history of the conservation and use of plant genetic ... · (1) grain crops (barley, wheat)...
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History of the Conservation and Use of Plant
Genetic Resources in RussiaVavilov Federal Research Center of Plant Genetic Resources - VIR
Aleksei ZAVARZIN, Yulia UKHATOVA
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Work with PGR
• MOBILIZATION: Targeted collecting of genetic resources economically important for Russia
• PRESERVATION: Long-term conservation of plant genetic diversity and modernization of conservation technologies
• STUDY: Complex study of crop genetic resources and identification of new source materials for efficient plant production and adaptive plant breeding; fundamental and applied research on global PGR
• USE: Setting up collections of genes and donors of economically valuable traits; development of principles and technologies of plant breeding and improvement of priority crops; breeding of new crops
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Bureau of Applied Botany
organized in 1894 at the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Land Cultivation and State Property of Tsars for
• Comprehensive study of cultivated plants • Initiation and development of scientific plant breeding in Russia• “Bulletin of the Bureau for Applied Botany” (since 1908)
Prof. Batalin Prof. Borodin Robert E. Regel
First directors
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Nikolay VAVILOV
1920: Nikolay Vavilov isHead of the Departmentof Applied Botany andPlant Breeding:
• enhancing collecting
• fostering research
• attracting prominentscientists
• estbalishing the world recognised center
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Vavilov’s collecting missions
Khoresm (Khiva, Novyi Urgench, Gurlen, Tashauz)
1921 Canada (Ontario) and USA (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, California, Oregon, Maine)
1924Afghanistan (Herat, Afghan Turkestan, Gaimag, Bamian, Hindu Kush, Badakhshan, Kafiristan, Jalalabad, Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, Baquia, Helmand, Farakh, Sehistan)
1925
Vavilov Research Center of PlantGenetic Resources (VIR)
1926
-
1927
Mediterranean countries (France, Syria, Palestine, Transjordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus and Crete, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Egypt, where Gudzoni was explored by Vavilov's request);Abyssinia (Djibouti, Addis Ababa, banks of Nile, Tsana Lake), Eritrea (Massaua) and Yemen (Hodeida, Jidda, Hedjas)
Iran1916
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China (Xinjiang - Kashgar, Uch-Turfan, Aksu, Kucha, Urumchi, Kulja, Yarkand, Hotan) together with M.G. Popov, then alone to China (Taiwan), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu and Hokkaido) and Korea
1927 Germany (mountainous regions in Wuertemberg, Bavaria,)
1929
Vavilov Research Center of PlantGenetic Resources (VIR)
1930 USA (Florida, Louisiana, Arizona, Texas, California), Mexico,Guatemala and Honduras
1932
-
1933
Canada (Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia),USA (Washington, Colorado, Montana, Kansas, Idaho, Louisiana, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North and South Dakotas, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah); Cuba, Mexico (Yucatan), Ecuador (Cordilleras), Peru (Lake Titicaca, Puno Mt., Cordilleras), Bolivia (Cordilleras), Chile (Panama River), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Amazon), Argentina, Uruguay, Trinidad and Porto Rico.
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Centers of origin of cultivated plants
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Mobilizing and preserving
125
• MOBILIZATION: focused search and collection of economically significant plants; exchange
• CONSERVATION: long-term storage of vital accessions of PGR and CPWR and improving conservation technologies
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Territory covered by collections
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VIR structure
• Departments of genetic resources
• Long-term storage• Herbarium WIR
• Research laboratories• Core facilities• Field stations• Agricultural library
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Oat, Rye and Barley
Wheat
Genetic Resources Departments
Collection started in 1901.
50 000 accessions of wheat from over
70 countries, Aegilops (5,275), Triticale
(4,384)
Collection started in 1894.
37 000 accessions including
oat (13,065 accessions), rye
(3,386) and barley (20,410).
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Groat CropGrain Legume
47 000 accessions of more
than 160 species, including pea
(8,118), common bean (7,700),
soybean (7,441), vetch (5,702), faba
bean (1,978), lentil (3,080), chickpea
(3,567), cowpea (4,085) and other
legumes.
49 000 accessions of species and
varieties of maize (15,215), sorghum (9,799),
buckwheat (2,325), rice (5,874), millet (9,114)
and some other species.
Genetic Resources Departments
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Fruit Crop Vegetable and Cucurbit Crop
52 000 accessions of 282 species of
tomato (7,653 accessions), cabbage (3,432),
pepper (1,851), eggplant (737), spinach (791),
lettuce (2,576), dill (883), carrot (3,312),
radish (2,443), beet (2,356), onion and garlic
(3,124), cucumber (4,283), melon (4,297),
watermelon (3,145), rare vegetables
22 000 accessions (field)including apple (3,819), pear
(1,585), quince (148), sour and
sweet cherry (1685), plum (3,701),
apricot (491), peach (345), grape
(3,391), etc
Genetic Resources Departments
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Perennial Forage CropPotato
Over 8 000 accessions of
wild, primitive and cultivated
potato species from the centers of
origin, and cultivars from all the
countries in which this crop is
cultivated.
32 000 accessions of alfalfas
(5,652 accessions), sainfoin (1,058),
clovers (7,683), melilot (1,308), timothy
(1,932), fescue (1,239), bromegrass (1,584),
meadow grass (1,911), cock's foot (1,477),
ryegrass (1,227), arid and silage crops.
Genetic Resources Departments
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Oil and Fibre Crop
Over 29 000
accessions including
cotton (6,549), flax
6,506), hemp, kenaf
and jute (2,609),
rapeseed (1,748),
mustard (1,631), various
oil crops (4,460) and
poppy (1,853).
Genetic Resources Departments
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Long-term preservation
Ultra-dry seed storage
Low-temperature conservation of seed collections (+4°С; –10°С).
In-vitro collection
Cryobank (–196°С)
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Specialized herbarium WIR of CP and CPWR
(1894) - types, references, weeds
Herbarium
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Study and use
125
• Study: complex studies of PGR and identification of traits for effective and adaptive breeding; fundamental and applied studies of the world PGR diversity
• Use: development of breeding technologies for improvement of cultivated plants; genes and donors; molecular breeding
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Research facilities
Laboratory facilities – molecular genetics, biochemistry, plant physiology, biotechnology, etc.
11 regional branches (field stations and duplicate storage)
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Established in 1838
Over 1.7 mln books
Agricultural library
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Main research vectors
Monitoring of cultivated plants and CPWR diversity and dynamics
Development of technologies of PGR long-term preservation, health maintenance, etc.
Interdisciplinary research of the crop groups involving new techniques and technologies for product improvement, food security, technologies development
Analytical services on plant genetic resources policies and development of PGR legislation
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Target genes
Gene functions and crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas
(1)Identification of new target genes to improve crop resistance and RNA directed modification of genes
(2)de novo domestication –identification of target genes of CPWR to modify for domesticated traits
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Focused breeding
New allelic variants to promote southern crops to the North Screening of vigna and soya
been accessions • to identify allelic variants of
known genes that affect developmental types and maturation rates
• for comparative transcriptomic analysis to identify new genes, responsible for these traits.
Further studies - oil and fiber crops, fruit plants and spring grains.
1.GTCGCGTCTGCCTCATCTTCCAAC
2.GTCGTGTCTGCCTC----TCCAAC
Сравнительные генетические и
геномные исследования образцов,
контрастных по срокам развития,
цветения и созревания в южных и
северных широтах.
Идентификация генов-кандидатов
и аллельных отличий
Ускоренная ориентированная
селекция для
«осеверения» южных культур
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High value added products
Genomic approaches to improve technological properties of crops
Guar gum - the main ingredient for hydraulic fracturing
in oil and gas exctraction
Potato starch with desired properties -
important ingredient for food, pulp and
paper, chemical industries
Grapes - source for winemaking and for high value products
for functional, children's and dietary food
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Pathogen resistance
Molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance to biotic stresses
1200пн
440пн
380пн
M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Barley resistant (left) and sensitive (right) to powdery mildew - selected for transcriptome profiling
Potato genotypes resistant to golden nematode
(1) grain crops (barley, wheat) resistance to powdery mildew and other fungi, (2) structural and functional organization of genes controlling the resistance of cereals (sorghum, barley) to common cereal aphids, (3) potato resistance to the most harmful pathogens (including quarantine pests).
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Expanding crop genetic diversity
Molecular and cytogenetic, marker-based genomic analysis of introgression lines
125 лет
Cell and chromosome engineering of Solanaceae and Poaceae crops
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Breeding new crops
Somatic hybridization for breeding and breeding
125 лет
Development of optimal parameters of nutrient media for invitro introduction of hybrid embryos obtained as a result ofintra-and interspecific hybridization of species of the genusPrunus L.
Breeding of new crops from different crop groups basing on extensive data of collection studies
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Collaboration
Mobilization, monitoring and conservation in situ of agrobiodiversityDevelopment of national gene banks and system of conservation of exploration on common methodological principles Development of technologies for long-term preservation and maintenance of PGRDevelopment of joint bilateral and multilateral breeding and seed programs Training and professional development of staffHarmonization of the regulatory framework for exploration in the participating countriesEducation and involvement of the population in the conservation of PGR
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