new government’s official powers was approved by the states in 1781:
Organization Powers Advantages Disadvantages One branch of
government – a legislature which carried out both legislative and executive functions
Power to petition or ask the states for money
To have embassies and receive ambassadors
To make and wage war
Appoint ambassadors
To enter into treaties
Establish maritime courts
Authority to settle border disputes between states
Regulate trade with Indian tribes
Set up post offices and charge postage
Appoint officers to the army and navy
Regents Review Sheet #2: The United States Constitution
Compromise Issue Compromise Reached
The Great Compromise
New Jersey Plan:
Virginia Plan:
Three-Fifth
Northern States:
Southern States:
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Compromise
Slave Trade Compromise
Northern States: Wanted Tariffs to protect their industries from foreign competition and ending the slave trade
Southern States: Opposed tariffs because their economy was heavily dependent upon trade and also wanted to continue the slave trade.
Government of the United States: 1781 and 1789The following chart compares some of the provisions of the Articles of Confederation with those in the Constitution. It's important to note that most commentators see the Articles period (1781-1789) as a weak one in terms of governmental power. Whether that is a positive or negative for the United States depends on one's point of view regarding the size and influence of a national government. Libertarians would view the Articles period as the pinnacle of American freedom, while those favoring a strong central government would see it as a failure.
Articles of Confederation ConstitutionLevying taxes Congress could request states
to pay taxesCongress has right to levy taxes on individuals
Federal courts No system of federal courts Court system created to deal with issues between citizens, states
Regulation of trade
No provision to regulate interstate trade
Congress has right to regulate trade between states
ExecutiveNo executive with power. President of U.S. merely presided over Congress
Executive branch headed by President who chooses Cabinet and has checks on power of judiciary and legislature
Amending document
13/13 needed to amend Articles
2/3 of both houses of Congress plus 3/4 of state legislatures or national convention
Representation of states
Each state received 1 vote regardless of size
Upper house (Senate) with 2 votes; lower house (House of Representatives) based on population
Raising an armyCongress could not draft troops, dependent on states to contribute forces
Congress can raise an army to deal with military situations
Interstate commerce
No control of trade between states
Interstate commerce controlled by Congress
Disputes between states
Complicated system of arbitration Federal court system to handle disputes
Sovereignty Sovereignty resides in states Constitution the supreme law of the landPassing laws 9/13 needed to approve
legislation50%+1 of both houses plus signature of President
1. How did the Constitution change the role of the national government? (Provide at least three examples from the chart)
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Constitutional Principles:Popular
Soverignty
Limited Government
Seperation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Federalism
Ratification
Unwritten Constitution
Bicameral Legieslature
Supremecy Clause
Elastic Clause
Judicial Review
Amendments
Bill of Rights
Federalist Papers
Role of the Legieslative Branch:
Role of the Executive Branch:
Role of the Judicial Branch:
What makes the Constitution a “flexible document”? What are three ways it can be changed?
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Federalism:
Task: Provide Two Real-life examples of the following:Delegated Powers Reserve Powers Concurrent Powers
Checks and Balances/Seperation of Powers:
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The Great Debate:Task: Explain what the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
Issue Federalists Anti-Federalists
Power of National Government
Power of State Governments
Ratification of Constitution
Billof Rights
Leaders
1. Who won the Great Debate? How were they able to accomplish their goal?
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The Bill of Rights:The United States Constitution states that neither the government nor any individual may take away certain rights of the People. The Constitution ensures that individuals may enjoy certain rights and privileges even if their opinions differ from that of the majority. The People may express their thoughts through speech or written word EVEN IF the majority of people dislike their ideas.
Amendment Freedom or RightAmendment #1: Freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, and the right to petition.Amendment #2: Right to keep and bear arms.Amendment #3: People do not have to allow soldiers in their homes during peacetimeAmendment #4: No unreasonable search and seizure without a search warrantAmendment #5: Provisions concerning prosecution and protection of accused people:
Cannot be tried twice for the same crime (Double Jeopardy) People do not have to testify against themselves
Amendment #6: Right to a speedy trial with witnesses and be defended by a lawyerAmendment #7: Right to a jury trial in civil casesAmendment #8: No excessive bail or fines or cruel punishmentAmendment #9: Rights of citizens are not limited to these listed rights.
(Americans have rights not listed in the Constitution.)Amendment
#10:Rights of states under the Constitution:
Education Marriage Divorce Laws
1. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the United States Constitution?
Regents Review Sheet #3: Early American Presidents
George Washington(1789-1797)
1st President of the United States of
1. What are two precedents that George Washington set as the first President of the United States?
2. How did George Washington handle the Whiskey Rebellion and what did the=is tell us about the new government under the United States Constitution?
3. How did George Washington attempt to stop British impressment of American ships?
4. What two pieces of advice did George Washington give in his farewell address?
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America
Alexander Hamilton
1st Secretary of the United
States TreasuryFounder of the
Federalist Party
1. What are the four parts of Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan?
2. What clause of the Constitution did Alexander Hamilton believe gave the national government the authority to create a Bank of the United States?
3. Alexander Hamilton had a losse interpretation of the Constitution, what does this mean?
4. What belief did the Federalist Party have about the National Government?
First Political Parties:Federalists
Leader: Alexander HamiltonFavored:
Rule by the wealthy class Strong federal/national government Emphasis on manufacturing Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
Democratic-RepublicansLeader: Thomas Jefferson
Favored: Rule by the people Strong state governments Emphasis on agriculture Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
John Adams2nd President of
the United States of America
Federalist
1. What was the election result of 1800? Why was it controversial?
2. What was the XYZ Affair?
3. What was the purpose of the Alien and Seditions Acts?
4. Why were they considered controversial?
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(1797-1801)5. Who are the Midnight Judges?
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States of America
1st Secretary of State
Founder of theDemocratic-Republicans(1801-1809)
1. What was the main belief of the Democratic-Republican Party founded by Thomas Jefferson?
2. What was the significance of Marybury v. Madison Supreme Court case?
3. What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?
4. What was Lewis and Clark’s mission?
5. How did Jefferson respond to Bristish Impressments of American ships?
6. What was the impact the Embargo Act of 1807 have on the United States? Was it a success?
7. What was the significance of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written by Thomas Jeffersona nd James Madison?
James Madison4th President of
1. What were the causes of the War of 1812?
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the United States of America
Democratic-Republican(1809-1817)
2. Who were the Warhawks and what did they want to do?
3. What was the outcome of the War of 1812?
4. What was the significance of the Treaty of Ghent?
5. Why was the Battle of New Orleans so important? Who was the war hero?
James Monroe5th President of
the United States of America
Democratic-Republican(1817-1825)
1. What was the Era of Good Feelings?
2. What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine? How did this change American foreign policy?
3. What was the significance of the Missouri Compromise?
John Quincy Adams
6th President of the United States of America
Founder of theNational
Republicans
1. What was the significance of the Election of 1824? Who won?
2. What was the Corrupt Bargain?
3. What was the American System?
4. What is the Erie Canal and why is it significant?
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(1825-1829)
The Second Party System Emerges:National Republicans Issue Democrats
John Q. Adams Leader Andrew JacksonStrong National Government
Weak State GovernmentsRole of National
GovernmentWeak National GovernmentStrong State Governments
Industrial/Manufacturing Economy AgriculturalWealthy, Well Educated,
NorthernersSupporters Ordinary Citizens, Farmers,
and Southerners
Andrew Jackson7th President of
the United States
Founder of theDemocrats
(1829-1837)
1. What was the spoil system? Why was it controversial?
2. Why did Andrew Jackson veto the rechartering of the National Bank?
3. What was the Tariff of Abominations?
4. Who opposed the Tariff of Abominations? Why? What did they threaten to do?
5. What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia?
6. What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act?
7. What was the signiance of the Trail of Tears?
Marshall Court:Case Impact of Case
Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
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Gibbons v. Ogden
Regents Review Sheet #4: Sectionalism and Westward Expansion
Sectionalism:
Complete the Chart based on the views of each region below.Topic North South West
Slavery
Tariffs
Bank of the United States
Economy
Role of Government
(States’ Rights v. Federal
Rights)
Expansion of Slavery West:Action/Government
PolicySignificance
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Fugative Slave Law
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bloody Kansas
Dred Scott Decision
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
Reform Movements:Person/Term DefinitionAbolitionist Movement
William Lloyd Garrison
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Fredrick Douglass
Underground Railroad
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Temperance Movement
Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Staton
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Lorcetta Mott
Declaration of Sentiments
Dorthea Dix
Horace Mann
Manifest Destiny: Territory
Year Where did we get it from?
How did we get it?
Louisiana Territory
Florida
Texas
Oregon TerritoryMexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
Regents Review Sheet #5: Civil War and Reconstruction
Causes of the Civil WarSlavery
Sectionalism
State’s Rights
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Secession
The Tale of the Tape:
The WarUnion
Confederacy
Fort Sumnter
Gettysburg Address
Emancipation Proclimation
Suspension of the Writ of Habeous Corpus
Appotamax Courthouse
Presidential Plans for Reconstruction:President’s Plan Congress’ Plan
Civil War Amendments:13th Amendment
(1865)14th Amendment
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(1868)15th Amendment
(1870)Poll Taxes Literacy Test
Grandfather Clause DeFacto Segregation
Reconstruction:Term/Person DefinitionBlack Codes
Sharecropping
Carpetbagger
Freedmans Bureau
KKK
WEB DuBois
Booker T Washington
NAACP
Plessy v Ferguson
Compromise of 1877
Jim Crow Laws
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Captains of
Industry
John D. Rockerfeller
Henry Ford
Andrew Carnegie
JP Morgan
Closing of the West
Transconteniental Railroad
Dawes Act
Homestead Act
Gold Rush
Regents Review #6: Closing of the West, Gilded Age & Progressive Era
Gilded Age:Term/Person Definition/SignificanceLaissez-Faire
Capitalism
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Social Darwinism
Philanthrophy
Captains of Industry
Robber Barons
Populists:Term/Person Definition/Significance
Populist Party
Williams Jennings Bryan
Munn v Illinois
Wabash v Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Immigration:Term/Person Definition/Significance
Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Assimilation
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
National Origins Act of 1924
Urbanization
Labor Unions:Term/Person Definition/Significance
Samuel Gompers
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Terrance Powderly
Knights of Labor
American federation of Labor
Robber Barons
Progressive Era:
Muckrakers: Muckrakers ActionJacob Riis
Ida Tarbell
Upton Sinclair
Jane Addams
Thomas Nast
Term/Person Definition/SignificanceMeat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Theodore Roosevelt
Square Deal
Political Machine
Recall
Referendum
Initiative
William Howard Taft
Amendments
18th - Prohibition 19th – Women’s Suffrage
16th – Income tax 17th – direct election of Senators
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Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Party
Federal Reserve Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Regents Review #7: Imperialism and World War ISpanish-American War
EffectsCauses
United States
Expansion
Hawaii
Puerto Rico
CubaChina
Philippines
Panama Canal
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American Foreign Policies:Foreign Policy Explanation
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy
Open Door Policy
Causes of World War I:The Causes Describe how this event caused WWIMilitarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
Competition
US Entry into World War I:Event Describe how this event led America into WWI
Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare(Freedom of the
Seas)The Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegraph
The Constitution Tested:
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Event Describe how this event tested the ConstitutionSchenk vs.
United States
Espionage & Sedition Acts
End of the War:Event Describe the significance of the following
Wilson’s 14 Points
The Treaty of Versailles
Regents Review #8: 1920’s, the Great Depression, and the New Deal
Task: Define the following terms:Person/Event Describe the impact on the 1920s
Warren Harding
Calvin Coolidge
“Return to Normalcy”
New Consumer Products
Protective Tariffs
Widening Social Classes
Red Scare
Palmer Raids
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
Sacco and Vanzetti
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Flappers
Prohibition
Harlem Renaissance
Causes of the Great Depression:The Causes Describe how the following caused the Great DepressionBuying on
MarginOverproduction
Unemployment
Over Speculation of the Stock
Market
Stock Market Crash
The Great Depression:Event Describe the impact on the Great Depression
Hebert Hoover
Hoovervilles
Rugged Individualism
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The New Deal
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
F.D.R.’s Court Packing Plan
Critics of the New Deal
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Regents Review #9: World War II and the Cold War
United States Reaction to Outbreak of World War II:Event/Policy Describe these policies/eventsIsolationism
Neutrality Acts
Cash and Carry Principle
Appeasement
Neutrality Acts of 1939
Lend-Lease
Destroyers-for-Bases
Atlantic Charter
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United States in World War II:Event/Policy Describe the followingPearl Harbor
D-Day
Two Front War
Island Hoping
The Holocaust
Koretmatsu v United States
Rosie the Riveter
Manhattan Project
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Unconditional Surrender
The Cold War:
Cold War Events
Berlin Airlift
Korean War
Bay of Pigs
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
Marshall Plan
Truman Doctrine
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Term/Phrase Definition/ExplanationNATO
Warsaw Pact
Containment
Domino Theory
Iron Curtain
Collective Security
McCarthyism
Loyalty Review Boards
Blacklist
HUAC
Regents Review #10: Great Turmoil and Social Change
JFK (1960-1963):Event Describe the following
The Impact of TV on Kennedy’s
Election
Flexible Response
Bays of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin Wall
Peace Corps
Assassination
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LBJ (1963-1968):Event Describe the following
Great Society
Gulf of Tonkin
Vietnam War
Nixon (1968-1974):Event Describe the following
New Federalism
Watergate
Détente
SALT I
Realpolitik
Stagflation
OPEC
War Powers Act
Civil Rights:Event Describe the following
Crisis in Little Rock
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks
MLK Jr.
Sit-ins
Malcolm X
Black Panthers
Affirmative Action
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Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Acts
Women’s Rights MovementEvent Describe the following
Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA)Roe vs. Wade
Warren Court Decisions:Case Impact of Case
Brown v. Board of EducationGideon v.
WainwrightMiranda v.
ArizonaBaker v. Carr
Essay Topics - Regents Review in 2’s Complete by the last day of school Choose 2 topics for each organizer Complete organizer in bullet points Use RegentsPrep.org, U.S. Review, and Textbook Choose topics that you are familiar with Choose topics that you need to brush up on If you don’t understand… ask questions
Essay DirectionsDescribe: “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”Explain: “to make plain or understandable; to give reasons for or causes of; to show the logical development or relationships of…”
In your essay, be sure to• Develop all aspects of the task• Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details• Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion
that are beyond a restatement of the theme
Two Pieces of Historical Circumstance during Discuss action taken by
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Writing which issue is addressed government/individual/group
Two Supreme Court Cases
Historical Circumstance surrounding case
Explain Decision and Impact on Society
Groups that faced
discrimination
Discuss example of discrimination and action taken
by federal or state
Did action limit or protect the rights of the people?
Two Individuals(Not Presidents)
Action taken to bring change to economy, government, or society
Discuss change that came about because of individual’s action
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Action that addressed
problem with the economy
Historical Circumstance that led to action
Impact on U.S. Economy
Groups Affected By War
Social, political, or Economic change experienced by group
How did change affect Society?
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Individuals who had impact on Society (20th
Century)
Problem individual tried to change
Discuss contribution and Impact on Society
Changes from industrial
growth
How did industrialization contribute to change?
One positive or negative effect on society
Action taken by government to
influence geography
One reason for action and how did geographic factor influence
action
Impact of the action on the U.S.
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Migration within the U.S.
Historical Circumstance that led to migration
Impact on people who moved or on American
society
Turning Points in U.S. history
Describe historical circumstance that led to turning point
Discuss the political, social, and/or economic changes
that resulted from the event.
Problems faced by the U.S.
during Cold War
How did problem lead to conflict between U.S. and Soviet Union?
Action taken by U.S. to address problem. Success
or Failure? Explain.
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Landmark United States Supreme Court CasesSupreme Court Landmark Case
Decision Precedent
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*Marbury v. Madison, 1803
Chief Justice John MarshallStated that William Marbury should get his job but declaredthe law that created his position unconstitutional
Established judicial review(The right to review a lower court case decision - to declare a law (Congress) or action (President) unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
Marshall CourtSupported the use of the Necessary and proper clause (elastic clause)
States cannot tax federal property"The power to tax is the power to destroy
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 Marshall CourtRuled in favor of federal contract to transport goods on the Hudson over a NY contract
Reinforced that federal law is supreme over state lawCongress could rule on interstate commerce
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Chief Justice Roger TaneyScott lost his bid to be free, based on traveling to a free state
Reinforced Fugitive Slave LawsSlaves were property, not citizens and could not suePrecedent limited because of Civil war and 13th amendment
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad v. Illinois, 1886
The Court forbade all states from setting its own rates that regulated railroad fees charged for a train that crossed state lines.
This case helped to create the Interstate Commerce Commission
US v. E.C. Knight Co., 1895
Ruled that Congress had the right to protect smaller businesses from large monopolies
Upheld Congress' right to create the Anti-Trust Laws
*Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Ruled that segregated facilities based on race were legal if they were equal
Upheld the Jim Crow laws until the Brown v. Bd. Ed decision
Schenck v. US, 1919 First AmendmentRuled that Schenck did not have the first amendment right to discourage draftees from reporting for duty
Limited free speech if there is a "clear and present danger"Free speech is not absolute
Korematsu v. US, 1944 Court ruled that US could legally send Japanese Americans to relocation centers during WWII
Civil Rights are not absolute
*Brown v. Bd. of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954
Overturned the Plessy decisionSeparate but equal, in the field of education, can never be constitutional14th Amendment equal protection clause
Public schools had to formulate a plan to end segregation based on race
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 4th amendment issueRuled against the police who
Citizens are protected against unlawful searches
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did not follow procedure and seizuresPolice must have a search warrant or probable cause
Engel v. Vitale, 1962 First Amendment issueRuled that the NY State Bd. Of Regents violated the "separation of church and state" doctrine of the freedom of religion clause of the first amendment
No state can force students to recite a prayer
Gideon v. Wainwright 1963
Sixth amendment issueRuled that Gideon should have been granted a lawyer (pro bono) since he could not afford one
States must now appoint (and pay for) a lawyer for those accused persons who cannot afford one
Miranda v. AZ, 1966 Fifth amendment issueRuled that all suspects have the right to due process (protection against self-incrimination and the right to a lawyer)
Suspects, if arrested, must be read their rights.
Tinker v. Des Moines, 1968
First Amendment issueRuled that the students' right to symbolic speech was upheld and the lower court's decision was overturned.
Students do not give up all of their First Amendment rights when they enter the "schoolhouse gates", unless their speech created a dangerous situation or risks the safety of others.
New York Times v. US, 1971
First Amendment issueRuled that a newspaper can print previously secret information about the government if the facts legally should have been presented to the American public.
Newspapers continue to be a watchdog over government corruption and communicate this to the American public
Roe v. Wade, 1973 Unwanted pregnancy/Abortion issueRuled that the government cannot deprive a woman the right to decide what happens to her body (to a certain extent)
No state can ban a woman's right to an abortion except in the third trimester
US v. Nixon, 1974 Issue of executive privilegeRuled that even the president must follow the law if told by a court to hand over tapes or documents
Executive privilege is not absolute
NJ v. TLO, 1985 Fourth amendment issueCourt ruled that school officials have certain law enforcement responsibilities
Schools must respect the civil rights of students but they can search a student if there is probable cause or a threat to public safety
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Bush v. Gore, 2000 Election law. Federal -State issueRuled that Florida has the right to certify the electoral vote.
Supreme Court ruled on a state issue that it had refused to intervene on in the past.
Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003 Consideration of race and ethnicity in admissions to Universities.
the court ruled that the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions system, which awarded 20 points to black, Hispanic, and American-Indian applicants, was “nonindividualized, mechanical,” and thus unconstitutional.
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England, 2006
Challenge to a New Hampshire law that prohibits doctors from performing an abortion on a minor until 48 hours after a parent has been notified is heard.
The Supreme Court rules that the government cannot restrict abortions when one is required during a medical emergency.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010
Government restrictions on spending by corporations for political campaigns.
The Supreme Court ruled that the government cannot restrict the spending of corporations for political campaigns, maintaining that it's their First Amendment right to support candidates as they choose. This decision upsets two previous precedents on the free-speech rights of corporations.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, 2012
Constitutionality of the individual mandate and penalty for failure to purchase health insurance of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care).
The Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate is constitutional under Congress's taxing authority.
United States v. Windsor, 2013
Provisions in the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act that classifies marriage as between a man and a woman.
The court ruled that DOMA violated the rights of gays and lesbians. The court also ruled that the law interferes with the states' rights to define marriage.
Shelby County v. Holder, 2013
Sections of the Voting Rights Act that requires states to seek prior approval from Congress before changing its voting laws.
The Supreme Court ruled that provisions in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were outdated thus making it nearly impossible to enforce.
Riley v. California, 2014 Searching of a suspect’s cell phone.
The Supreme Court decided unanimously that police need a warrant to search a
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suspect’s cellphone.
A Summary of the United States ConstitutionThe PreambleThe Preamble lists the reasons that the 13 original colonies separated from their mother country, and became an independent nation.
We the People of the United States,in Order to form a more perfect Union,
establish Justice, make good government & lawsinsure domestic Tranquility, peace in our homes
provide for the common defense, national securitypromote the general Welfare, healthy communities
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and secure the Blessings of Liberty freedomto ourselves and our Posterity, family & friends
do ordain and establish give authoritythis Constitution the supreme law of the land
for the United States of America.
The Seven Articles of the US ConstitutionThe Constitution is our plan for government. The Articles of the Constitution talk about the duties of the three main parts of government: the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch.The articles also talk about the separate powers of the Federal and State government, and how to change the Constitution.
Article 1: Legislative Branch: the U.S. Congress makes the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Article 2: Executive Branch: the President, Vice-President, Cabinet, and Departments under theCabinet Secretaries carry out the laws made by Congress.
Article 3: Judicial Branch: the Supreme Court decides court cases according to US Constitution. The courts under the Supreme Court decide criminal and civil court cases according to the correct federal, state, and local laws.
Article 4: States' powers: States have the power to make and carry out their own laws. State laws that are related to the people and problems of their area. States respect other states laws and work together with other states to fix regional problems.
Article 5: Amendments: The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the US Constitution with the approval by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress (67, 281) and three-fourth vote by the states (38).
Article 6: Federal powers: The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local laws. All laws must agree with the US Constitution.
Article 7: Ratification: The Constitution was presented to George Washington and the men at theConstitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, Representatives from twelve out of the thirteen original states signed the Constitution. From September 1787 to July 1788, the states meet, talked about, and finally voted to approve the Constitution.
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The Twenty-Seven Amendments to the United States Constitution
1st People have freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the Government. 1791.
2nd People have the right to have a weapon to protect themselves. 1791.
3rd Soldiers cannot take or live in a person's house. 1791.
4th The government cannot arrest a person or search their property unless there is "probable cause." 1791.
5th The government must follow the law (due process) before punishing a person. 1791.
6th A person has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a jury. 1791.
7th A person has the right to a jury trial for civil cases. 1791.
8th The government cannot demand excessive bail or fines, or any cruel and unusual punishment. 1791.
9th The Constitution does not include all of the rights of the people and the states. 1791.
10th Any powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government belong to the states. 1791.
11th Citizens cannot sue states in federal courts. (There are some exceptions). 1795.
12th The President and Vice President are elected on a party ticket. 1804.
13th Slavery is illegal in the United States. 1865.
14th Every person born in the USA is a citizen. An immigrant can become a naturalized citizen. 1868
15th All US male citizens have the right to vote. 1870.
16th Congress can tax income. 1913.
17th he people can elect US Senators. 1913.
18th Alcohol is illegal. (Prohibition). 1919.
19th All US female citizens have the right to vote. 1920.
20th The President is inaugurated in January. Congress begins to meet in January. 1933.
21st Alcohol is legal. Each state can make laws about making, selling, and drinking alcohol. 1933.
22nd The President cannot serve for more than two terms. 1951.
23rd The US Citizens in the District of Columbia have the right to vote for President. 1961.
24th It is illegal to make a citizen pay a voting fee or take a reading test to vote. 1964.
25th If the president dies or cannot serve, the vice-president becomes president. If both die, the Speaker of the House becomes president. 1967.
26th US citizens who are 18 years old or older have the right to vote. 1971.
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27th Congress must limit when and how much its members are paid. 1992.
United States HistoryRegents PreparationAnswer/Cue Review
The purpose of Answer/Cue Review is to prepare a student for the upcoming United States History and Government Regents. The idea is for the student to trigger their memory from seeing a word, term, or topic on a multiple-choice question. This plan is not fool proof, but will allow the student to gain confidence in answering a multiple-choice question. If a student can successfully answer 64% or 32 out of 50 questions correctly, then they have a good chance at passing the exam. If you can get any higher than 65%, the better your chance for mastery is going to be. Good Luck!
If this is what the question is about… ….. then these are the cues you are looking for.Question Topic Answer/Cue
Geography: Appalachian Mountains limits expansion (Proclamation of 1763) Mississippi River aides farmers, western boundary (1783),New Orleans promotes tradeGreat Plains later settlement (late 1800s)Rocky Mountains resources, obstacle for RR____________________________________________________________________________________________ Enlightenment thinkers, Locke, Montesquieu, VoltaireDeclaration of Independence limits on government, natural rights, protect
against abuses of federal gov’t, list grievances, consent of the governed
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings representative assemblies, self- gov’tVirginia House of Burgesses establish democracy, consent of governed____________________________________________________________________________________________
Thomas Paine/Common Sense swayed opinion on independence____________________________________________________________________________________________
British mercantilism limited colonial trade, triangular trade____________________________________________________________________________________________
Articles of Confederation Strengths: Treaty of Paris, does not allow tyranny, representative legislature, admission of new statesWeaknesses: no chief executive, cannot collect taxes, equal power among states in
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legislature, lacks unity, greater power to the states
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Constitutional Convention - Great Compromise bicameral legislature, representationThree-Fifths Compromise slavery – 3/5 towards population____________________________________________________________________________________________
Bill of Rights protect individual liberties from federal government, guarantee rights to individual, Civil Rights (Voltaire)Example: no illegal search/seizure
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Federalism (Limit on Gov’t) divided power by level of gov’tFederal system
Elastic clause (Flexibility) “...necessary and proper…”clause, Power of Congress, Louisiana Purchase, National Bank, loose interpretation
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Checks and Balances (Limit on Gov’t) separation of powers, no branch tooSeparation of Powers strong, judicial review (constitutionality of
law), veto, override, OR any two branches given as examples
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Amending Process (Flexibility) change the Constitution: possibly Electoral College, flag burning, two term presidents, voting rights: Blacks, women, 18yr. Olds
____________________________________________________________________________________________Constitutional Structure and Function
President (Executive) two-term limit, Commander-in-Chief, veto power, Cabinet
Congress (Legislative) Elastic clauseHouse of Representatives- reapportionment (census), revenue bills
Senate - ratify treaties, approve appointments
Supreme Court (Judicial) Judicial review, judicial activism
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Unwritten Constitution Cabinet, Judicial Review, Political PartiesCommittee System, LobbyingPractices by custom/ tradition
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Washington’s Farewell Address no entangling military alliances, geography (Atlantic Ocean) supports precedent. (Commercial ties are okay)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Political Parties formation Formed b/c interpretation of the Constitution (Loose vs. strict) - Cabinet
Hamilton’s financial plan - Supports manufacturing over agricultureCreates sound economic policyGradually pay off nation’s debt
____________________________________________________________________________________________Marshall Court strengthen the national government
Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish judicial review____________________________________________________________________________________________Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana Purchase modified belief in strict interpretation
Doubles size of United States____________________________________________________________________________________________
Monroe Doctrine prevent further European colonization of Western Hemisphere____________________________________________________________________________________________Manifest Destiny expansion westward, acquisition of land
Debate over expansion of slavery, MexicanCession, Oregon, Gadsden Purchase
____________________________________________________________________________________________Women’s Right to Vote (Suffrage) Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony____________________________________________________________________________________________Civil War Sectionalism different economies, states’ rights Popular Sovereignty people decide slavery issue in territories Northern Advantages population, war supplies, industry, RRs Republican platform no extension of slavery Lincoln’s primary war aim preservation of the Union Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebel territory onlyHomestead Act (1862) free land out west, farms on Great PlainsPacific Railroad Act (1862) encourage settlement, promote expansion
____________________________________________________________________________________________ReconstructionResults 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, federal
supremacy over the states, Freedman’s Bureau, Black Codes (harsh treatment)Jim Crow Laws
Presidents’ Plan easily readmitting the south, 10% plan
Congressional Plan harsh treatment of conquered territory,
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Radical Reconstruction, militaryoccupation, 14th Amendment, Freedman’s Bureau
New South more industrial economy in South Solid South consistently democratic South
Sharecropping economic dependence for former slaves,
cycle of debt, tenant farming____________________________________________________________________________________________The WestHomestead Act encourage settlement of west on farmsFarmers technological advances increase output
Indian Policy – Dawes Act reservations, assimilation onto farmsIndian Wars conflict over land – Great Plains
Populists regulation of railroads, leads to Progressives, aid the farmer, Granger cases____________________________________________________________________________________________The Lives of African Americans (former slaves) denied civil rights in South
W.E.B DuBois immediate equality for blacks
Booker T. Washington focus on achieving respect before rightsGradually achieving rights for blacks
Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional to have separate but equalJim Crow Laws okay, equal protection?
____________________________________________________________________________________________IndustrializationRise of Corporations investment capital, laissez-faire, cheap labor,
business leaders (robber barons)Supply and demand, RR expansion
____________________________________________________________________________________________ManagementTrusts and Monopolies elimination of competition, need for
government regulation, RRs
Social Darwinism survival of the fittest, hard work = success
Captains of Industry philanthropy, give back to the public____________________________________________________________________________________________LaborUnions/Organized Labor Gompers, Powderly, Debs, and Lewis
Knights of Labor, AF of L Negative Public perception is that they are violent,
Government actions support big business
Positive New Deal, Wagner Act, Collective bargaining____________________________________________________________________________________________ImmigrationModern Policy problems with illegal aliens
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New Immigrants Southern and eastern Europeans, cheap labor, urban areas
Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, National Origins Act, quotas, restrictions, KKK, Know Nothings, Red Scare
____________________________________________________________________________________________Populists/Grangers Third party success – platform became law
Supports western farmer, against high RR rates, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold Speech - for free coinage of silver
____________________________________________________________________________________________Progressives middle class reform, bring P/E/S equality
Muckrakers (writers) Riis, Addams, Steffens, Sinclair, TarbellExposed inequalities, poverty, corruption,
Urban living and working conditionsAnti-Trust Laws restore competition, eliminate monopolies(Sherman and Clayton) government regulation of business
Democratic reform initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, (local, state and national level) direct election of Senators
Federal Reserve System control money supply in circulation and regulate interest rates
Teddy Roosevelt Trust buster - regulates business, good and
bad trusts, conservation
Imperialism Protect U.S. investments abroad andAcquire raw materials and markets
Big Stick Policy Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can intervene in
Latin America
Panama Canal intervention in Latin America, canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, strategic
and trade route
Open Door Policy increase trade in China (Asia)
Spanish American War Pulitzer and Hearst – yellow journalismRemember the Maine
____________________________________________________________________________________________World War IU.S. entry freedom of the seas, Woodrow Wilson
“make world safe for democracy”
Fourteen Points prevent future wars, promote peace, self-
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determination, freedom of the seas, reduce arms. Washington Naval Conference and Kellogg-Briand Pact
League of Nations/ Treaty of Versailles international organization rejected bySenate using checks and balances, keep out of entangling alliances, isolation between wars
Schenck v. U.S. (1919) clear and present danger, rights are not
Absolute, Espionage Act and Sedition Act,“…cannot yell fire in crowded theater”
____________________________________________________________________________________________Roaring Twenties Old vs. New ways of thinking and acting
Republican Presidents free enterprise, tax cuts, and laissez-faire
Less government regulation of business,“Return to Normalcy” – Harding“The business of America is business” –
Calvin Coolidgetrickle down theory – Hoover
Nativism KKK, immigration restriction, quotas
Harlem Renaissance rebirth of black art, literature, and art (culture), African Americans move north,Langston Hughes
Scopes Trial science vs. religion, new vs. old,Modernist vs. fundamentalist
Flappers rejection of traditional values
Prohibition banning of alcohol, difficult to enforcelaws that deal with social attitudes. Also
Fugitive Slave Act____________________________________________________________________________________________Great Depression
Causes overproduction (manufacturing and farm)
Uneven distribution of wealth, little government regulation, excessive credit
buying
Life during … escapist movies, people helping people, Charity
Farmers start depression in 1920s due to Overproduction and drought,
Dust Bowl – cause - by drought and geographic conditions, result – migration
west by farmers
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____________________________________________________________________________________________New Deal government intervention in the economy
Relief, Recovery, and ReformPolitical, Social, and Economic help
Bank Holiday restore confidence in financial institution
FDIC insure bank deposits (similar to SEC)
Court Packing FDR tries to appoint more SC justices topromote New Deal Programs, Congress rejects plan b/c it clashes w/ Checks and Balances
Opposition Conservatives think New Deal is too involved w/ economy and it endangers free
enterprise
FDR’s Third term (Presidential) due to World War II – crisisconflicts w/ unwritten tradition and leads to
22nd Amendment____________________________________________________________________________________________World War II neutrality between wars, leads to end of
Great Depression
Good Neighbor Policy less intervention in Latin America
Neutrality isolation between wars, Neutrality ActsNo response to aggressor nationsNot in League of Nations
Lend Lease Act more direct involvement in war, favors the
Allies, Cash and Carry and Destroyer for Bases Deal
Atlantic Charter post war aims to prevent war
Japanese Americans internment, limit civil liberties during war
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) – clear andpresent danger vs. equal protection under law
Women Rosie the Riveter, fill defense jobs of African Americans soldiers at war
Atomic Bomb dropped to save American casualties (lives)
Cold War War of words, tension between the U.Sand U.S.S.R., nuclear arms race, space race, join international organizations
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Truman Doctrine containment, stop spread of communism
to Greece and Turkey with ($)
Marshall Plan Economic recovery ($) for western Europe
Nuremberg War Crimes Trial individuals can be held responsible for wartime atrocities against civiliansKorean War United Nations action, Truman fires
General Macarthur as Commander-in-Chief for insubordination (civilian control of military)
NATO collective security, shift from isolation to Internationalism, in competition with Warsaw
Pact
Eisenhower Doctrine stop spread of communism in Mideast
Red Scare search for communists infiltrating AmericaHouse Un-American Committee, McCarthyism, Loyalty Oaths, Rosenbergs
____________________________________________________________________________________________1960s Decade of Change, Civil Rights, Reform
Domino Theory stop spread of communism in Southeast Asia or Vietnam
Vietnam War public opinion affects foreign policy, war viewed as unjust, leads to passage of War
Powers Act
New Frontier John Kennedy – promotes space program
Great Society Lyndon Johnson - war on poverty, government intervenes in economic and social lives of society, Medicare and Medicaid
Reforms of 1960s consumer protection, environment, civil rights, women’s movement
Warren Court (Rights of Accused) Miranda rights, Gideon v. Wainwright,
right to lawyerCivil Rights
Martin Luther King, Jr. civil disobedience, integration, passiveResistance, promote civil rights acts
Brown v. B.O.E. (1954) “separate but equal is unequal”Integration of public schools,equal protection of the law**Leads to Eisenhower enforcing law and protecting black students with federal troops
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Affirmative Action help minorities have equal opportunity butleads to reverse discrimination
The 1970s Détente easing of Cold War tensions, SALT I
nuclear limits
War Powers Act (1973) limits power of the President
Watergate No person is above the law, leads todistrust in the government
Economy Oil crisis, high unemployment, inflation, Stagflation
____________________________________________________________________________________________1980sReaganomics supply-side economics similar to Hoover’s
trickle-down theory, tax breaks to wealthy causes recession, New Federalism gives social programs back to states, defense deficit spending
Bush Good foreign policy – Persian Gulf WarBad domestic policy – tax increases
____________________________________________________________________________________________1990sClinton deflects corruption to be a success,
NAFTA improves trade, sends troops overseas to secure peace
Social Issues Disabled Americans, social security, universal healthcare, campaign reform, term
limits,____________________________________________________________________________________________Present Day
W. 9/11, increase government powers, Patriot Act, Iraq, 2008 Financial Crisis, Bailout of Financial Industry
Obama Affordable Healthcare Act, Withdrawal of Troops from Iraq, Bailout of the Auto Industry, Civil Rights, Immigration Reform
![Page 53: History... · Web viewWhether that is a positive or negative for the United States depends on one's point of view regarding the size and influence of a national government. Libertarians](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041522/5e2ee21e0c68ad066911e175/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)