history of vgl furensics: investigating human crimes using animal...
TRANSCRIPT
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Furensics:Investigating Human Crimes
Using Animal DNA
Christina Lindquist(530) 754‐9050
History of VGL• 1955 Dairy cattle• 1964 Horses• 1980 20,000• 1993 DNA Profiling• 2000 200,000• 1999 Forensic Unit • 2010 ASCLD/LAB International
VGL Forensics Trends
www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics
Sample Types
www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Hair Blood Tissue Saliva Urine Feces Bone/Tooth
Dogs
Cats
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Common Testing in Non‐human/Wildlife Laboratories
Genotyping• Identity • Parentage
Lineage Markers• Y‐STRs in canines• Mitochondrial Control Region• Species identification
Sex Identification• Hunting
Non‐Human Testing• More than one species• “Home Brew” reagents• Development of new tests• Admissibility
Alaska ArizonaArkansas California Colorado FloridaGeorgia IndianaKentucky LouisianaMichigan MissouriMississippi NevadaNew York OklahomaOregon NcarolinaSouth Carolina TexasCanada UKBermuda AustraliaNew Zealand
• Lack of standardization– Marker panels– Databases– Reference materials
Animals are:• Victims• (Perpetrators)• Witnesses
Why Test Animal DNA? Interesting Cases:
Animal as Victim
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Animals are Victims of…Domestic violence– 71% of battered women report that abusers hurt, killed or threatened their pets to control them
– History of pet abuse is one of 4 significant indicators of who is at the greatest risk of becoming a batterer.
Animals are Victims of…Domestic violenceDog fightingSerial killers• Jeffrey Dahmer• David Carpenter—The Trailside Killer• Gary Ridgeway—The Green River Killer• Dennis Rader—BTK Killer
63% of aggressive criminals had deliberately inflicted harm on animals in childhood.
Animal Cruelty & Domestic ViolenceEvidence: Cooked meat, pawsQuestion: Is the cooked meat and paws from the victims dog?Testing: “MeatID” species ID, genotyping.Result: Cooked meat was pork
Match, 1 in 6 quadrillionSentence: Up to 7 years in prison
(8 months for dog)
Animal Cruelty/Burglary, B&ELocation: Aiken, South CarolinaPerpetrator: Nolan Kerry GrantCharges: Burglary, Animal Cruelty
• Home with two small dogs• One dog under the bed• Suspect in possession of stolen property• Blood spot on shorts• Hairs on sock
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B&E, Robbery, CrueltyEvidence: Blood on shorts, hairs on socksQuestion: Do blood and hairs link suspect to victims?Testing: Mitochondrial DNA sequencingResult:mtDNA Sophie‐socks
mtDNA Dexter‐shortsSentence: 10 years for cruelty
20years for burglary
Animal Cruelty: Robbery, B&E
Blood on shorts Dexter #12
Akitas & Pekingese
Hairs on SockSophie #2
Dog mtDNA haplotype frequencies
San Jose Cat Killer
Evidence: 27 DNA extracts from the Santa Clara Crime LabQuestion: What is the minimum number of individual cats represented among these samples?
San Jose Cat KillerTesting: GenotypingResult: 13 single source profiles, mixture profiles including at least 2 more individuals. At least 15 individuals represented.Sentence: Pled guilty, with no bargain, to 21 counts of animal cruelty and others. 16 years.
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Interesting Cases:
Animal as Witness
Sexual Assault, Iowa
Evidence: Urine swabbed from the truck tireQ: Does the swab match the victim’s dog?Testing: DNA profiling and match comparisonResult: DNA MatchSentence: Pled guilty, 2 yrs.
Triple Homicide, Indiana
Suspect: Philip Stroud
Charges:Murder (3 counts)BurglaryRobbery (2 counts)Attempted Robbery
Triple Homicide, IndianaEvidence: Pile of dog feces with a shoe impression, Shoe from the apartmentQ: Does the feces originate from the same dog?Testing: DNA profiling and match comparisonResult: DNA Match, 1 in 1.2 billionSentence: Pled guilty, Death remanded to Life without Parole.
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Sexual Assault, Texas
Suspect: Rufus Sito Nanez III
Charges:• Aggravated Sexual Assault • Burglary of a habitation
with intent to commit a felony
Evidence: Feces on the shirt of the suspectQ: Does the feces originate from one of the victims dogs?Testing: DNA profiling and match comparisonResult: DNA Match, “Peanut”Sentence: Found guilty, Three life terms.
Sexual Assault, Texas
Homicide‐ Hampshire
• Pieces of victim, David Guy, found on a beach wrapped in a curtain
• Victim and suspect, David Hilder, owned cats
Evidence: 8 hairs from curtainQ: Are the hairs from the suspect’s or victim’s cats?
Testing: Mitochondrial DNA sequencingResult: Same haplotype as Tinker, never seen in our database of 493 US cats.
23 Southsea, 129 from UK generally
Sentence: Guilty, Life.
Homicide‐ Hampshire
Seen 3 times
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Homicide, CaliforniaSuspect: Philong Huynh
Charges: MurderSexual Assault (2 counts)
Homicide, CaliforniaEvidence: Four hairs from comforterQ: Are these hairs from any animals linked with the suspect?Testing: DNA profiling and Match Comparison!Result: DNA Match, 1 in 2.5 trillionSentence: Guilty, Life without parole plus 10 years.
Homicide‐Florida Cold Case18 yo Shantay Huntington
– Nude– Sheet and shower curtain– Hairs in vacuum sweepings
Boyfriend was cleared as a suspect
Case went cold.
Homicide‐Florida Cold CaseEvidence: 10 hairs from the sheetQ: Are the hairs from dogs in the home across the street?Testing: Mitochondrial typing , DNA profiling and Match comparison
Result: No match, but…
Y‐STR typing
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MARKER Q1‐H1 HAIR Q9‐1 HAIR K1 K5
CVG07 16.2 16.2/21.2 12/16.2 12/21.2
CVG09 16.1/18.1 18.1/19.1 19.1/20.1
CVG10 13/15 13/15 13/14 14/15
CVG11 14/30 19/30 19/30
CVG15 17/18 17/18 18 17/18
CVG16 16/19 16/19 16/19 19/20
CVG18 18 18 18 18/19.3
CVG20 12 12 9/12
CVG21 13/14 14 13/14
CVG24 12 12/17 12/14
CVG29 11/16.3 11/16.3 11/15.3 16.3/17.3
CVG30 16 16 14/16 11/16
CVG31 12/13 12/13 12 12/13
CVG32 12/17 12/17 14/15
CVG34 12/19 12/19 14/19 12/14
Homicide‐Florida Cold CaseResults:
Hairs came from male littermate to the two known dogs.
Former brother‐in‐law of the homeowner had been given a couple of puppies from a litter.
His DNA matched DNA on the shower curtain and duct tape around her ankles.
Sentence: Pled guilty
Data for most species
The only tetra‐repeat marker in our Cat panel
Di‐repeat marker from Cat panel Di‐repeat marker from Horse panel
Di‐repeat marker from Cattle panel
DogFiler and MiniDogfiler
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DogFiler and MiniDogfiler• 16 canine‐specific autosomal tetra‐repeat STR markers, one sex marker (SRY)
• Sensitivity DogFiler (0.1ng), MiniDogfiler (36 pg)• Current US Database for Dogs (2234 dogs)
– 238 breeds; 277 mixed‐breed– Theta (Θ) correction = 0.142– Database publically available on STRBase
• Accepted in court 10 times– Prepared for Admissibility Hearing 4 times, but none have gone forward
Mitochondrial HaplotypingDogs (n=965) HV1/HV2; Cats (n=655) HV1/HV2
Mitochondrial HaplotypingDogs (n=965) HV1/HV2; Cats (n=655) HV1/HV2
Sample Submission to VGL‐Forensics
www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/forensics
VGL‐Forensics (530) 754‐9050
