history of pharmacology
DESCRIPTION
It was my first pg seminar.I have added notes on which speaker can speak.A few slides that were added after the thank u slide were just for reference and not fit for presenting to audience.TRANSCRIPT
Historical knowledge is no more and no less than carefully and critically constructed collective memory.
Without individual memory, a person literally loses his or her identity, and would not know how to act in encounters with others.
.
“Whatever act is done by one who is deranged of understanding ,will or memory is to be regarded as a volitional transgression(prajnaparadha).It is the inducer of all pathological conditions.”
-Charaka
Chinese & Egyptian
PAN TSAO-CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA
EBERS PAPYRUS-EGYPTIAN MATERIA MEDICA
2500 BC1500 BC
Celsus - “Cicero of Medicine” (25-35 AD).
Use of poppy extract and mandrake to induce sleep.
Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD) - De Materia Medica > 900 drugs, was in use until 1600 AD. Mercury, copper, lead topical application. Blood and excrements still used. Style of presentation followed by many later authors,
even today's Physicians' Desk Reference.
Galen (129-217) - Roman physician
Followed Hippocrates’ (460-355 BC) humoral basis of medicine.
He taught that drugs possessed certain fundamental effects (warming, cooling, drying, humidifying) which might be combined in different ways and also some specific actions (e.g. emetic, diuretic, etc.).
Dogmatic approach hampered scientific growth for a 1000 years.
Arabian Medicine
Avicenna (980-1027) – “Canon of Medicine” (14 vol.) Galenic medicine
(standard text till 18th century).
Paracelsus (1493 – 1541)
Travelled all over the known world in search of knowledge.
Challenged Galenic medicine (burnt his books) Dose-response concept - “All things are poison
and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous”.
Used distilled oils as remedies. Used ether on animals.
Mercury for syphilis.
The Renaissance
Obnoxious remedies as flesh,excreta and
blood of various animals James Gregory(1753-1821) Disastrous results Wrongly applied name to modern scientific
medicine
Allopathy(the other suffering)
The Rise Of Experimental Pharmacology
François Magendie (1783 –1855) French physiologist. “Formulary for
preparation and use of many new remedies,.
Paris academy in 1809
19
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner (1783-1841) Isolated morphine
1804, The first ever
alkaloid Administered to
himself and three friends.
Cholera -living organism.
20
Claude Bernard (1813-1878) - Magendie’s pupil
Pancreatic juice in digestion, liver glycogen and its importance
Vasomotor nerves.
CO on hemoglobin.
Action of Curare
21
Rudolf Buchheim (1820 –1879)
First pharmacology laboratory in the world (1860, University of Dorpat in Estonia)
Introduced bioassay .
22
Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton (1844 –1916) Scottish physician “Textbook of
Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Materia Medica (1885)”.
24
John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) Father of American
Pharmacology. Co-founded Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 1909.
25
Arthur Robertson Cushny (1866-1926) Trained by Oswald
Schmiedeberg. “Text-Book of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics”
Pilocarpine
Chewing of leaves;Salivation
1874-Brazilian physician Coutinhou first experiments
1875-alkaloid isolated
Weber-actions pupil,sweat,salivary glands.
South American genus Pilocarpus
Physostigmine
Also called eserine.
Alkaloid;Calabar bean.
West Africa;”Ordeal poison”
1864;Jobst and Hesse
1877;Laqueur-Tx glaucoma
Belladona
Roman empire;obscure poisoning
Atropos;Linnaeus India-root&leaves-Tx
Asthma Mein 1831 Bezold&Bloebaum(186
7) Heidanhain(1872)
Muscuranic receptor antagonists
Atropine&Scopalamine
Curare
Von Humboldt 1805
Strychnos species
Griffith & Johnson 1942
King 1935
South American arrow poisons
Ergot
Claviceps purpurea
600BC Assyrian tablet
Middle ages-epidemics
Active principles-early 20th century
Castor Oil
Oil(chiefly of triglyceride of ricinoleic acid)
Ricin extremely toxic protein
Active agent-Ricinoleic acid
Ricinus Communis
Vinca alkaloids
Periwinkle plant Cantharanthus roseus(formerly Vinca rosea)
Exracts;hypoglycemic effects in Diabetes.
Vinblastine& Vincristine-regression ALL in mice
Vinorelbine-lung& breast cancer
1. Alkaloids(natural plant products)
2. Synthetic Compounds
3. Antibiotics
The three eras of Chemotherapy
South American discovery-efficacy of
ipecacuanha root in amoebic dysentry -Successful treatment of Malaria with an
extract of Cinchona bark.
Alkaloids
43
Synthetic Compounds
Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915)
“Receptor” concept (1907)
With Sahachiro Hata, Salvarsan (compound 606, arsphenamine) for syphilis (1909).
Nobel Prize in 1908.
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)
Lysozyme – 1923 Penicillin – 28 September 1928. Described its basic properties but never
performed an animal experiment with iatrogenic infection.
Couldn’t purify - stopped studying it in 1931.
47
Discovery of Penicillin
Cecil George Paine treated ophthalmia neonatorum - first recorded cure with penicillin (25 Nov 1930).
50
Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979) In 1939, he joined
Howard Florey to investigate natural antibacterial agents produced by microorganisms – revisited Fleming’s work.
.
51
Discovery of Streptomycin
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973)
Studied actinomycetes.
1940-1952 isolated 10 antibiotics.
Albert Schatz (1922-2005)
Extracted and tested the new antibiotic.
Purified drug by Merck for clinical trials
HEPARIN
Canine liver cells;hepar greek “Liver”.
Jay McLean & William Henry Howell
1916,fatsoluble phosphatide anticogulant
Spoiled sweet clover sillage
Campbell &Link 1939-Dicoumarol
1948 Warfarin
Wisconsin Alumni Reseach Foundation
1951-army inductee suicide failed
Warfarin
1929-Dam;reduced prothrobin
Dam&Coworkers(1935,1936);
Unidentified fat soluble
Vitamin K(Koagulation Vitamin
Vitamin K
Aspirin
Willow bark to relieve fever by Hippocrates
Meadowsweet(spiraeaulmaria)
Salicin 1829 Leroux Pina 1836 salicylic
acid Hoffman;Bayer
Nitrates
Nitroglycein 1846 Sobrero
1857 ,T.Lauder Brunton Amyl nitrate
Alfred nobel 1863
William Murell,sublingual nitroglycerine
Statins
Mold,Penicillim citrinum,1976;Endo&colleaguesin
Brown&Goldstein;HMG-CoA Reductase
Compactin;Mevastatin
Alberts&colleagues;Lovastatin
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Ether
William Thomas Green Morton (1819–1868) American dentist 30 September 1846
- painless tooth extraction after administering ether to a patient.
CocaineKarl Koller (1857-1944)
Introduced cocaine as a local anaesthetic for eye surgery (1884).
“Coca Koller
Click icon to add picture
Dale & Laidlaw-endogenous
histamine;immediate hypersensitivity,cellular injury
Best&colleagues(1927),fresh samples liver &lung
Histos-greek word for tissue
History of OCs
Austrian physiologist Haberlandt
1927;temporary sterility,feeding ovarian & placental extracts
1950s Pincus,Gardia& Rock;progesterone&19-norprogetins
1950s;Puerto Rico& Haiti-norethynodrel
91
Yellapragada Subbarao (1895-1948)
Phosphocreatine and ATP.
Folic acid. methotrexate and
hetrazan. Benjamin Duggar
he world's first tetracycline antibiotic, aureomycin (in 1945).
“History, if it has taught us anything at
all, has taught us that the strange ideas we deride today will one day be our celebrated truths.” ― Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol
Thank you!
Ipecacuanha Vasaka Adathoda Goodman Gillman James black Chalmoogra oil Concept of Antibiosis First clinical trial?-James Lindt
Questions asked on
Alfred Goodman Gilman (born July 1, 1941) is an American pharmacologist and biochemist. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Martin Rodbell for their discoveries regarding G-proteins.
G-proteins are a vital intermediary between the extracellular activation of receptors (GPCR) on the cell membrane and actions within the cell. Rodbell had shown in the 1960s that GTP was involved in cell signaling. It was Gilman who actually discovered the proteins that interacted with the GTP to initiate signalling cascades within the cell.
Sir James Whyte Black OM FRS FRSE FRCP (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010[1]) was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. He spent his career both as researcher and as an academic at several universities. Black established the physiology department at the University of Glasgow, where he became interested in the effects of adrenaline on the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958 and, while there, developed propranolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of heart disease.[2] Black was also responsible for the development of cimetidine, a drug used in a similar manner to treat stomach ulcers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 for work leading to the development of propranolol and cimetidine.[3]
Contents
Hydnocarpus wightiana or Chaulmoogra is a tree in the Achariaceae family. The oil from its seeds has been widely used in Indian medicine and Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of leprosy. It entered early Western medicine in the nineteenth century before the era of sulfones and antibiotics for the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.[2] The oil was prescribed for leprosy as a mixture suspended in gum or as an emulsion.[3][4]Physical characteristics and composition
The oil is semi-solid at room temperature and does not have a strong odour. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis has shown the oil to contain the following fatty acids - hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid, gorlic acid, lower cyclic homologues, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.[5]Med
Antibiosis was coined by Vuillemin in1889 to
denote antagonism between living creature in general
Antibiotic was first used by Waksman in 1942 which confined it to substances produced by microorganisms antagonistic to the growth of life of others in high dilution