history report

Nepal Engineering CollegeChangunarayan, Bhaktapur_________________________________________________

A REPORT ON THE MONUMENTS FROM LAGANKHEL TO I-BAHI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge with sincere thanks the kind help and information provided by many individuals during the preparation of this report.

We are truly grateful to our teacher Mr. Bijaya Budhathoki for giving us such an opportunity to know the importance of even small sized monuments. We are also thankful to him for waiting patiently for us to submit our report which got delayed due to various reasons.

We are indebted to all the local people who gave us their time to tell us the facts about the monuments and provided us with the legends regarding the shrines. We would like to thank Mr. Rajkumar, Mr. Prem Bahadur Pandey, Mr. Trap Khand of Lagankhel, Mr. Namekrshna Tamarakar and Mr. Siddhiratna Tamarakar of Hauga Tole, Mr. Prajwol Joshi of KVPT, Mr. Tonyl Maharjan.

Thanking you all,

The report groupDecember 2001.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. MAP OF PATAN 12. LOCATION MAP 23. INTRODUCTION 34. NEPALESE STYLE TEMPLES 35. STUPAS 146. VIHARAS 217. SHIKARAS AND DOMES 388. DHARMASHALAS 429. WATER CONDUITS 4910. MISCELLENEOUS 5411. CONCLUSION 67

BIBLIOGRAPHY


LOCATION PLAN (FROM LAGANKHEL TO I Bahi)

A. Lagankhel1. Ashokan stupa2. Batuk Bhairab3. Charkune Chowk4. Dhungedhara5. Dolanmai6. Laganeshwor Mahadeva7. Pati8. Lagan Bahal/ Shree Ratna Chaitya Bihar

B. Thati 9. Sattal10. Ganesha shrine

C. Tangal11. Pati12. Dhungedhara13. Minnath/ Jesthabarna Mahabihar14. Bhairab Temple15. Doubaly

D. Haugal 16. Jaddhuhiti 17. Ibahabahi 18. Narayan (brick and stucco) 19. Pith 20. Pati 21. Narayan 22. Pati 23. Haugal Bahal/ Hastinga Bihar 24. Narayan (brick and stucco) 25. Narayan (Nepalese style)

E. Durbar Square 26. Uma Maheshwor

F. Soantha 27. Pith 28. Radha Krishna 29. Chaitya 30. Jaddhuhiti


31. Krishna 32. Pati 33. Narayan

G. Kulimha 34. Hanuman

35. Ghyabo Narayan 36. Uma Maheshwor

H. Ko Baha 37. Ko Baha 38. Krishna 39. Pati 40. Shiva Temple 41. Jaddhuhiti

I. Gahiti 42. Chamundamai 43. Lokeshwar 44. Pati 45. Shivalinga

J. I Bahi 46. Yampi Karunachuka 47. I Bahi/ Sunaya Shreemishra Samskarti Yampi

Mahabihar 48. Yampi Yanta Bihar 49. Ashokan stupa

INTRODUCTION

We, the third year architecture students of Nepal Engineering College, were asked to submit a report on monuments. The main objective of the report was to make us realize the importance of even small scale monuments. It was of our own choice to take any location for this purpose. The condition was that the area we cover should not exceed one and a half kilometer nor should it be less than a kilometer.

Our group chose Patan for this project. The area was from Lagankhel to I Bahi, starting and ending the route by an Ashokan stupa. The distance covered was approximately one and a half kilometer. The popular Patan Durbar Square was also present in this route. But since the monuments at that area have been written many a times we decided to leave them in our report.

Patan is locally known as Lalitpur, the city of beauty. It is located on lovely little plateau across the river Bagamati and is only seven


kilometers south-east of Kathmandu. The city is circular in shape. This city is oldest of all three cities of Kathmandu Valley. Patan is most widely accepted candidate for the Licchhavi capital. It’s identification as a capital rest primarily on three factors:(1) The late chronicles’ assertion that one Veerdeva, an undocumented successor to Narendradeva, moved the capital there at around 299 A.D., 2) that the name Patan, since it is derived from pattana, likely signifies a royal city, and 3) that Manigvala, one of Patan’s alternate names, derives from the presence of Managriha in that city. This city is full of Buddhist monuments, Shiva temples with fine bronze gateways, deities and endless carvings. Here are craftsmen, carpenters, stone and metal workers.

The monuments that we came across during this project can be divided into various groups. So, for the purpose of simplifying our report we have grouped them into different categories like tiered temples, shikhara temples, dome temples, water conduits, dharmashalas, viharas, etc.

The Nepalese style

Kirkpatrick has remarked that the Kathmandu Valley consists of as many temples as there are houses and of as many as idols as there are men. So, Patan one of the important cities of the Valley can be similarly quoted. On our study we came across numerous Nepalese styled temples. In few places the Nepalese styled temples have been referred to as multi-storeyed temples. But this is a misnomer. The numbers of actual habitable floors and the tiered roofs are not the same. So nowadays they are popularly known as multi-tiered. In past, they even have been described as derivatives of pagoda style which can be found in different parts of the world. But many historians and architects are against this description. For them, temples of the style existed in Nepal earlier than elsewhere. It is, therefore, not proper to consider the temples as derivatives and to call them pagodas. They should enjoy in all justice a name which is attached to the place of their birth, and the style should be named as the Nepalese style.

The body of the temple is a square entablature of bricks rising in diminishing proportions to a great height, sometimes to the fifth storey. The roofs are attached on four sides of the wall at each storey. They are sloping and conforming in regularly diminishing proportions to the size of the entablature. The roofs, tiled or copper gilt, are quadrangle. The entablature may stand on a terraced platform of the stone and might be of as many stages as there are storeys. The roofs are connected with the entablature by struts which are set up in a projection at an angle of 45 degree. The struts form in many cases symbolic images of the deities of the main shrine. The cornices in the windows and above the door and the outer beams are finely decorated with the entablature carvings, rich


pictographs of deities or foliage or the designs in arabesque. The windows are nearly square and screened by a trellis ornamented by carvings. The windows in most of the cases are blind windows which are kept only to add beauty to the temple. The doorway or window is supported by architraves with a gilt copper or wood tympanum at the middle point and containing carved images of deities in bold relief on the surface, where the principal figure that of a mythological Garuda or Saravan, holds two serpent in the hands to bite them off. Round edges of the roofs hangs a series of small and thin bells with slender clappers which a mild rush of wind sets tinkling. The interior of the temple is as magnificent. Elaborate and beautiful carvings are as common element of the decoration. The chapel occupies the hall, and there are no ante rooms except in cases. The space above the cella is a wastage space. The space above the roofs has been deliberately left open so as to keep open the vertical axis for the easy movement of the gods to heaven. The summit of the temple has a piece which is known as gajura. It is a very important part of the temple and can be found of various styles.


1. BATUK BHAIRAVLocation: LAGANKHELStyle: ONE TIERED TEMPLEConst. material: BRICK, TIMBERConstructed: -Renovated: AFTER 1934Deity: BHAIRAVSect: SHAIVA

It is located in Lagankhel and the main deity is of Bhairab. This temple is considered to be the degudega (kuldevata) of another famous god Minnatha. It is one storey shaded by trees. The sanctum is covered with a single metal roof with a finial. There is no image of Bhairab inside according to tantric tradition. Legend says that king Amsuvarma (606-621) of the Licchhavi period founded the temple after a pilgrimage to Prayag, India. Instead of a statue a stone is kept at the main sanctum and is worshipped. Similarly, stones that signify gods and goddesses (Ganesha, Kumar and Kumari) are also present at the garbhagriha. Even on the toranas, the images of Ganesha and Kumar are present on the sides of the Bhairab image.

This temple has been renovated time and again. According to the records that we collected, on 1991 B.S., the reigning time of King Tribhuvan, the then prime minister Juddha Shamsher Rana contributed the metal roof to the temple. Most of the parts have been gifted by various people at different times. Like the decorative leaves of the temple were given by one Surjalal. Similarly, the gajur of the temple have been


contributed by one Ganesha of Tangal. One of the two bells in front of the temple have been offered by Dhirjamann Shrestha of Lalitpur on 1986 B.S. Previously the other bell was contributed by Jitgovinda on 1982 but as it was broken and Badrigovinda, his son offered a replacement for that on 2048 B.S.

On the vicinity of the temple two patis are present. One is used for singing bhajans and the other one is used as a living quarter. The temple even has a garden and office of its guthi. In this temple, the main day of worship is on Thursday.

2. LAGANESHWOR MAHADEVLocation: LAGANKHELStyle: ONE TIERED TEMPLE (sanctum underground)Const. Materials: CONCRETE, METAL, BRICKS, MARBLEConstructed:Renovated:Deity: SHIVASect: SHAIVITE

This temple is situated at Lagankhel. The main sanctum of the temple is situated below the ground level. The idol of Lord Shiva can be worshipped after descending six steps. Though there is a statue of Lord Shiva, one cannot find his vehicle, Nandi’s, idol. Instead a stone has been worshipped in its place. The entrance of the temple is from east direction. On the sides of the gate images of Lord Ganesha and Lord Kumar, Shiva’s sons, can be found and on the left side a bell is placed. The facing of the


temple is made up of marble and the roof is made up of concrete. The concrete roof is detailed in such a way that it gives the visual impression of the old tiled roofs. So, we think that the temple must have been renovated in recent times but we neither were unable to obtain any dates regarding its renovation time period nor could determine the actual date of its construction.

On the backside of the temple two trees (bar and papal) are situated. The temple even has a small garden which is fenced by iron bars. The area around the fenced garden is popularly used by the people as a resting area. This temple has been lost in the crowd of the Lagankhel bus park. While looking for the monuments for our project on the first day we completely missed this temple. Only after going back to the site we were able to see it. This really shows how much this temple needs to regain its rightful space.

3. NARAYAN TEMPLELocation: HAUGALStyle: TWO TIERED TEMPLEConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed: Renovated: Deity: NARAYANSect: VAISHNAV

This temple is located at Haugal and has been renovated at recent times by the Nagarpalika. We were not able to get much information on this temple. From the information given to us by one of the locals, Mr.


Krishna Tamarakar, we came to know that the temple was three tiered before its renovation. It is now just two storeys tall. The upper roof is made up of metal while the lower one has tiles. Bells are hung on the corners of the roof as well as at the edges of the upper one. The temple stands on a single plinth. During the renovation due to some conflict the gajur of the temple was not kept. So, now just a piece of concrete is present instead of the usual metal gajur.

The temple has the company of two patis on its sides. One of the patis has been converted into a tea stall. Like in most cases the area around the temple has been converted into a parking space. This has completely degraded the value and sanctity of this lovely temple.4. NARAYAN TEMPLELocation: HAUGALStyle: ONE TIERED TEMPLEConst. Materials: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: Renovated:Deity: NARAYANSect: VAISHNAVA

Viewing this temple we could make out that the temple had been renovated in the recent times but plants have started to grow at its roof. It was sad to see that the facings of such a lovely temple have been ruined by the posters pasted on them. The area it is located on is bustling with a market. Though it is situated in a busy street it seems as if the temple has been completely forgotten.

The temple which is resting on two plinths has a unique kind of gajur. The gajur is so big that it seems like a different tier altogether. We


came to know that this is a Narayan temple by the help of the locals. The temple being closed the idol of Narayan could not be seen. 5. KRISHNALocation: SOANTHAStyle: THREE TIRRED TEMPLEConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed: Renovated: 1968Deity: KRISHNA AND RADHASect: VAISHNAVA

This well proportioned temple is built in three step base. The woodwork of this three tiered temple has been greatly appreciated. The temple has columns going all around it on the fourth plinth creating an ambulatory space. The struts and the columns of the temple have been beautifully carved. The struts depict the incarnation and other related divinities. In recent times this temple has been renovated and RCC has been used to give it more structural strength.

The neighbourhood of this area is full of historic and artistic artifacts. The temple is situated in the neighbourhood courtyard of the famous Patan Durbar Square and lies on the junction of two main roads. The area opposite of the temple is full of shops selling Nepalese artifacts and jwelleries. 6. NARAYANLocation: SOANTHA Style: TWO TIRRED TEMPLE


Const. Materials: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: Renovated: 1968Deity: VISHNUSect: VAISHNAVA

It is located on Soantha and is a two storey temple. The main deity here is of Vishnu. This small two-storey temple is located at the beginning of a narrow road. The lower part of the figure struts illustrate scenes of Vishnu’s incarnations. It has a stone four-armed Vishnu. The stone garuda was donated in 1706. It was renovated on 1968.

In front of the temple a statue of Garuda, lord Vishnu’s vehicle, is raised on a three stepped plinth is situated. The Garuda has a metal umbrella and two metal flags on its sides. It was donated on 27N.S. on Jestha mahina (May-June). On the right side of the temple two small shrines of Lord Ganesha and Lord Krishna are placed. They were added here on 1110N.S. on kartik mahina. A Vishnu Madhav Sharma of Soantha Tole donated the Ganesha idol praying for world peace and the statue of Lord Krishna asking for the peace of the soul of late brother Ratnananda Rajyopadhya. A bell is also kept at the left side of the temple’s entrance.

At the left side of the temple a pati is constructed. The temple faces the street and lies opposite to the Neighbourhood Square of the Patan Durbar Square.7. HANUMAN Location: KULIMHAStyle: THREE TIRRED TEMPLEConst. Materials: BRICK, TIMBER, STONE


Constructed: Renovated: Deity: HANUMANSect: HINDU

This three tiered temple is located at Kulimha and is placed in a courtyard. The temple is in dilapidated condition. The roof that is remaining is covered by plants. The back of the temple is resting on a building. It is an open shrine and columns support the temple. This temple is not easily visible from the street. Only the gajur, which is at the verge of falling, can be seen from the street. The temple is made from bricks and wood. The struts of the temple are plain and even the blind windows lack any carvings. Only the columns of the temple have been carved. Small bells of wood are hung around the temple.

This temple is an interesting Hindu temple. In Hindu religion God Hanuman is considered to be a pure vegetarian and none of the girls are allowed to touch a Hanuman statue. But this temple is quite different from other Hanuman mandir. Sacrifices of animals are accepted over here and even girls are allowed to worship him and touch the main idol. This temple has been greatly influenced by tantrism.

8. GHYANBO NARAYANLocation: KULIMHAStyle: TWO TIRRED TEMPLEConst. Material: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed: 17TH CENTURYRenovated: 1997A.D.


Deity: NARAYANSect: VAISHNAVA

It is located in Kulimha Tole and the main deity here is of Narayan. It was constructed in 17th century and is of two-storey temple. This two-storey, brick temple is built on a single stage base. The holy area of the temple can be reached after climbing three steps. The carved door way on the ground floor opens in to the sanctum. Both roofs are supported by struts which represent the incarnations of Vishnu. There is a gajura on the top roof. The chief priest is a Brahman.

In the front of the temple a statue of a Devi is embossed in a brick work. The temple has been renovated on October 24, 1997A.D. in the joint venture of Studiosus Reisen (Germany), HMG of Archeology, Patan Sub Municipality, Kulimha Residence, and Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust. An interesting thing about this temple is the presence of greenery in front of the temple. It is very rare to find greenery in the temple surrounding. But two trees and a climber are present in this temple area. This temple shares its place with an Uma Maheshwor temple.

9. UMA MAHESHWARALocation: KULIMHAStyle: TWO TIRRED TEMPLE Const. Material: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed: 18TH CENTURY


Renovated: 1875 AND 1933Deity: KAILASH FAMILYSect: SHAIVAITE

It is also located in Kulimha Tole and the main deity here is of Kailasha family. It was constructed in 18th century and is of two-storey temple. This two-storey, brick temple is built on a low square, stone base. Both roofs are supported by carved struts representing the various divinities, and there is a gajura on the top roof. Inside the temple are images of Surya, Narayan and Harihara. Although an idol of the principal deity has an inscription dated 986, the present temple was built in the 18th century. It was renovated in 1875 by Pannavanisha Harshababu, and again in 1933. The chief priest is a Brahman.

In recent times the risk of robberies of statues has been increased. So the main statue of this temple is locked by a concrete column. The beam presses the statue vertically downwards and hence locks it.


STUPAS

Stupas were probably derivatives of the practice of raising a circular tumulus over skeletal remains. The earliest specimen of the stupa is found in Patan. They are one of the oldest monuments of architectural importance. These are five in number, four in cardinal squares of the citadel and one at its centre known as Pimbahal. Two of them were on the route that the group had chosen. These are attributed to King Ashoka. It is believed that King Ashoka broke up the original eight stupas over the remains of Buddha and divided them into 84,000 parts and constructed stupas over them.

Nepali stupas are categorized as 1) dhatu stupa 2) paribhog stupa 3) dharma stupa 4) udeshya stupa. The original mound of the stupas is of the shape of hemisphere, constructed out of bricks on a plinth of the same. They are devoid of any architectural decorations and are simple. At the top there is a small chapel and on four sides at the base of the garbha there are similar chapels. The top chapel is dedicated to Vairochana and is represented by the eyes of the harmika. The other four chapels at the cardinal points were dedicated to Dhyani Buddhas- Akshobhya on the east, Amitabha on the west and Amogsiddhi and Ratnasambhawa on north and south respectively. They represent the different aspects of activities of Buddha. The painting of the eyes is a unique Nepali practice and began during the Malla period after 15th century. At the diagonal points chapels of four Taras are also present. The tapering thirteen layers of finial at the top of harmika represent the thirteen stages of perfection and are capped by a parasol (gajur). The layers are made up of circular metal disc.

Besides these, miniature stupas are also common in Kathmandu Valley. These are called Chaitya and the site they occupy Chi-baha (small monastery). They are comparatively of recent times. They too have images of four Dhyani Buddha at the cardinal point.


1. ASHOKAN STUPA

Location: LAGANKHELStyle: STUPAConst. Material: BRICK, Constructed: 3RD CENTURY B.C.Renovated: AFTER 1934Deity: PANCHA BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST

According to legend, this is one of the stupas built by Ashoka, the man, King of India, while he was visiting Patan on a pilgrimage. At that time Nepal was ruled by the Kirati kings. The stupa is located in the open at Lagankhel. This is made up of a mound of earth covered with grass and built on a low, circular base. There is a small, stucco stupa which acts as a finial on the mound. It is complete with niches containing the cardinal Buddhas which were constructed in 1978 with a religious feast attended by King Surendra Bir Bikram. The shakyas worship the stupa on the first day of dark Srawan and the full moon of Aswin.

In front of the main stupa lots of small stupas or chaityas can be found. They have been added to the area over a period of time. Many of them in the memory of their deceased loved ones. The area where the stupa is located is quite big. The Lalitpur Mahanagarpalika and Ashoka Stupa Sudhar Samiti together have put forward a project to beautify the area. They are going to add water pools on the sides of the stupa and a garden. Trees will be added along the boundary.


Though climbing the stupa is prohibited the area on top of the stupa is a popular place for the young kite flyers. In recent times in the name of renovation the main stone statues of the temple have been painted with enamel, making the statues look frightening. Some of the statues body has been painted dark blue with yellow face and also the eyes have being marked by enamel paint.

Shown in the plans are:1. Chaitya donated by Jogkumari on Magh17, 2052B.S. 2. Chaitya installed in the memory of Bijeshwori Chomha and Buddharatna Manandhar on Aswin 9, 2053B.S.3. Chaitya in the name of Babukaji Maharjan and his family and in the memory of his late parents- Dasmann Maharjan and Siddimaya Maharjan on Aswin 6, 2053B.S.4. The area to perform religious prayers (hom area).5. Donated on 1111N.S.6. Chaitya made in the memory of late Singhlal Maharjan on 2053-6-9.7. Chaitya donated by Yamha Herakaji Shakya and Dhanamaya Shakya in the memory of their parents Late Bajraraj Shakya and Ganeshmaya Shakya.8. A bajra9. Chaitya donated on 2052B.S.10 Chaitya donated on 2054B.S.11. The main stupa.


2. CHAITYALocation: SOANTHAStyle: CHAITYAConst. Materials: STONE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated:Deity: PANCHA BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST

This chaitya is located at the Neighbourhood Square at Soantha. It is situated in between two Krishna temples- one Nepalese style and the other one dome style. A jadhhuhitti is also present on its side. The chaitya has images of Dhyani Buddha on its cardinal points. 3. ASHOKAN STUPALocation: I BAHIStyle: STUPAConst. Material: STONE, BRICKConstructed: 3RD CENTURY B.CRenovated: 1616, 1841, 1846Deity: PANCHA BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST


This is one of the five stupas believed to have been built by Ashoka, the Mauryan king of India, while he was visiting Nepal on a pilgrimage. At the time, Nepal was under the rule of the Kirati kings. Only by scientific excavation of the stupas could there controversial origins be resolved. This stupa is similar to the ones at Pulchowk and Lagankhel, only it is not made of an earthen mound but has a plastered surface. The finial is similar to that Swoyambhu’s. The reason why this stupa has a plastered surface while the other three are of dirt is unknown. There are a number of good Buddhist sculptures in the area.

Iron bars guards the stupa and keeps away the people from climbing on top of the stupa. The area where the stupa is located other small chaityas and shrines can be found.As shown in the plan:

1. A pati2. Group of chaityas rose on a platform and guarded by iron fences.3. Lotus petal4. A bajra5. A bell6. the main stupa7. small chaityas on the corners of the stupa8. An chaitya9. A shine of Goddess SaraswatiThis stupa was the last monument on our route.


BIHARAS

A Bihara is a Buddhist monastery, a place where Buddhist (presumably cell bate) monks (bhikshus) or nuns (bhikshunis) live. The community of monks and nuns were known as Sangha. The term Bihara or bahabahi in Newari refers first to a building


1. LAGAN BAHAL/ SHREE RATNA CHAITYA BIHARLocation: LAGANKHELStyle: BAHALConst. Materials: STONE, BRICKConstructed: 1940 B.S.Renovated: 2056 B.S.Deity: GAUTAM BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST

This baha is situated at Lagankhel and was established during 1940 during the period of King Tribhuvan. The main deity of this baha is Gautam Buddha. This baha is not surrounded by residential houses but enclosed within a walled compound. The brick sanctum, the stone chaitya, and the mandala are all modern. Legend says that a copper smith named Chakabahil saw the glow of many gems while digging here, covered them quickly with a stone and asked no one to lift it. The chaitya was later built over the stone.

According to the information given to us by one local Trap Khand this bahal is the property of one Babulal Dhanmaya Tuladhar. A case has been filed regarding the ownership of the place. Some want it to be accessible to the public while Mr. Tuladhar wants it to remain as his property.

A small shrine of Lokeshwar and Saraswati is situated in the bahal’s area. A shrine of Lord Ganesha is also present near to it. On 2052B.S. with the permission of Lalitpur Nagarpalika stone was paved on the bahal area.


Shown on the plan:1. Lord Ganesha temple2. Guthi ghar3. Shrine of Goddess Saraswati4. Shrine of Lokeshwar5. Lotus petal6. A chaitya7. The main temple


2. MINANATH/ JESTHABARNA MAHABIHARLocation: TANGALStyle: TWO TIERED TEMPLEConst. Materials: BRICK, TIMBER, STONEConstructed: 16TH CENTURYRenovated: Deity: JATADHARI LOKESHWORSect: BUDDHIST

It is located in Tangal Tole and the deity established here is of Jatadhari Lokeshwar. It is a bahal courtyard style and the deity is worshipped by Buddhist. This shrine is located in the courtyard of the Minanath temple. The facade has a carved doorway, a torana which depicts Padmanriteshvar Lokeshwar, and a carved window-frame with five openings. The shrine’s festival is connected with the Minanatha and Matsyendranatha.

The main temple is two-storey temple and the god is worshipped by Buddhist and was constructed in 16th century. This two-storey Buddhist temple is also known as Tangabahal and Jesthavarna Mahavihar. The elaborate entrance on the ground floor has latticed doors, bells and a brass tympanum. The carved window-frame on the first storey also has a tympanum. The lower roof is made of tile and the upper of metal. The struts which support both roofs are carved with different deities, including Padmanriteshvar Lokeshwar. In the courtyard there are seven small stupas, two Dharmadhatus, and a large prayer-wheel. The temple was built by Balarchan Dev. The priest is a Shakya. It is connected with the procession of the Matsyendranath temple.


Shown on the plan are:1. Chaitya2. Inscription dated N.S.8263. Stone images of Yamaduta, dated N.S.10444. Large Temple ball, dated N.S.9995. Inscription erected in time of Yaksya Malla,N.S.5896. Guardian lions and images of Simhanada Lokeshwar, N.S. 10247. Chaitya and Dharmadhatu mandala, N.S.10688. Chaitya with two inscription9. N.S. 793in time of Srinivas Malla10. N.S.993 commemorating repairs of Chaitya11. Bathing platform12. Inscription of N.S.1022 recording repairs to platform13. Ksetra pal14. Chaitya15. Stone mandala16. Chaitya17. Octagonal chaitya, B.S. 198118. Large tibetian prayer wheel erected by Patan merchant19. Recess of homa20. Lamp erected in 2016B.S.21. Rest house with inscription of N.S.83322. Rest house with inscription of 1965 B.S.23. Large stone figures of Yama-duta, N.S.1033


3. I BAHABAHI /RAJASHRI MAHAVIHARALocation: HAUGALStyle: BAHAL COURTYARDConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed: 1427Renovated: 1990-1995 A.D.Deity: GAUTAM BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST

This is one of the oldest bahis in Patan and after renovation on 1995 A.D. retains its old architectural form of two storied quadrangle with the upper and lower stories composed of open verandas.The shrine is situates along the western arm of the quadrangle and is simple unadorned cella which could be circumbulated in olden times but access to it has been blocked. Two small lions mark the entrance of the shrine. Over the roof above the shrine is a pagoda style tower. The Kwapa- dya was an image of Aksobhya facing east, but this was stolen. In the center of the courtyard is a mandala. Despite the absence of Kwapa- dya the usual rituals are performed morning and evening. Service is for one month and passes through the households of the Sanga in turn.

According to the inscription nailed to the front wall of te shrine this bahi was consecrated in the bright half of the month of Jyestha in N.S.547. On the third day of the fortnight the laksahuti was begun and on the tenth day golden images of the Buddha was consecrated. On the following day three golden finial and a banner were offered. At this ceremony King Jaya Jyotir Mala was present. The foundation of the bihara


was laid on Phalgun of N.S. 538 and in Baishaks the doors were set up. The donors were five of the Pradhan Mahapatras of Patan.

The restoration project 1990-1995 was dedicated to Late Pro. Michio Fujioka, who dedicated himself to the research and restoration of the traditional Nepalese architecture. Nippo Institute of Tech. in Japan along with HMG Department of Archeology took upon the task of its renovation on 1990. Every effort was made to imply local craftsman and locally made techniques and to maintain essential architectural character.Shown on the plan are:1. Guardian lions2. Plinth3. Chaitya4. Stone mandala5. The main shrine


. HAUGAL BAHAL/ HASTINAGA BIHARLocation: HAUGALStyle: BAHAL COURTYARDConst. Materials: BRICK, TIMBER, STONEConstructed: -Renovated: 926N.S., AFTER 1934Deity: AKSOBHYA BUDDHASect: BUDDHIST

This baha is just off the main road leading south from the Patan Durbar square. The lion guard can be seen at the entrance. The carved doorway is surmounted by a metal repose torana depicting the Buddha (Aksobhya) flanked by the Dharma (Pragyaparmita) on his right and the Sangha (Avalokiteshwara) on his left. On the either side of the door way are stone images of Sari Putra and Maudgalyayana.

The first storey has a triple window flanked by two smaller windows and the top storey one opening in the center flanked by two large lattice windows. The entire façade has been kept in an excellent state of repair and the windows have been decorated with bands of white plaster. The metal roof is surmounted by a bahi-style tower. The communities associated with this baha are all Rajkarnikars.

Unfortunately there are no early inscriptions at this site to authenticate the story of the origin of this community. The baha has been regularly repaired. One inscription of N.S 926 speaks of repairs made by


the Rajkarnikars in that year; it was last renovated after the earthquake of A.D 1934.Shown on th plan are:1. Stone Mandala2. Chaitya3. guardian lions4. Prayer wheel5. A bell6. Main shrine


5. KO BAHALLocation: KO BAHAStyle: BAHAL COURTYARDConst. Material: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: 17TH CENTURYRenovated: 1924, AFTER 1934Deity: BHUMISPARSHA SHAKYAMUNISect: BUDDHIST

This baha is situated in an enclosed courtyard in north of Patan in the Ko Baha area. The shrine as it stands now is a modern renovation dating from the time of the 1934 earthquake. The entrance to the shrine is marked by two small stone lions, and the carved doorway is surmounted by a torana showing the Buddha (Aksobhya) flanked by the sangha on the right and the dharma on the left. The façade of the entire structure is a plain, unadorned brick. Above the ground floor is a triple window flanked by two small windows. The top storey has three large, ordinary windows and is used as living quarters. The tile roof is surmounted by a single, plastered finial in the form of a chaitya and the roof is supported by four carved struts. In the courtyard are one large, plastered chaitya and two small stones chaityas, plus an image of Mahakal and one of Tara.

According to sangha this was a branch of another baha (perhaps Kwa baha) until about 70 years age when they aquired the rights to the place. Since that time they have regularly performed the usual rituals each morning. None of them live here and the people living in the


complex are all non- bare. The annual festival of this branch is observed on any convenient day during the month of Kartik.

Nothing is known about the foundation or history of this baha. There are numerous references to Ko baha situated in this area dating back to the 14th century Nepal Sambat. It is cleared that this was a lager and ancient foundation. This baha was renovated in 1924 and again after the earthquake of 1934.Shown in plan are:1. Chaitya2. Guardian lion3. The main shrine


6. YAMPI KARUNACHUKALocation: I BAHIStyle: BAHIL COURTYARDConst. Material: STONE, BRICK, TIMBERConstructed: Renovated: Deity: AKSHOBHAYSect: BUDDHIST

This Bahi is situated in an enclosed courtyard directly south of Yampi Bihara. Now about two thirds of the original building remains. The bahi is in dilapidated condition. The shrine is simply a room on the ground floor along the eastern wing. The plain lattice doorway is unmarked and the roof is unadorned. The shrine contains a small image of Akshobya facing west. In the grass courtyard is a single votive chaitya.

Though the list of fifteen bahis contains two bahis at I Bahi, this is in fact a branch of I Bahi at the present time. It has no separate Sangha and all the rituals are performed by the current dyapala of I Bahi. According to the legend, this is the place where the image of Avalokiteshwora-Matsyendranath was made and this explains the name Karuna Choka


7. I BAHI/ SUNAYA SHREE MISHRA SAMSKARIT YAMPI MAHABIHARLocation: I BAHIStyle: BAHIL COURTYARDConst. Material: STONE, BRICK, TIMBERConstructed: 2000 YEARS OLDRenovated: AFTER 1934 Deity: AKSHOBHAYSect: BUDDHIST

Bahi is at the northern limit of city of Patan just above Shankhamul. At the present time the complex consists of the main bahi shrine with a large enclosed area to the north, about the size of a football field, containing three free standing shrines and to the south a subsidiary bahi complex. Across the street to the west is the Northern Stupa, one of the Ashokan Stupa of the city of Patan. At the main shrine only the eastern and western arms of the original building is left and show the typical bahi architecture with the bahi tower above the shrine of kwapadya, which is an image of Akshobya, facing west. The upper balcony has a wooden railing running along its entire length. The unadorned entrance to the shrine is marked with two stone lions with a temple bell to the north. In the courtyard are a votive chaitya and a small stone temple. Over the street entrance is a wooden toranas depicting Padamanrtevara, the tantric, dancing form of Avalokitesvar.

Though there are legends whichtell of the Bahi’s foundation, it is impossible to get any definite dates for te foundation of te vihara. At the present time the north part of bahi contains R.C.C buildings of two


storeys. In ground floor there is a hall with image of Buddha at east wall and first floor contains two rooms and a kitchens. This bahi is established 2000 years ago. At present gajur is missing there. Shown in the plan are:1. Stone guardian lions2. Temple of Arya Avalokiteshwor3. Amodhpass4. Chaitya5. A bell6.The main shrine


8. YAMPI YANTA BIHARLocation: I BAHIStyle: BAHIL COURTYARDConst. Material: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: 792 N.S.Renovated: Deity: ASKSHOBHAYSect: BUDDHIST

To the north of I-Bahi is a large, enclosed grassy area containing three, free standing shrines with a chaitya in front of each of the shrines. According to the informants these were originally three separate, branch bahis. In fact they say there were originally seven bahis here. Te northern most shrine contains an image of Aksobhya flanked by an image of Prajaparamita on his right and one of te Avalokiteshwor on his left. Te central shrine has an image of Akshobya flanked by Padampani Lokeshor on his right and Prajapati on his left. The southern shrine has a headless image of Akshobay. These three shrines were erected in N.S.792.


SHIKHARAS AND DOMES


1. UMA MAHESHWORLocation: DUBAR SQUARE Style: SHIKHARAConst. Materials: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: 17TH CENTURYRenovated: AFTER 1934Deity: HARAGAURISect: SHAIVITE

It is located on Durbar Square and is of shikhara style temple constructed on 17th century and again renovated on 1934. The main deity established on here is of Haragauri. This temple is built on the first floor above some shops. The toranas over the door ways represents various deities. The square sanctum has a bell-shaped dome with a gajura.

This area is a famous spot for taking photographs of the popular Patan Durbar Square.


2. KRISHNALocation: SOANTHAStyle: DOMEConst. Materials: STONE,Constructed:Renovated: AFTER 1934Deity: KRISHNA AND RADHASect: VAISHNAVA

This temple must have had a curvilinear tower at one time, but it probably fel and was replaced by a dome. The sanctum is surrounded by a columned porch. There is an inscription which tells of the builder, Kirtilaxmi Singh, but the date is illegible.

The temple has two entrances. One is accessible from the main road and the other one is from the square.It lies opposite to a Narayan temple. This temple stands on four plinths. And the whole structure is made of stone.3. KRISHNALocation: KO BAHAStyle: DOMEConst. Material: STONE, BRICKConstructed: 1680Renovated: 2001B.S.Deity: KRISHNASect: VAISHNAVA


This temple is build entirely of stone except for the brick and stucco dome, which was added during a repair. The temple before this renovation was a shikhara temple. The square a structure is built on a stepped base. There is columned corridor surrounding the ground floor and a balcony around the first floor. The pillars on both floors are octagonal and have a bracket capital. The stone image of Krishna is located in the sanctum. Many of the architectural features of this shrine are taken from the Krishna temple of Mangal Bazaar, but the modern dome spoils the style.

It is said that Shree Harisimhadeva Malla built this temple as a dowry for his daughter. At 2001 Juddha Shamsher renovated it after the damage due to earthquake.4. SHIVALocation: KO BAHAStyle: DOMEConst. Material: CONCRETE, BRICKConstructed:Renovated: Deity: SHIVA Sect: SHAIVAITE


This temple lies in the opposite side of the Krishna Temple at Ko Baha. It has a mandapa plan and the Shivalinga is placed at the centre of the shrine. The shivalinga is very old but we were unable to find te actual date of its foundation. The temple lies at the junction of the main road and a subsidiary road. The shivalinga lies slightly below the ground level. It is placed in a single plinth. The dome of this temple and the Krishna temple resembles each other. The entrance of the temple does not faces the main road but one has to go around it for entering it.


DHARMASHALAS (the public rest house) The traditional Nepali rest houses are known as dharmashalas. Their principle function was to provide shelter. A place where the travellers can take rest, work or socialize. It is provided to them free of cost. The dharmashalas were usually contributed by rich businessmen, religious groups. The literal meaning of the Sanskrit word dharmashala is “charitable asylum”. Dharmashalas are the important architectural structures. Different types of dharmashallas can be found. They are:1. Mandapa: They are considered to be the oldest form of dharmashalas. An open pavilion raised on a square or rectangular plan with 16 columns supporting the roof makes up the mandapa. It was designed for gathering of the people. It was always found within the settlement. 2. Pati: Patis are the most basic form of dharmashala. Patis are raised on a wooden platform. They are single storey and either is free standing or are supported at the back. It is found in abundant and usually has water sources and temples nearby. They are built for the purpose of providing temporary resting area.3. Sattal: Sattals are multistoried patis. They are designed for longer stays for gurus and sadhus besides transient travellers. The upper floors are screened for privacy. They are half shelter half shrines.1. PATILocation: LAGANKHELStyle: DHARMASHALAConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRICKS, STONEConstructed:Renovated:


This pati has been transformed into shops. It is situated outside lagan bahal. Six steps lead to the main platform of the pati. The back wall of this pati is shared with the office of some Guthi sansthan.

2.SATTALLocation: LAGANKHEL-THATIStyle: DHARMASHALLAConst. Materials: BRICK, TIMBER, STONEConstructed: 951Renovated:

This is a large pati and in recent days has been used as shops. Temporary wooden panels have been used as dividers for different shops. It lies opposite to Narayan temple. This is a free standing pati.

3. PATILocation: THATIStyle: DHARMASHALLAConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRI CK, STONEConstructed:Renovated:Deity:Sect:


Partial portion of the ground floor of the sattal has been used as shops. The sattal is looked after by some guthi. The sattal has a door on the ground floor itself. it has a pentagonal plan and lies at the junction of main roads. Three faces are exposed to the roads and each has different types of windows.

5. PATILocation: HAUGALStyle: DHARMASHALLAConst. Materials: TIMBER, STONE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated:Deity:Sect:


This pati has been covered on all four sides in recent times and has been converted into a tea stall. This is not structurally in good condition and slants backwards. It lies next to Narayan temple.

5. PATILocation: HAUGAL Style: DHARMASHALLAConst. Materials: TIMBER, BRICK, STONEConstructed:Renovated:Deity: GANESHASect: HINDU

This pati has rectangular plan. This pati houses the statue of Lord Ganesha. A gajur is present on its roof. A torana falls from the gajur to the edge of the roof. It has six columns on its front façade and is supported by a building at the backside.


6.PATILocation: KO BAHAStyle: DHARMASHALLAConst. Material: TIMBER, STONE, BRICKConstructed:

The pati lies next to Narayan temple at Ko Baha. Four columns are present on the front façade.


7. PATILocation: GAHITIStyle: DHARMASHALLAConst. Material: BRICKConstructed:

This used to be a pati but now after recent construction first floor has been added. The first floor houses different clubs, and other samitis. It is now completely made up of concrete. The pati has four columns and each column has a strut. These struts have the images of Lord Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu and a Devi. This lies opposite to a square. According to the locals there used to be a water conduit in front of the pati which is missing now. The area got the name Gahiti due to it.

Water conduitsMany structures related to storage, distribution and access to water

are important part of landscape of Kathmandu Valley. Providing water is considered to be merito0rious. It is supposed to help accruing religious merit. So people in earlier days used to donate hittis. There are different types of water related structure. Some of them are:1. Ghats- Ghats are build near river edges for the purpose of ritual bathing cremation. They are stepped circular platforms2. Pokharis: The purpose of pokhari is to provide water for household purposes. They are also used for commercial purposes like dyeing and washing.3. Ghaidharas: They are deep sunken pits used by large communities.


4. Jaddhuhithi: They are also known as Tutedharas. A tank is filled with water. The water can be drawnout through stoppered spigots.5. Inars: They are the deep wells. They are lined by bricks and are primarily used for household purposes.6. Dhungedharas: They are the taps made up of stone. They are usually situated below ground level and are placed in a courtyard. They are for the use of whole community.

1.DHUNGE DHARALocation: LAGANKHELStyle: WATER CONDUITConst. Materials: STONE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated: AFTER 1934, 2058 Deity: SHIVA- PARVATISect: HINDU

This octagonal water conduit is about fifteen feet deep. The single spout is styled in the image of Shiva-Paravati. Unfortunately the drainage system for the water is not working and this could ruin the whole structure. The dhungedhara has been recently renovated on 2058 B.S. by Shree Dipawali Pustakalaya. Now after renovation thde dhngedhara has been decorated by numbers of flower pots. The entrance of the dhungedhara is from Lagankhel bus park.2. DHUNGE DHARALocation: TANGALStyle: WATER CONDUITConst. Materials: STONE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated: Deity: SCORES OF DIVINITES


Sect: MIXED

This water conduit has three spouts. As is typical of water conduits, there are a number of icons representing all faiths: images; chaityas; and Shivalingas. The water conduit is regarded as a scared spot and treated like a pilgrimage centre. The two inscriptions are of the time of Vijayadeba, the king who ruled the Valley in the middle of the eleventh century. The 1964 renovations have helped its appearance considerably.


3. JADHHUHITILocation: HAUGALStyle: WATER CONDUITConst. Materials: STONE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated:Deity: SARASWATI AND LAXMISect: HINDU

The jadduhiti is located at Haugal Tole. The tap of this hiti is missing. On its back side a well is situated. Images of Goddess Laxmi and Goddess Saraswati is painted on te front façade of the hiti. Paintings of snakes and other water creatures are also present on the front face. Gajur is missing on this hiti4. JADHHUHITILocation: SOANTHAStyle: WATER CONDUIT Const. Materials: BRICK, STONEConstructed: 17TH CENTURYRenovated:Deity: UMAMAHESHWORSect: SHAIVITE


This jaddhuhiti is placed at the Neighbourhood Square at Soantha. It shares the square with two Krishna mandirs, a well and a chaitya. unlike the previous one it does not have any decorative paintings on its faces. This hiti has a gajur. Here also the tap is missing. This is a free standing jadduhiti.5.JADHHUHITI Location: KO BAHAStyle: WATER CONDUITConst. Material: BRICK, STONEConstructed: Renovated: Deity:Sect:


This is a very simple jaddhuhiti and its back is supported on a building. This lies near to dome styled Krishna temple. Here also the tap is missing.


MISCELLANEOUSIn Nepal different types of shrines can be found. Other than tiered

temples, shikhara, dome temples, stupas, different styles of shrines can be found. They are open shrines, piths, brick and stucco shrine, and some concrete temples. Here are few of the examples of these different types of temples.

1. CHAR KUNE CHOWK

Location: LAGANKHELStyle: GROUP OF TEMPLES ( RECENTLY MADE CONCRETE TEMPLES AND OPEN SHRINES)Const. Materials: CEMENT, BRICKConstructed: VARIES Renovated:-Deity: DEVIS, SHIVA, GANESHA,SURYANARAYAN, PANCHAKANYA AND HANUMANSect: HINDU

The Charkune Chowk located at Lagankhel is an amalgamation of many small shrines. The construction time of these shrines vary to a great extent. As per the locals this chowk has been in scene for more than hundred years. Most of the open shrines of the Matrikas can be found in the area. These Matrikas are the kuldevata of different groups Maharjan community. The construction of these Matrikas’ open shrine


could not be established. Most of the locals reaction when asked about its existence was that the shrines had been there when they were born.

A Ganesha temple is also present in the area. It dates back to 2041B.S. It is also a open shrine. On second of Chaitra it was donated by one Govardana Thapa.

On the south entrance concrete temple of Palanchowk Bhagawati is present. This is also a newly added temple. On tenth of Baishak 2043B.S. it was contributed by Mr. Kamal Krishna Karmacharya.

An open shrine of Lord Shiva fenced by iron bars is present in the compound. It was constructed on 2042B.S. The shrine is a mandapa.

This Chowk is now commonly referred to as Hanuman thaan. The Hanuman temple was constructed only on 2041B.S. A building of Hanuman Sewa Kendra is also present in the area. This temple is of brick and cement construction. Statue of Hanuman is present with images of Lord Rama and Laxman in the posture of giving blessings, on its sides. On the front facing of the temple Hanuman images are placed on the sides of the entrance. A bell is placed on the left side. The gajur of the temple is like an umbrella. Its roof is pyramidal.Shown on the plan:1. Palanchowk Bhagawati temple2. A papal tree3. House of Hanuman Sewa Kendra4. Hanuman Temple5. Shiva Temple6. Ganesha Shrine7. Small shrine of Suryanarayan8. Panchakanya9. Kuldevata of Maharjan10. Matrikas11. Matrikas12. Matrikas


2. DOLAN MAILocation: LAGANKHELStyle: OPEN SHRINEConst. Materials: METAL, BRICK, CONCRETEConstructed: -Renovated: -Deity: TANTRIC GODDESSSect: HINDU/ BUDDHIST

This is also situated at Lagankhel and the main deity is Tantric Goddess and is worshipped by both Hindus and Buddhist. It is AN open shrine type. This open shrine is not important for its architecture but for its religious significance. During the pulling of the red Matsyandranath’s chariot, the chariot is taken around the shrine three times. The goddess here is regarded as his mother. The shrine consists of an image of Padmapam, a large mandala on a lotus base, several toranas and a platform where the god is bathed. There is no image of the goddess in the temple.


3. GANESHALocation: LAGANKHEL-THATIConst. Materials: STONEConstructed:Renovated:Deity: GANESHASect:HINDU

This shrine of Ganesha is located at Thati of Lagankhel. The walls of this shrine are made up of stones while the roof is constructed of concrete. It is a very old shrine but the actual date of its foundation could not be found. The gajur of the temple is big comparatively to the shrine’s dimension.

The temple lies at the intersection of four roads. On its opposite side a sattal and a pati are present.


4. BHAIRAV TEMPLELocation: TANGALStyle: OPEN SHRINEConst. Materials: BRICK, CEMENT, STONEConstructed:Renovated:Deity: BHAIRAVSect: HINDU

This open shrine of Bhairav has no statues of gods. Only the stones are worshipped. The stone placed in for Bhairav is situated at the centre. On the periphery of the temple, stones depicting Astamatrikas and pith are placed. There is altogether 17 such stones. The shrine has brick walls and is open to the sky. Only the decorative stone door is the original part of the temple whereas the rest of the walls are of recent construction. Four niches on the right and left side of the temple walls are found. A nagpasa runs throughout the temple in the inner side. Place for lighting oil lamps go around the temple on the outside.

A doublee and a well are present near the temple.


5. LAXMI NARAYANLocation: HAUGALStyle: BRICK AND STUCCO SHRINEConst. Materials: Constructed:Renovated:Deity: NARAYANSect: VAISHNAVA

It is located in Chak Baha and the main deity here is of Narayan. The style of this shrine is brick and stucco. This brick sanctum conforms to the usual style and has a bell-shaped roof. Between the sanctum and the roof is a panel of figures depicting various forms of Vishnu. There is an inscription dated 1689 which lists the genealogy of a man named Sibanarayana Daivajna.

The temple has been recently renovated and seems to be freshly painted. The main entrance is from east. On other sides of the temple real doors are absent but the walls are decorated with falls doors. The temple is raised on two plinths. On the roof of the temple niches containing images of gods runs throughout the temple.


6. PITHLocation: HAUGALStyle: OPEN SHRINEConst. Materials: STONEConstructed: Renovated:Deity: VARIOUS ( SHIVA, GANESHA, MATRIKAS)Sect: MIXED

This pith is located at Hauga Tole and is said to be built on the very spot where the naval of Satyadevi had fallen.This pith has stones depicting Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha and many more gods. This pith is the passage for water of Tanga Hiti. Two stone slabs are placed on either side of the pith which signifies well.

According to two locals Mr. Namekrishna Tamarakar and Mr. Siddhiratna Tamrakar this pith was worshipped during the month of Baishak. But as the road is too narrow this ritual is not followed nowadays. Only few people worship on that time. Faces of children are washed at this pith in the hope that they would not cry too much. According to legends an invisible staircase is situated at the back of the pith. This staircase can be seen by only those who have all the 32 laksyans( the good qualities of human being).


7. NARAYAN TEMPLELocation: HAUGALStyle: BRICK AND STUCCO SHRINEConst. Materials: BRICK, STONE, TIMBERConstructed: Renovated:Deity: NARAYANSect: VAISHNAVA

The temple is located at the busy market area of Patan. The main deity is Lord Vishnu. The roof is like inverted flower. The temple needs to be cleaned. Plants have started to grow on its roof and walls. Another Narayan temple gives it company. It is placed on a high platform and steps have to be climbed to reach its sanctum.


8. SHREE MATANGILocation: SOANTHAStyle: OPEN SHRINEConst. Materials: BRICKConstructed: Renovated: 2003Deity: Sect:

This pith is located at a short distance from the Patan Durbar Square. The stone images are very old but the structure of the pith has been constructed in recent times. The inner walls of it are decorated by tiles and the walls are constructed by concrete. A small bell is placed on the left side. The area it is situated consists of many shops selling paintings.


9. CHAMUNDAMAILocation: GAHITIStyle: ONE TIRRED TEMPLEConst. Material: CONCRETE, BRICKConstructed: Renovated: Deity: CHAMUNDA BHAGWATISect: HINDU

The statue of the temple is very old but the temple is of recent construction. The temple is made up of concrete and the concrete roof is painted to give it metallic look. A bell is hung on top of the entrance to the temple. This temple has a gajur with two other religious elements on its sides. One of them signifies the mirror which symbolizes the good the reflection of the good things we do and the other one is shinamitha which signifies an utensil where sindhur is kept. This symbolizes the labours that we perform.

The temple is situated on a Square and shares the area with a lokeshwor temple, a well and a Shivalinga and Nandi. At the back of the square concrete buildings which house the shops on their ground floor is situated.


10. LOKESHWORLocation: GAHITIStyle: OPEN SHRINEConst. Material: STONEConstructed: Renovated: Deity: LOKESHWORSect: BUDDHIST

Statue of lokeshwor is embossed in a stone structure. At the top of the structure a small stupa is situated as its finial. Metal umbrella is hung on top of the shrine and is supported by metal rods situated at the sides of the shrine.two statues in the posture of praying are standing on the sides of the Lokeshwor. A bell is placed on the right side of the shrine and places for burning oil lamps run on the three sides of the shrine.


11. SHIVALocation: GAHITIStyle: only statueConst. Material: STONEConstructed:Renovated: Deity: SHIVASect: SHAIVAITE

A Shiva Linga is situated at Gahiti. It is placed on top of plastered floor and the area is cut of from the street by brick wall. A cement bench can be found in front the Shiva linga and statue of his vehicle Nandi is also present infront of it.

CONCLUSION

After working on this report we truly believed the saying of Kirkpatrick that the Kathmandu Valley consist of as many temples as there are houses and as many idols as there are men. Just within the radius of one kilometer we came across more than fifty monuments. Not only are there many monuments these are of different styles, each style having their own merits.


Though we were fascinated to discover many new temples that had been completely overlooked by us before the state of some of the temples were in made us very sad. Temples like Hanuman temple at Ko Baha are at the verge of falling. Little has been taken notice about the temples which are not exposed to the main streets. Some of the temples which underwent recent renovation of some of the temples have been done without considering the old structure. Like in the case of two tiered Narayan temple at Haugal, previous to its renovation the temple was three storeys tall but now is reduced to only two storeys. In some cases like the Ashokan Stupa at Lagankhel enamel has been applied to the stone statues. This has completely ruined the true beauty of them. The state the Bihara are in is also pretty sad for example I Bahi. It is one of the oldest Bahis but little care has been taken to preserve it. Only one third of the original form remains. Remaining of the Bahi has concrete construction which does not fit with the whole form.

Electric poles of the city have just spoiled the beauty of the monuments. Jumbled up wires and the poles ruins the whole environment. The dharmashalas are no of exception. People are using them as shops, small time restaurants destroying the actual purpose of its construction.

Thus we feel that more care has to be taken in order to preserve our much valued monuments. Renovation just for the name sake should be stopped but rebuilding it after thoroughly studying its old structure should be done. And definitely something has to be done about the electric wires.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. MEDIVAL NEPAL (Part II)-D.R.REGMI

2. THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE KATHMANDU VALLEY

-WOLFGANG KORN3. BUDDHIST MONUMENTS OF NEPAL

-JOHN K. LOCKE, S.J.4. A REPORT MADE BY KATHMANDU VALLEY PRESERVATION TRUST

history report

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