history of the modern middle east. the arab league definition: an organization of 22 middle eastern...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of the Modern Middle
East
![Page 2: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Arab LeagueDefinition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African
nations where Arabic is the spoken language that promotes
political, economic, cultural, and social relations among members
Additional Information:• founded in 1945• council of representatives from member states work to settle disputes peacefully• has had difficulty living up to goals•ARABSAT (satellite systems)
![Page 3: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
O.P.E.C.Definition: an association of 12 countries that
depend heavily on oil exports for their incomes and work
together to increase revenue from oil exports.Additional
Information:• founded in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela• OPEC nations produce 40% of world’s oil• OPEC nations possess 70% of world’s oil• OPEC have a direct impact on world oil prices along with: world conflict, global demand, and stock market speculation
![Page 5: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Birthplace of Islam• Has the world’s largest amount of oil
reservesand largest exporter of oil in the world
• Government: Monarchy• Current Leader: King Abdullah bin
Abdul Aziz• Law Code: Sharia Law (strict Islamic
law)
Saudi Arabia
![Page 7: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• UAE is a federation of 7 emirates (sovereign state)• Great Britain expand influence in 1800’s and early
1900’s• Independence in 1971• Economy dominated by oil exports (70’s, 80’s, 90’s)• Economy hurt by 2008-09 global recession and
banking crisis• Result: call of political & economic reforms
United Arab Emirates
• Economy: Open Market (growing economy)•Government: constitutional federation of absolute monarchies
![Page 8: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Iran-Iraq War• Began Sept. 22, 1980 when Iraqi President
Saddam Hussein orders invasion of Iran• Ended Aug. 20, 1988 with a cease-fire
agreementAdditional Information:• longest war between two nations in the 1900’s• Reasons for the war:
- Iraq thought Iran was in a weak state
- Iraq (and other Arab nations) feared Iran’s Shiite revolution
- Iran and Iraq had territorial disputes
- Iraq saw a chance to control Iran’s oil
![Page 10: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Terrorism• Definition: The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or govts.
Types:• State Sponsored• Domestic• Religious
![Page 12: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hamas• Definition: Islamist political party that currently
governs the Gaza portion of the Palestinian territories
Additional Information:• founded in 1987 during the 1st Intifada• ideals are based on the principles of Islamic fundamentalism • carry out suicide attacks, rocket attacks, and guerilla warfare against Israel•classified as a terrorist group by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Israel, & Japan
![Page 13: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hezbollah• Definition: Shi’a Muslim group and political party based in Lebanon; known as a resistance movement of the Arab & Muslim world; currently hold seats in Lebanon’s government
Additional Information:•emerged in 1982 as result of 1st Lebanon War• carry out suicide attacks & rocket attacks against Israel• armed & funded by Iran and Syria•classified as a terrorist group by Great Britain, the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Israel, & Australia
![Page 14: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Al Qaeda• Definition: militant Islamist
organization
Additional Information:• created in 1988 in Saudi Arabia by Osama bin Laden• labeled as a terrorist group by the U.S., U.N., European Union, NATO, Australia, India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, South Korea, others• Goal: Jihad against the United States and the West• Osama bin Laden killed in 2011 by Navy Seals• Power and Strength in decline since mid Iraq War
![Page 15: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Map of major attacks attributed to al-Qaeda1. The Pentagon, US – Sep 11, 2001 4. Aden, Yemen – Oct 12, 20002. World Trade Center, US – Sep 11, 2001 5. Nairobi, Kenya – Aug 7, 19983. Istanbul, Turkey – Nov 15, 2003; Nov 20, 2003 6. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – Aug 7, 1998
1
6
3
5
4
2
![Page 16: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Persian Gulf War• Began in response to President
Saddam Hussein and Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on Aug.2, 1990
• U.N. coalition (Desert Shield) began bombing Jan. 17, 1991
• Coalition forces launched ground attack (Desert Storm) into Kuwait and Southern Iraq in February
• U.N. coalition ended military operations Feb. 28, 1991
Additional Information:• first international crisis after Cold War • tested U.S. and Russia’s ability to cooperate• split Arab world between Iraq & Coalition• Results in Iraq: environmental issues, refugees, casualties, revolts, economic hardships
![Page 17: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Iran: Background• Known as Persia till 1935 (Reza Pahlavi becomes
Shah-monarch-)• 1979 Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini
overthrows Shah and establishes a theocratic-Islamic- government)
• 1979 Iranian Hostage Crisis (radical students storm U.S. embassy in Tehran and held 52 hostages for
444 days)
• 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War (Saddam Hussein orders Iraqi invasion of Iran)
• 2005-2012 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
current president of Iran
![Page 19: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Iran: Current Issues
![Page 20: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Iran: Current Issues
![Page 21: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Afghanistan: Background
• Problem: Afghanistan is “TRIBAL” - Created by the West placing various ethnic
groups together as one nation
Ethnic groups:42% = Pashtun 4% = Aimak27% = Tajik 3% = Turkmen9% = Hazara 2% = Baloch9% = Uzbek 4% = Other
Fact: “-stan” means “land of”
![Page 22: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Afghanistan: History• 1747 Founded in modern Afghanistan
in1747• Mid-1800’s British expand influence
from Pakistan• Durand Line creates boundary between
Afghanistan and Pakistan dividing Pashtuns.
• 1919 Afghanistan sovereign from British influence
• 1973-1978 bloodless coup creates democratic govt.
![Page 23: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Afghanistan: History
• 1996-2001 Taliban rule of Afghanistan
• Strict Islamic law = Human rights violations
• Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan since 1997
• 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom
• Allied invasion of Afghanistan • overthrow Taliban and est.
Democracy
• 2009-2012 Taliban insurgency and Peace Talks
• 1978 communist govt. created• Mujahideen fighters (Muslim Afghan opposition
youth groups trained in Pakistan)
• 1979-1989 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
• 1989-1996 Afghan Civil War = Taliban seizes control of Afghanistan• Taliban (Islamic militant political group created
from religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan)
![Page 24: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Iraq War• Began March 2003 when the U.S. and
coalition of 39 nations launched an invasion of Iraq
• Mid-April 2003 Saddam Hussein and Iraq’s govt. fell
• U.S. President George W. Bush ends combat operations May 1, 2003
Operation Iraqi Freedom:• May 2003 to August 2010• 2004 Sunni violence against Shia Iraqi govt. and U.S. forces• 2007 U.S. adds troop build-up• Aug. 31, 2010 U.S. ends combat operations• Dec. 31, 2011 U.S. troops expect to leave Iraq
![Page 26: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Arab SpringDefinition: revolutionary movement via civil uprising
(protests)in the Arab world against their governments
Additional Information:• Began in Tunisia on December 18, 2010• Nations affected: Tunisia. Egypt, Yemen, Oman, Libya, Bahrain, Syria, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, Lebanon• Rulers has been forced from power in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen• Protests and Clashes continue in Syria (to date)
![Page 28: History of the Modern Middle East. The Arab League Definition: an organization of 22 Middle Eastern and African nations where Arabic is the spoken language](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649d1f5503460f949f36e8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)