history of tibetan medicine

8/12/2019 History of Tibetan Medicine

1/11

Northwest Sichuan --- Dege by: 2006-02-22 11:30:19

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People on their pilgrimage to Lhasa

Our journey starte !rom Cheng u in "i#huan$ ma%ing our &ay &est to the 'an(i )ibetan*utonomous Pre!e#ture+ ,n this episo e$ &e #ontinue on the "i#huan-)ibet igh&ay to .ege$&hi#h means lan o! bene/olen#e in )ibetan+ *lthough a small #ounty$ .ege$ together &ithLhasa in )ibet an iahe o! 'ansu$ &as one o! the three an#ient #enters o! )ibetan #ulture+

)he "i#huan-)ibet igh&ay starts !rom Cheng u an en s at Lhasa + ,t stret#hes o/er 2$000%ilometers long$ passing perhaps the harshest o! terrain+ )he northern path is parti#ularly

i!!i#ult to #ross$ &eathering e treme #on itions+ o&e/er$ the re&ar is the remar%ables#enery+

e tra/ele by #ar$ but some #hoose a uni ue &ay to get to Llasa+ )hey raise their han sto&ar s hea/en an rop to their %nees$ laying their bo ies !or&ar onto the groun $repeating this pro#ess all ay long+ ,t ta%es them months to rea#h Llasa on their pilgrimage+

)hese spiritual pra#ti#es that bring them #loser to enlightenment+

,n .ege$ perhaps the most !amous sight is the "#ripture Printing ouse+ )he printing house $ built in 1429+ Lo#als &al% aroun the buil ing an un#ountable number o! times ea#h ay+ ,tmar%s the beginning o! the ay as religion is mol e into e/ery aspe#t o! their li/es+

.ar% engra/ing blo#%s

,t is estimate that materials store at .ege ma%e up 40 per#ent o! )ibetan literary heritage +,nsi e the ar% halls are the engra/ing blo#%s$ &hi#h ser/e as the blueprints !or the printings+
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2/11

o&$ this is ama(ing+ )his pla#e #ontains the largest an most #omprehensi/e #olle#tion o!s#riptures in this area+ ,t5s so ar%$ , &ish , #oul see better+ )here are boo%s here about arts$s#ien#es$ mathemati#s$ an topi#s unrelate to religion+ *h$ this #oul be it+ ere$ the

blueprint+ o& to eal &ith high altitu e si#%ness+ )hat5s the one+

)here are t&o legen s about the site+ One is that one ay at sunset &hen .enba )sering$ aruler$ hear some boys #hanting outsi e his house an thus e#i e he shoul print some

boo%s !or the #hil ren to rea + *nother is that a man$ &hile transporting printing plates on the ba#% o! a ya% $ hal!&ay uring the journey$ ha his loa spille to the groun + )he printinghouse &as built at that /ery spot+

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History of Tibetan medicine by:) 7)8 P )"O' 2006-02-23 1 : 1:;Print | Comment | Close China Tibet Magazine

Caterpillars enjoying better sales to ay+ Photo by Le an boile &ater$ the !irst me i#ine+=
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3/11

)here are many su#h e pressions through &hi#h &e #an e u#e the %no&le ge o! an#ienttimes+ ?or e ample$ the appli#ation o! melte butter to #auteri(e a &oun $ or the rin%ing o!

boile &ater to #ure in igestion$ tell us something o! tra itional house hol treatments+ "u#he periential %no&le ge$ gathere an passe on !or many generations$ gra ually &as#olle#te an be#ame a &ritten tra ition+

*mong the e tant manus#ripts$ the ol est treatise o! )ibetan me i#ine is a 7on te t #alle g"orig @bum b(hi+ )his treatise is a trans#ription o! the tea#hings on me i#ine gi/en by "henrabAi&o$ the master o! the 7on$ e ite by his son Chebu )rishe$ the !irst hol er o! the%no&le ge #ontaine in the treatise+ )he se uen#e o! the transmission o! the g"o rig @bum

b(hi is es#ribe in the #olophon as !ollo&s:

Con#erning the se uen#e o! the lineage o! the ine "#riptures$ *mbrosia o! the Ae i#ine$1the enlightene so/ereign o! the .o#trine transmitte it to Chebu )rishe+ e taught it toAutsa )rahe$ &ho transmitte it to "ertog Chejam$ &ho in turn transmitte it to )ongyu)hu#hen$ &ho e plaine it to 'yimtsha Aa#hung$ &ho transmitte it to se/en 7u histmon%s+ hen B)he *mbrosia o! the Ae i#ine &as a apte to a 7u hist !ormat$ the treatise&as about to be thro&n into the !ire$ but se/en !ollo&ers o! the 7on res#ue it an hi it in these#ret #a/e o!


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7alsang Cering$)ibet me i#ine master o! the Aoinba ethni# group+ Photo by "oinam orbu+

.uring the reign o! the )ibetan Eing3 yatri )senpo$ born in ;14 7C+$ there &ere t&el/elores %no&n as Hthe 7on o! the )&el/e LoresI+ *mong them is the lore %no&n as Htherapeuti#metho s$ the *ltruisti# lore o! healingI #onstitutes the me i#al %no&le ge+ ?rom that timeuntil the a /ent o! )risong .etsen;$ e/ery )ibetan %ing in/ite a master- o#tor !rom the%ing om o! "hang "hung Js%u gshen$ bla smen pa in the #urrent language K+

*n ane# ote !rom the en o! the si th #entury gi/es an e ample o! the sophisti#ation o! theme i#al %no&le ge o! this perio + ,t is sai that )agri yen(ig $ the 31st %ing o! )ibet &as

blin !rom birth+ e #alle a o#tor !rom the region *sha$ no& %no&n as gapa Janautonomous pre!e#ture o! )ibetK &ho su##ess!ully operate him an #ure him !rom the

blin ness J#!r+ Pa&o )sulag )reng&a$ * istory o! )ibet$ ?east !or the "ages K+

2. Translation of Foreign edical Treatises

,n the 629 *.$ uring the 33r %ing o! )ibet $ "ongtsen 'ampo be#ame the so/ereign o!)ibet+ e establishe politi#al relations &ith some neighboring #ountries$ an in the #ourse o!time he in/ite numerous o#tors !rom ,n ia$ China an Persia+ "e/eral treatises !rom these

#ountries &ere translate into )ibetan$ thereby stimulating the #omposition o! other te ts+Eongtrul Lo ro )aye states in his 8n#y#lope ia ,n o-)ibeti#a:

*t the time o! "ongtsen$ the treatises o! three major tra itions$ *n uring the perio o! *gtshom4 those o! the tra ition that a##ompanie the Chinese

prin#ess$ *n many others$ &ritten by Chinese mon%s an by 7i ji &ere translate + )he "omara(a 9 is the out#ome o! the e #hange o! %no&le ge among many e perts+

,n the year ;1 *.$ the %ing Lang arma &as mur ere an )ibet !ell into isunity+ *s aresult o! /arious insurre#tions an#ient o#uments$ an e/i en#e o! #ulture &ere lost+ .uring

this perio $ !e& people &ere able to pursue stu y o! the #ulture> the me i#al tra ition &asa /ersely e!!e#te an its e/elopment #ame to a halt+
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5/11

)ibetan me i#ine master 7ema 'yam#o !eeling the pulse o! a patient+ Photo by orbuMham ui

.uring the se#on propagation Jin 10th an 11th CenturiesK o! 7u hism $ the translatorNin#hen Mangpo J9 -10 *.K tra/ele to ,n ia to eepen his %no&le ge+ On his return$ heretranslate into )ibetan )he 8ssen#e o! the 8ight 7ran#hes 10 an other treatises that haalrea y been translate by Dig Nin#hen o! the ye&o #lan an others+ Con#erning thesetranslations$ in his 8n#y#lope ia ,n o-)ibeti#a$ Eongtrul states:

=7e!ore an later$ uring the se#on propagation$ the translations&ere numerous> Nin#hen Mangpo propagate )he 8ight 7ran#hesan transmitte them to the !our o#tors o! Phureng> )hey passe thetransmission to "hang "hig$ .argon$ Dutho%$ an others$ then the%no&le geable )ibetan o#tors began sprea the tea#hings that rea#he !ar an &i e+=

!. The First School of edicine in Tibet

)he !irst s#hool in )ibet &as a s#hool o! me i#ine+ ,n 4 $ )risong .etsen &as #ro&ne3 th %ing o! )ibet+ 7esi es the 7u hist o#trine$ he atta#he great importan#e to the

preser/ation an e/elopment o! the /arious s#ien#es+ .ue to his #on#ern$ the an#ient te ts on

)ibetan #ulture &ere a apte to a 7u hist !ormat by airo#ana$ Dutho% Donten 'onpo another s#holars+ ,n this &ay the #ulture an 7u hism e/elope an propagate in the#ountry+ )hese e/ents are #learly illustrate in the biography o! 'uru Ninpo#he $ )he )reasureNe is#o/ere in the Crystal No#%s+

)ibetan me i#ine #apsules+Photo by 'ao 'uorong

,t is in the year 462 *.$ un er the auspi#es o! the same %ing that the !irst s#hool o! )ibetanme i#ine &as !oun e in Aenlung in the region o! Eongpo 12+ ,n the !irst year$ three hun restu ents atten e the s#hool+ )he entire #ourse o! stu ies laste !or ten years$ at the en o!&hi#h the ne& o#tors re#ei/e a title a##or ing to the egree attaine + )he highest title &asthat o! @7umrampaI13 #orrespon ing to the .o#torate egree> !ollo&e by the title o!@NabjampaI #orrespon ing to the Aaster5s egree> an that o! @Ea#hupaI #orrespon ing to a7a#helor5s egree+ )he lo&est title &as that o! @.urapaI+ )hese titles are still in use to ay+*mong the stu ents o! the !irst #ourse$ !i!ty obtaine the title o! @7umrampaI$ !i!ty that o!

@NabjampaI$ an a hun re that o! @Ea#hupaI+ *t that time the ethi#al basis an the norms o!
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6/11

beha/ior !or the me i#al pro!ession$ &ere lai o&n that$ besi es the a#tions to be one !orthe bene!it o! the patient$ the pra#ti#e o! bene/olen#e an #ompassion shoul also be uphel +

,n the ne t #ourse o! stu ies$ about one thousan stu ents #oming !rom e/ery region o! )ibetan also !rom ,n ia$ China an Persia parti#ipate + )he e/ents relate to this s#hool are

#learly illustrate in the important 7iography o! Dutho% Donten 'onpo+

?rom the Colophon o! the #ontents o! the ol 7on manus#ripts @EajuI$ by yima )en(in$ itis #lear that the te tboo% use in that s#hool &as the @bum b(hi$ the an#ient 7on te t onme i#ine re!ormatte to the ne&ly emerging 7u hist nee s by airo#ana an other s#holars$an its title &as #hange to )he ?our Ae i#al )reatises Jor )antrasK+

". New #nfluences on the Tibetan edical Tradition

,n the 12th Century *.$ the se#on Dutho% Donten 'onpo J1126-1202K e amine thei!!erent transmissions o! )he ?our Ae i#al )reatises #omparing them &ith !oreign me i#al

te ts+ e &ent about re/ising an e pan ing )he ?our )reatises e tensi/ely+ e &rotese/eral supplements to them$ an initiate a rene&e interest in )ibetan me i#ine+

Later$ in the 13th Century *.$ the tantri# a ept gyenpa J1230-1309K tra/ele to ,n ia an inthe #ountry o! O iyana1 + )here he stu ie /arious metho s !or the preparation o! me i#alsubstan#es+ e tells us that in the #ountry o! O yiana he re#ei/e numerous instru#tions!rom @&oman o! %no&le geI+ hen he returne to )ibet$ gyenpa #ontinue his resear#h onme i#inal substan#es$ stu ying their tastes$ poten#ies an other properties+ e e/elope ate#hni ue J%no&n asngul #hu btso b%ruK to eto i!y mer#ury+ )he eto i!i#ation o! mer#uryis a #omple #hemi#al pro#e ure that uses$ among other things$ the ashes o! eight metals aneight minerals+ gyenpa5s is#o/ery le to eto i!ie mer#ury being use as a #ru#ialsubstrate !or the a ition o! many pre#ious gem re#ipes into the )ibetan pharma#opoeia+

Aobile #lini# on the grasslan s+ Photo 7alsang Cering

e& me i#inal substan#es &ere again a e to the )ibetan pharma#opoeia at the beginningo! the 1;th Century$ Nangjung .orje Jrang byung r o rjeK$ the thir Earmapa J12 ;-1339K$un ertoo% resear#h on me i#inal substan#es an i enti!ie about 30$ among them herbs$minerals Jsu#h as the ten pre#ious mineralsK$ an animal substan#es+ e es#ribe their tasteJin#lu ing the post- igesti/e tasteK$ their poten#ies an their /arious properties+ e #ompilethe result o! his resear#h in a treatise #alle )he O#ean o! ames o! Ae i#ines+

$. The Schools of %ang and &ur

,n the 1 th Century$ t&o s#hools o! me i#ine emerge :


7/11

originate ma e the i enti!i#ation$ #lassi!i#ation an use o! plants /ary+ Certain points o! the bo y &here mo ibustion an bloo letting are per!orme also i!!er+

)he s#hool o!


8/11

si#% people #oul see% treatment+ )he population itsel! #olle#te the substan#es use !or the preparation o! me i#ines: by either noma s in the #ol er regions$ or those in the lo&er/alleys+

)ibetan me i#ine master altar in a monastery+

,n an#ient time$ in )ibet$ it &as a #ommon #ustom !or the o#tor to gi/e out the me i#inesregar less o! the !inan#ial situation o! the patient+ ,! the patient &as a ri#h man$ the #ustomre uire that he o!!er$ as a re&ar $ gol $ sil/er$ horses an other omesti# animals> i! the

patient &as !rom the mi le #lass$ he o!!ere &hat he #oul a!!or + o&e/er i! the patient&as /ery poor$ the o#tor &oul not as% nor a##ept any remuneration+ ,t is sai that it ne/er

happene that e/en the poorest$ si#% person &oul ie be#ause he or she &as unable to buythe me i#ines he or she nee e +

*iews on +,olden ey+ +1/-)rticle )greement+ by:M * ' D 200 -12-04 16: :

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)he boo% entitle 'ol en Eey: 14-*rti#le *greement$ #o-authore by Mhou *iming an Duan"ha$ probes in a most #omprehensi/e &ay the *greement bet&een the Central 'o/ernment
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9/11

an the Lo#al 'o/ernment o! )ibet !or the Pea#e!ul Liberation o! )ibet+ )he boo% runs tomore than 6;0$000 &or s an has goo illustrations+

)he mo ern history o! China sa& the Chinese people repeate ly su!!ering !rom !oreignaggression an being subje#te to /arious !orms o! humiliation> but$ it also sa& the Chinese

people resisting heroi#ally against the aggressors &ithout !lin#hing+ n!ortunately$ thego/ernment o! )he Nepubli# o! China #oul not e!!e#ti/ely resist !oreign imperialistaggression$ an $ espe#ially$ it #oul not #ontrol the south&estern bor er region an restrainthe in epen en#e mo/ement that began to appear in )ibet+

Only sin#e the !oun ing o! e& China$ hasthe Chinese Communist Party shoul erethe histori#al responsibility in earnest$representing the &ill o! people o! the/arious national ethni# groups$ in#lu ing)ibetans$ to sol/e the )ibet issues$ an

ri/e imperialist !or#es out o! )ibet$allo&ing )ibet to return to motherlan anreali(e unity o! the Chinese nation$ thusopening a ne& page o! Chinese history+)hrough stu ying the 14-*rti#le*greement$ &e #an %no& that the history o!that perio is really a gol en %ey to sol/ing/arious )ibet-relate issues+

, note o&n the !ollo&ing !our points&hile rea ing the boo%:

J1K *bun ant in!ormation$ su!!i#ient e/i en#e$ obje#ti/e argument

)he &riters uote !rom masses o! essential ar#hi/es an literature$ in#lu ing #orrespon en#eon the negotiations bet&een the Central 'o/ernment an the lo#al go/ernment o! )ibet$ as&ell as bet&een China an ,n ia$ China an 7ritain an China an *meri#a> rele/ant Central'o/ernment ar#hi/es on sol/ing the )ibet issue$ re#olle#tions by the person #on#erne $ anso#ial an histori#al in/estigati/e ata o! )ibet$ an so on+

)he authors also ra& on !oreign s#holars5 resear#h a#hie/ements$ in#lu ing boo%s su#h as *

istory o! Ao ern )ibet$ 1913-19 1 by Ael/yn C+ 'ol stein an )he Aa%ing o! Ao ern)ibet by *+ )om 'run!el +

)he boo% appropriately analy(es the role an negati/e rea#tions o! the 7ritish ,n iango/ernment an the +"+ go/ernment o/er the pea#e!ul liberation o! )ibet$ an es#ribes#orre#tly the attitu e an #hange o! the 'a ag lo#al go/ernment o! )ibet+ hat5s more$ it also

is#usses meti#ulously the #ontents o! the 14-*rti#le *greement$ an re/eals the !earlessre/olutionary spirit o! the PL* troops &hen liberating )ibet+ )here are har ly any abstra#t orsimpli!ie terms$ &hi#h sho&s the s#ienti!i# an matter-o!-!a#t attitu es o! the authors+

J2K Protru ing %ey points$ istin#t #hanges an o##asional !resh i eas


10/11


11/11

J;K 8asy an smooth language

)he boo% #ombines &ritten material &ith oral in!ormation in a narrati/e !orm$ &ithoutsuperabun ant re!utation an &ithout #opious uotations+ ,nstea $ it tells stories /i/i ly#entere on the essential histori#al e/ents an %ey !igures in a##or an#e &ith a histori#al

e/elopment or er$ &hi#h enables the rea er to absorb the &eight o! history in a #om!ortable&ay+ Aean&hile$ the language o! the boo% is also /ery !luent$ &hi#h #an be a##epte by

pro!essionals an #ommon rea ers+

*s e/ery #oin has its t&o si es$ this boo% is no e #eption is ha/ing its &ea% points$ as!ollo&s:

?irstly$ it is /ery ne#essary to narrate the histori#al an so#ial ba#%groun o! the pea#e!ulnegotiations on )ibet an the emergen#e o! the 14-*rti#le *greement+ 7ut the se#on se#tion@"o#iety o! )ibetI$ the thir se#tion @Neligion o! )ibetI an the !ourth se#tion @8#onomy o!)ibetI in the !irst #hapter o! the boo% #o/ere e/ery aspe#ts o! the uestion mentione abo/e+,n my opinion$ it &as totally unne#essary be#ause it suggests an unne#essary e/iation !romthe main topi#+

"e#on ly$ there are some ine a#t es#riptions o! some o! the histori#al !a#ts+ ?or e ample$&hen es#ribing the tribes #on uere by the )ubo Eing om$ )uguhun &as mista%enlyregar e as an ethni# group in 'ansu Pro/in#e+ *#tually$ )uguhun mostly mo/e about inQinghai Pro/in#e+ *nother e ample$ it is not #orre#t$ as the boo% asserts$ that Eublai Ehan@uni!ie China$ !ormally establishe the Duan .ynasty in 1260$ an mo/e the #apital to.a u Jpresent- ay 7eijingKI+ ,n !a#t$ Eublai Ehan o##upie Eaiping Pre!e#ture Jnorth o!to ay5s Mhenglan QiK not .a u+ ,n Aay o! the same year$ his younger brother &as e#lare to

be a Ehan in the area &est o! the present- ay lan 7ator$ the #apital o! Aongolia+ .a u o! theDuan .ynasty$ lo#ate northeast o! Mhong u the ol #apital o!

history of tibetan medicine

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