history of mass media week 15: persian gulf wars
TRANSCRIPT
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History of Mass MediaWeek 15: Persian Gulf Wars
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Please sign card to thank Prof. Joseph Campbell for speaking to our class about Murrow & McCarthy
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Today: Gulf Wars 1991-1992 and 2003-2011◦Pick up papers, after class
Wednesday: Advertising’s Golden Age with Jim Clark
Friday: Exam 2◦Five short-answer questions◦One essay question (in class)◦Take-home essay due May 13
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Monday, May 2: NewsWednesday, May 4: sports, photography, plus leftover news
Friday, May 6: advertising, production, business office
FORMAT: 3-4 minutes, one PPt slide
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Reporter, news editor, managing editor, editorial-page editor
Biggest story: Mount St. Helens eruption & ash fallout (May 1980)
Biggest success: hiring, mentoring successful reporters, editors
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1991: Operation Desert Shield1992: Operation Desert Storm (Persian Gulf War I)
2003-2004: Operation Iraqi Freedom
2005-present: nation building, prevent civil war
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Response to Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (long-standing border dispute)
U.S. Ambassador told Saddam, July 1991: “We don’t have a position...”
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JAMM 100
Hill & Knowlton◦Washington, D.C.
1991: Citizens for a Free Kuwait◦Front for Kuwaiti
royal family Goal: build support
for U.S. military action against Iraq
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JAMM 100
Hill & Knowlton’s tactics:◦Testimony to Congress◦‘Incubator babies’ scam
to show Iraq’s brutality◦Witness was actually
daughter of Kuwait’s ambassador to U.S.
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U.S., allied forces expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait, but left Saddam in power
Pool coverage by media◦Relied on Central Command HQ
◦Independent journalists discouraged
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“The build-up to war had taken so long that the media was determined that this would be the most thoroughly reported war of modern times. It would be the biggest news-gathering operation in the history of television.”
--Philip Knightley
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Pentagon’s media policy changed
Embedded journalists (“embeds”), assigned to units
PRO: Access to combat, less risk
CON: Subject to censorship
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“When you depend on a unit, your natural tendency is to protect them… and it affected coverage.”
--Chris Hedges, NY Times
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Donald Rumsfeld◦ Secretary of Defense
Behind-the-scenes PR campaign
“Rumsfeld has turned the press conference into an art form….”
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The 1st American hero?
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Conventional wisdomContrarian view (Campbell)
March 23, 2003, Nasiriyah (S. Iraq)
Iraqis ambushed U.S. troops
Lynch captured, hurt, hospitalized
April 1: U.S. special ops rescue Lynch
A stage-managed stunt (“War Spin”)?
OR simply reporting errors by the Post?
Americans eager for a story that showed heroism under fire
“Inter-media agenda setting”
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VIDEO: War Spin
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Be sure to sign card for Campbell
Check date for presentation next week