Missions History of Missions

Dr. Robert PattonMissionary to Suriname,

South America

Tierra del Fuego – Allen Gardiner

Former Navy commander, had a burden for missions, first east African coast (Natal) and Paraguay

Then the Patagonian Indians of Tierra del Fuego – fierce and uncivilized

First attempt unsuccessful Second attempt – had to move

boat, lost some supplies, starved to death

Allen Gardiner, modern picture of Puerto Williams

Tierra del Fuego

Second attempt with schooner Allen Gardiner to start school in Falkland Islands for young people

Seemed successful – but 8 persons murdered, one escaped

Third attempt with new group was successful. Students came, they were received better

Tierra del Fuego

Now there is a vibrant church of several thousand Patagonians in the are

William Brett – Guiana

William Brett worked in the 19th century with different groups of Indians – Caribs, Waraoons, Arawaks – especially the latter

Eventually a witchdoctor was saved from the Arawaks, followed by 5 others and eventually about 5000 Indians accepted the Lord

William Brett

He learned 4 Indian languages, did studies in language and wrote information, and translated the larger part of the New Testament into the different languages!

Arawak Indians

Barbrooke Grubb – Paraguay

Anglican missionary Barbrooke Grubb had success reaching the fierce Lengua Indians in the Chaco region of Paraguay

The area is swamp, jungle and tropical sun; very difficult. He learned 4 languages, worked with 4 different Indian groups, and started villages. A number accepted Christ

Barbrooke Grubb

Once he was shot at short range by an Indian guiding him intent on stealing his equipment. He managed to pull out the arrow and walked 70 miles for help. The Indian claimed that he was killed by a jaguar. When the truth came out, his own village executed the Indian. A small revival occurred

Muslim Evangelism

Original evangelism was confrontational – Raymond Lull & Henry Martyn

Later - more positive approach with friendship – Zwemmer

Major obstacles to Islam

Outright rejection of trinitarianism Association of religion and politics Association of Christianity and

western culture Basic antagonism since the

Crusades Close-knit family ties

Samuel Zwemmer

13th of 15 children of a reformed pastor from Holland, Michigan. Trained at Hope College, surrendered to missions

He started a new board with James Castine, raised support for each other

1895 he courted Ann Wiles, from a different mission – and had to pay her transportation costs…

Samuel Zwemmer

Two young daughters died within 8 days of each other

By 1905, he had 4 stations going Returned to USA, became traveling

secretary for the Student Volunteer Movement and field secretary for the Reformed Church foreign missions

Samuel Zwemer

Samuel Zwemmer

He returned to Cairo and was influential among students and faculty in the universities there.

William Borden worked with him for four months, but died of meningitis

Samuel Zwemmer

Finally he taught as professor at Princeton Seminary 1929-1937, and then retired to teach missions in New York City from 1937-1950

Saw no more than 12 converts, but brought need to evangelize the Muslim world to the west.

He edited Muslim World for 40 years

Temple Gairdner

Brilliant student at Oxford, rejected by some for his desire to reach the Muslims. Saw some saved, but also some turned back & rejected Christ

Married, lived in Cairo. Both he and his wife were gifted musicians. He was both evangelistic and apologetic; he wrote dramas – mission board disapproved

Temple Gairdner

He was deluged with administrative work; tried to bring peace among the missionaries & had good relationships with Coptic Christians

Once had a rebellion among Muslim converts.

Died age 55 with lung problems

Constance Padwick

Initially denied as missionary because of poor health, eventually served in Muslim lands 40 years

Worked with Gairdner – a missiologist who used biography – wrote about Henry Martyn

She wrote literature for Muslims, but also for Christians re Muslims

Constance Padwick

She emphasized loving relationships to try reaching Muslims

She wrote of Lyman MacCallum, who had bridged the gap as a true friend of Muslims; of Lilias Trotter who left her love of art to minister and saw some saved; Lillian Trasher, who broke an engagement to serve Muslims till death

Maude Cary

Born in Kansas in 1878; mother talented musician & Bible Instructor

Went to Gospel Missionary Union, then as a missionary to Morocco in 1901; competitive but learned to put aside pride.

Interesting – women were strong to get on the field, but criticized about being strong willed and independent

Maude Cary

She was engaged 6 years to George Reed, who finally left unmarried for Sudan

She returned for first furlough age 47, cared for both parents till their deaths

She with 3 other missionary ladies kept 3 stations open during World War II

Maude Cary

Age 71, she was assigned to open a new area; she began a Bible Institute with a young single lady assisting

More recruits came for GMU, and for several years, the work flourished after France left till 1967, when the government stopped all foreign missionaries. She died the same year

Korea

Catholic work was in the 19th century, but with great opposition, and the French retaliated.

Protestants began about 1880 and had great success

Dr. Horace Allen

Changed from missionary MD to diplomat for Korea

He opened a hospital with success after successfully treating the king’s nephew

He helped diplomatically set commercial interests in Korea

He later worked for the US government, but clashed with President Roosevelt

Horace Allen

After dismissal from the US Government, he went into private practice, but was a strong supporter of Korean independence

Henry Appenzellar

Raised Reformed, became a Methodist, married a Baptist wife

He strongly advocated American Anglo-Saxon culture, but Korean independence

Very busy – started a school, was a pastor, much administrative and supervision work for the mission

Henry Appenzellar

He was instrumental in many schools and churches for the Methodists

Henry Appenzellar

Presbyterians and Methodists met to divide up the country for work, though they worked together on translation

In 17 years, they had 47 churches. There was opposition from the

government He died age 44 trying to save a Korean

colleague after his ship crashed into another

Horace Underwood

Very formal, aware of competition between Presbyterians and Methodists

Anne Ellers served as a nurse as the queen’s “doctor” She was followed by Lillias Horton, an MD who married Underwood. He did some translation work as well as opening an orphanage.

Later 4 men traveled 200 miles for him to baptize them, which he did

John L. Nevius

Although he was a missionary to China, and only spent 2 weeks in Korea, he revolutionized Korean evangelism

His father died when he was young, and he was brought up Dutch Reformed, became serious and attended Princeton Seminary

John L. Nevius

Arrived in China in 1853, stayed 40 years. He worked to train itinerate evangelists

Old method – find advanced natives & train them as Bible agents, evangelists, colporteurs, heads of stations – paying them. New – train them leaving them in their original homes & employments

Nevius method

1. Missionary personal evangelism through wide itineration

2. Self-propagation – every believer a teacher of someone, and a learner from someone else more fitted

Self-government- every group under their own chosen unpaid leaders; circuits with paid helpers will become pastors

Nevius method

Self-support – all chapels provided by believers

Systematic Bible study for every believer under his group leader and circuit leader

Strict discipline with enforced Bible penalties

Nevius method

Co-operation and union with other bodies

Non-interference in lawsuits General helpfulness where possible in

the economic life problems of the people Under Samuel Moffat and others, the

church grew despite (or because) of persecution

William Smith Clark

Set up agricultural institute in Sapporo, Japan, and saw 16 converted boys – the most prominent Kanzo Uchimura

Kanzo – father was samurai & Confucian scholar. Trained as Confucian.

Turned off by sectarianism, started a church which was independent

Kanzo Uchimura

Pride in Japan; saw America had other talents, but not in religion – too money and numbers conscious

Wrote 22 volume commentary

Charles and Lettie Cowman

They became missionaries after a affluent lifestyle in the USA. Called under A.B. Simpson, left affluence, and were in Holiness movement

Very tightly organized, used crusade method, tried to present the gospel to every home

Charles died of heart attack 1924

Lettie Cowman

Wrote Streams in the Desert during husband’s sickness

They founded Oriental Mission Society, and eventually Lettie was president for 7 years. She eventually wrote 9 books

She worked to present the gospel to all nations from 1936 till her death in 1949 at age 90

Miscellaneous groups

The Anglicans had success both among the Eskimos of Canada and the Chaco and Lenguas of Paraguay.The Catholics, after severe setbacks from the French Revolution, began to regroup during the middle of the 19th century

Missions 20th Century Imperialism and colonialization

was coming to an end, and nationalism was rising

Marxism came to the fore WWI & WWII showed the moral

weakness of the west Missionaries and white men were

seen as both deliverer and destroyer

Missions 20th Century Bible Institutes began with a desire to keep the

faith pure with most denominations affected by modernism, attacking the deity of Christ and embracing the scientific method

Neo-orthodoxy became prominent in Europe and USA

Faith missions started, and evangelized Europe and Latin America

The base of missions shifted from Europe to North America, especially USA as it became prominent

Missions 20th Century

Churches were invaded by liberalism and the social gospel - including the mission field

Woman’s rights and women in professions radically changed

Many single women volunteered as missionaries

Single lady missionaries

Opportunities to serve opened up as an alternative to ministry at home, considered a man’s occupation

Rapid growth in many areas over 40 years – hospitals, schools, etc.

They sensed a call from God and the opportunity to make a difference

Early 20th century

Seemed like classic missions tapered off, but many specialized groups started in medicine, education, radio, translation, agriculture, etc.

World War II caused a pause, and then they pushed ahead

Single lady missionaries

Mabel Francis Ann Marie Javouhey Lottie Moon Ann Carmichael Gladys Aylward Helen Roseveare

Single lady missionaries

Roman Catholic Ann Marie Javouhey formed a group of nuns in Africa, with about 900 before her death – Sisters of St. Joseph They were successful in Senegal

She ended up with over 1000 sisters scattered in 140 locations

Ann Marie Javouhey

Single lady missionaries

A black lady went to Hawaii as a servant of missionary couple, but taught as well in 1820s

Cynthia Farrar worked 34 years in Bombay in 1860s

Adele Fields 1839-1916

Engaged and almost died on shipboard; her groom died in Bangkok seven months earlier 10 days after she sailed

She eventually left after conflicts with the director in several areas, including personal separation

She was befriended by missionaries in China

Adele Fields 1839-1916

Engaged and almost died on shipboard; her groom died in Bangkok seven months earlier 10 days after she sailed

She eventually left after conflicts with the director in several areas, including personal separation

She was befriended by missionaries in China

Adele Fields 1839-1916

She taught Bible women thoroughly and then sent them out, to return after a few weeks for additional stories

She wrote the stories of many of the women, with enormous appeal.

She trained other women to take over

Her last years were spent traveling, teaching and in science

Mabel Francis

Fiance died; she began preaching age and age 19 felt called to missions.

Joined the Christian & Missionary Alliance age 29 in Japan

Joined by her brother, started 22 churches

Later joined by widowed sister who taught while she preached

Mabel Francis

During the war, she was in a concentration camp. Afterwards she did humanitarian work. She was in a key position to help the occupation troops reach the lost during the early occupation of Japan after World War II

Mabel Francis

She was grieved that the USA missed the chance to send 1000 missionaries to Japan

Age 83, she was given the highest award given in Japan to a foreigner

Book on life of Mabel Francis

Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon

Lottie Moon - Well educated and cultured as her family was - mom widowed, but a brother and sister were MD’s. She ran the plantation while other family members were involved in the civil war. Brilliant student especially in languages

She followed he younger sister to China as a missionary at age 32 after teaching school.

Her first years were difficult in China, and she was frustrated, lonely and bored teaching girls.

She turned down a suitor who was theologically liberal and ended up teaching at Harvard

Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon She then moved into the interior in

Pingu and work alone. She was totally frustrated at not

having equal opportunities and vote as men

She was finally able to see some men saved and a church started under a Chinese pastor, who baptized over 1000. She felt that women could reach Chinese women. She adopted Chinese dress & customs

Lottie Moon

1890-1912 she did evangelistic work part time, and part time trained new missionaries and counseled Chinese women

Her greatest effectiveness was in her writing, raising up funds and women for missions

She became depressed, starved to death at age 72 while sharing her meager rations with the Chinese in a famine

Charlotte Lottie Diggs Moon Her work of funds from the USA

and recruiting women continued after her death.

Millions of dollars are still raised each year by a special Christmas offering through the Southern Baptist Mission

Charlotte D. Moon

Amy Carmichael 1867-1951

Amy Carmichael - initially wealthy, father died leaving a big debt when she was 18, and the oldest in the family.

She worked in the city mission in Belfast, Ireland. She was heavily influenced by the Keswick Movement.

Age 24, she went to Japan as a missionary for 15 months, then to Ceylon and then home

Amy Carmichael 1867-1951

She finally went to India, and founded Dohnavur to rescue “temple children” sold into prostitution, widows and orphans. They worked together in ministry. She had others forsake family and marriage, forming the Sisters of the Common life.

Those working with her should not associate with other missionaries.

Amy Carmichael

Amy Carmichael 1867-1951

She believed she had a divine mission from God. She was very Victorian in life, and contempt for non-Christian practices.

She had a bad fall and was an invalid for the last 20 years of her life

She remained single and worked with other women 50 plus years until her death at age 83.

Joanna Veenstra

She is an example of many ordinary but sacrificial lady missionaries

Her mother was early a widow when she was two. After going to Christian school, she was a secretary at age 14.

She got training in Calvin College and as a midwife, and went to Africa

Joanna Veenstra

She developed a school for young men to become evangelists

She believed she must be a firm boss – maternalism

She was appreciated for her medical work and teaching, but died after routine surgery at age 39

Johanna Veenstra

Gladys Aylward

Gladys Aylward was originally refused because she had trouble learning.

Born in London, and as a poor domestic started service age 14.

She dreamed eventually of being a missionary but was turned down age 27

Saving money, she went by rail across Siberia to help Jennie Lawson in China

Gladys Aylward

She had a harrowing ride by train, had to walk back from the war zone, but eventually got to Japan, and then with help to China.

She worked with muleteers, learning the language and working hard.

After the missionary’s death, she was made official foot inspector.

Gladys Aylward

She became effective, and even quelled a prison riot

She became a Chinese citizen, and an effective spy. She fell in love with Linnen, a Chinese soldier, but never married

In 1940, she crossed the border to Siam with 100 children

Gladys Aylward

She finally returned to England, and became very famous, but remained humble throughout her life

Gladys Aylward

Gladys Aylward