history of unix and the internet - the father and mother ... · 1969 arpanet/“internet” (1)...

History of Unix and the InternetThe father and mother of Open Technology

Karst Koymans

Informatics InstituteUniversity of Amsterdam

(version 17.6, 2017/09/07 13:14:49)

Tuesday, September 5, 2017

Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 1 / 52

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature

3 Speeding and growing

4 Conquering the world

5 The modern era


Early years

Outline

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature



5 The modern era


Early years

Question for the audience

Why did Internet start?

When did Internet start?

And when did Unix originate?

What is the difference between Unix and UNIX?


Early years

Why did Internet start

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/


http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/

Early years

1958

Creation of (D)ARPA and ARPANETThe launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 led to the creation of

the “Advanced Research Projects Agency” (ARPA) in 1958,

later renamed into “Defense ARPA” (DARPA).

Plans for an ARPANET were started in 1966

as the first wide-area packet switching network.


Early years

1963-1966: Theoretical buildup

Leonard Kleinrock studies message switching

in his PhD thesis in 1963

Packet SwitchingPaul Baran (UCLA/RAND)

RAND (Research ANd Development) CorporationOn Distributed Communications (1964)Message blocks

Donald Davies

National Physics Laboratory, EnglandIntroduced the term “packet” (1965-1966)


Early years

1967 ARPANET/“Internet” (1)

IPTOInformation Processing Techniques OfficeAgency of (D)ARPA

Larry Roberts (MIT/ARPA)Fourth director of IPTOFather of the ARPANET


Early years


IMPInterface Message ProcessorWesley Clark (MIT)

IPTO investigator who suggested the use ofmini-computers for network packet switches

Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA)

Scientist who connected the first IMPas an ARPANET node in 1969


Early years


Source: http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html

See also https://youtu.be/vuiBTJZfeo8


http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html

https://youtu.be/vuiBTJZfeo8

Early years


ARPANETBased on IMPs and NCP (Network Control Program)

BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman)Company that got the development contract (January 1969)

UCLASteve CrockerFather of the RFCsRFC #1 on “Host Software”


Early years

1969 Unics

Bell LaboratoriesKen Thompson (B1) and Dennis Ritchie (C2)

Unics (PDP-7), influenced byCTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System)Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)

Important featuresInteractive accessTime-sharing (multitasking)

1B is a simpler version of BCPL2C developed from B and is alphabetically the next letter


Early years


First TELNET connectionUCLA (Kleinrock) ←→ SRI (Engelbart)

University of California, Los AngelesStanford Research Institute, near San Francisco


Early years


Four node ARPANETUCLA (Sigma 7)SRI (SDS 940)UCSB (IBM 360/75)University of Utah(PDP-10)

Source: “Casting the Net”, Peter Salus


Early years


What were the first available protocols?

What were the first applications?


Early years

1971 ARPANET/“Internet”

Available protocolsTELNET (AEN3:1), FTP (AEN:3)

First ARPANET emailTomlinson, inventor of the use of @ (“At”-sign) in email

“@” was not used for something else on TENEX,the operating system Tomlinson used

Uses SNDMSG as MTA and READMAIL4as MUAUses FTP email subcommands

MAIL, MLFL (Mail File), . . .3Another Eightbit Number, part of the 40-bit “socket number”4SNDMSG and READMAIL are TENEX commands


Early years

1971 Unix

Unix V1 (version 1)chmod, chown, chdir, cmp, date, cp, db, df, duld, ln, mail, mv, od, pr, roff, . . .No pipes (yet)Runs on PDP-7 and PDP-95

5From version 2 on it ran on the well-known PDP-11Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 17 / 52

Early years

Ritchie and Thompson running Unix on a PDP-11

Source: http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/Unix.html


http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/Unix.html

Early years

1973 Unix

Unix V4 (version 4)Completely written in C

High level of portability

Pipes6

Simple modular programmingFilters

6In fact introduced in version 3Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 19 / 52

Ideas mature

Outline

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature



5 The modern era


Ideas mature

1974 Internet/“Internet”

TCP/IP specifiedVinton Cerf (Stanford)Bob Kahn (DARPA)Replaces NCP

First use of the term “Internet”RFC #675Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program


Ideas mature


Source: http://www.blogoftheworld.com/technology/who-is-behind-the-success-of-apple-man-behind-the-scenes/

What important fact happened in 1975?Except for the prototype of the Apple I by Steve Wozniak :-?


http://www.blogoftheworld.com/technology/who-is-behind-the-success-of-apple-man-behind-the-scenes/

Ideas mature

1975 “Internet”

Unix on The NetBetter than VMS (Bill Joy of UCB)

The Net on UnixSteve Holmgren (University of Illinois)RFC #681 (Network UNIX)

The Net == ARPANET


Ideas mature

1975 Unix

Version 6 Unix (V6)Still runs on DEC PDP-11Widely distributed outside Bell LabsUsed for education

“Lions’ Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code”See http://v6.cuzuco.com/


http://v6.cuzuco.com/

Ideas mature

1976 “Internet”

More support for collaboration

ARPANET mailing listsConferencingCollaborationCommunity Forums

MsgGroupSF-lovers. . .


Ideas mature

1977 “Internet”

The great controversyTCP/IP versus ISO7-OSI8

Theory versus9 Practice

Seven layer network model (OSI model)Specification before implementation

Five layer network model (TCP/IP)Implementation before specification

7International Organization for Standardization (notice the chiasmus)8Open Systems Interconnection9Another chiasmus


Ideas mature

1979 Unix (1)

Unix V7 (version 7)UUCP

Mike Lesk (Bell Labs)Message passing/switching system

Usenet/Netnews

Steven Bellovin (Columbia University)“A” News (Duke University)fa.* newsgroups (“From ARPANET”)


Ideas mature

1979 Unix (2)

Unix ported to the VAX (“Virtual Address Extension”)Affordable computer from DECAvailable to many universities32-bit successor ISA to PDP-11’s 16-bit10ISA

3BSDBerkeley Software Distribution 3.0 for VAXBased on UNIX/32VImplements virtual memory11

10PDP’s had a mix of word sizes (12,16,18,36)11Still recognizable from the kernel name “vmunix”


Ideas mature

1981 Unix

“A” News −→ “B” NewsMark Horton (University of California, Berkeley)Rick Adams (maintainer, later founded UUNET)Moderated newsgroupsCoping with volume and complexityFourth “killer app”


Ideas mature

1982 “Internet”

SMTP introducedRFC 821sendmail (MTA by Eric Allman)complex e-mail routing

@ (ARPANET, both old (NCP) and new (TCP))! (UUCP): (Berknet)

based on rewrite sets


Speeding and growing

Outline

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature



5 The modern era



1983 Internet

The Great SwitchJanuary 1, 1983NCP −→ TCP/IP

Our current Internet (without the quotes)Address space grows with factor 224 from 28 to 232,which is a factor 16777216 from 256 to 4294967296

Almost ten years after the Cerf/Kahn paperWe will never do this again (Jon Postel/UCLA/IANA)

What about IPv4 −→ IPv6?



1983 Unix (1)

4.2BSDIncludes TCP/IPMore hardware supportPortabler-progs (−→ s-progs nowadays)

HoneyDanBer (HDB) UUCPImproved security and performanceWritten by Peter Honeyman, David A. Nowitz and Brian E. Redman



1983 Unix (2)

System VAT&T’s commercial UnixProduced by Bell Labs’ USL (Unix System Laboratories)Leads to SVR4 (System V Release 4) in 1988Basis for IBM’s AIX, HP’s HP-UX and Sun’s SolarisSTREAMS, TLI/XTI (“System V sockets”), terminfo, . . .Starting point for the SUS (Single UNIX Specification)

Unix warsBSD (open) versus System V (proprietary)Took until 1989 until BSD releases were completely AT&T-license free




What important thing happened in 1984?Except for the introduction of the Apple Macintosh :-?

https://youtu.be/2zfqw8nhUwA


https://youtu.be/2zfqw8nhUwA


1984 Internet (1)

DNS specified (RFC 882 is from November 1983)Paul Mockapetris (ISI/USC)

Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California

RFC 1034, 1035 (November 1987)Replaces “HOSTS.TXT” filecmu-cs-c −→ cmu-cs-c.arpa −→ c.cs.cmu.edu



1984 Internet (2)

USSR on UsenetFrom [email protected] Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Relay-Version: version B 2.10.1 6/24/83 (MC840302); site mcvax.UUCPPosting-Version: version B 2.10.1 4/1/84 (SU840401); site kremvax.UUCPPath: mcvax!moskvax!kremvax!chernenkoFrom: [email protected]: net.general,eunet.general,net.politics,eunet.politicsSubject: USSR on UsenetMessage-ID: <[email protected]>Date: Sun, 1-Apr-84 15:02:52 GMTArticle-I.D.: kremvax.0001Posted: Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Date-Received: Mon, 1-Apr-84 12:26:02 GMTOrganization: MIIA, MoscowLines: 41



1986 Internet (1)

MX records introduced into DNS

Some proposals did not make itMB (MailBox: forwarding)MG (MailGroup: mailing list)MR (Mail Rename: aliasing)MINFO (Mailing list info)



1986 Internet (2)

NNTP specifiedRFC 977

Brian Kantor (UC, San Diego)Phil Lapsley (UC, Berkeley)

Uses port 119Promoted Netnews to a real Internet application



1986 Unix

Source: http://www.unixica.com/images/43beastie.jpeg

4.3BSDIncludes DNS implementationEasily availableWidely deployed


http://www.unixica.com/images/43beastie.jpeg


1987 Unix

“B” News −→ “C” NewsGeoff Collyer (University of Toronto)Henry Spencer (University of Toronto)Better performanceCould use NNTP via nntpdSuperseded by INN (Rich Salz, 1991, Open Software Foundation)


Conquering the world

Outline

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature



5 The modern era



1988 Internet

NSFNET upgraded to T1 (1.5 Mbps) in the United StatesStarted in 1985, NSFNET leads to shutdown of ARPANET in 1989

Start of SURFnet in the Netherlands

NREN-operated networks in many countries

IRC inventedJarkko OikarinenInspired by Bitnet Relay

BITNET: Dialup, “store and forward” networkBITNET: Because It’s Time/There Network



1988 Unix

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Tahoe_NV.jpg

4.3-TahoeOpen SourceBSD style licenseLeads to Networking Release 1 (Net/1) in 1989

First release completely free of AT&T licenseKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 44 / 52

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Tahoe_NV.jpg


1990 Internet and Unix

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png

NSFNET T3 (45 Mbps)4.3-Reno

More hardware supportKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 45 / 52

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png


1990-1992 Internet and Unix

1991GopherISOC startedNET/2 released (Berkeley)Still UUCP improvements (Taylor UUCP)

1990-1992WWW invented and introduced




19934.4BSDMosaic launched

19944.4BSD Lite 1386BSD Release 1.0

Origin of FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD

Linux 1.0

Origin of Red Hat, (open)SUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, . . .



1995 Internet

(Graphical) Web browsing takes off

“Death of the net”CommercializationLack of securityLack of privacyLegacy obstructs innovation

IPv4 −→ IPv6?


The modern era

Outline

1 Early years

2 Ideas mature



5 The modern era


The modern era


The “modern” eraInternet everywhereOpen source movementImmense security problemsImmense privacy issuesInternet multinationalsGrids, Clouds, Big DataBig BusinessCritical Infrastructure


The modern era

1999 Internet

XMPPExtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

JabberGoogle TalkFacebook IM

Blogging

NapsterFile sharingP2P technology


The modern era

2003-2017 :-)

SNE education (2003)First academic education on Security and Network Engineering

Social NetworkingFacebook (2004) and Twitter (2006)

VirtualizationGrid (2004) and Cloud (2007)

Internet of Things (2008), Big Data and Data ScienceFifteenth year of SNE starts (2017)

New bright students enroll that will change the world :-)Mix of Dutch and international students


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